Brand: Penicillin

Brand: Phenazopyridine

Brand: Phenobarbital

Brand: Phenytoin

Brand: Pioglitazone

Brand: Polyethylene Glycol

Brand: Polyethylene Glycol

Brand: Polyethylene Glycol

Brand: Polyethylene Glycol

Brand: Polyethylene Glycol

Brand: Potassium Chloride

Brand: Pramipexole

Brand: Pravastatin

Brand: Prednisolone Oral

Brand: Prednisolone Oral

Brand: Prednisone

Brand: Pregabalin

Brand: Progesterone

Brand: Promethazine

Class: Antibiotic

Class: Urinary Tract Analgesic

Class: Long-Acting Barbiturate. C-IV

Class: Hydantoin Anticonvulsant

Class: Thiazolidinedione Antidiabetic

Class: Hyperosmotic Laxative

Class: Electrolyte, Potassium

Class: Dopamine Agonist, Antiparkinson

Class: HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor

Class: Adrenal Glucocorticosteroid

Class: Adrenal Corticosteroid

Class: Analgesic, Anticonvulsant. C-V

Class: Progestin Hormone

Class: Phenothiazine Antihistamine

Dosing: Oral Tablet: 250 mg, 500 mg; Oral Solution: 125 mg/5 mL, 250 mg/5 mL

Dosing: 95 mg, 99.5 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg

Dosing: Oral Tablet: 15 mg, 16.2 mg, 30 mg, 32.4 mg, 60 mg, 64.8 mg, 97.2 mg, 100 mg; Oral Elixir: 20 mg/5 mL; Oral Solution: 20 mg/5 mL

Dosing: Oral Capsule: 30 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg; Oral Chewable Tablet: 50 mg; Oral Suspension: 100 mg/5 mL, 125 mg/5 mL

Dosing: Oral Tablet: 15 mg, 30 mg, 45 mg

Dosing: Powder for Oral Solution: 100-420 g

Dosing: Oral Tablet, Extended Release: 8 mEq, 10 mEq, 15 mEq, 20 mEq; Oral Capsule, Extended Release: 8 mEq, 10 mEq; Powder for Oral Solution: 20 mEq; Oral Solution: 20 mEq/15 mL, 40 mEq/15 mL

Dosing: Oral Tablet: 0.125 mg, 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 0.75 mg, 1 mg, 1.5 mg; Oral Tablet, ER: 0.375 mg, 0.75 mg, 1.5 mg, 2.25 mg, 3 mg, 3.75 mg, 4.5 mg

Dosing: Oral Tablet: 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg, 80 mg

Dosing: Oral Tablet: 5 mg; Oral Dispersible Tablet: 10 mg, 15 mg, 30 mg; Oral Solution: 5 mg/5 mL, 10 mg/5 mL, 15 mg/5 mL, 20 mg/5 mL

Dosing:  Oral Tablet: 1 mg, 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, 50 mg; Oral Tablet, Delayed Release: 1 mg, 2 mg, 5 mg; Oral Solution: 5 mg/1 mL; 5 mg/5 mL

Dosing: Oral Capsule: 25 mg, 50 mg, 75 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg, 200 mg, 225 mg, 300 mg; Oral Tablet, Extended Release, 24 h: 82.5, mg, 165 mg, 330 mg; Oral Solution: 20 mg/mL

Dosing: Oral Capsule: 100 mg, 200 mg; Vaginal Gel: 4%, 8%; Vaginal Insert: 100 mg

Dosing: Oral Tablet: 12.5 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg; Oral Syrup: 6.25 mg/5 mL; Oral Solution: 6.25 mg/5 mL; Rectal Suppository: 12.5 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg

Indication: Otitis media, mild-moderate, pneumococcal: Adults, 250-500 mg po q6h until afebrile for at least 2 d; Children <12 y of age, 25-50 mg/kg/d po in 3-4 divided doses, max 3 g/d; Streptococcal pharyngitis: Adults, 500 mg po bid × 10 d; Children <60 lb, 250 mg po bid × 10 d; Erysipelas, mild infection or step-down therapy: 500 mg po q6h × 5-10 d; Gingivitis: 500 mg po q6-8h × 5-7 d, in combination with metronidazole

Indication: Dysuria (pain, burning, and other discomforts of the lower urinary tract caused by infection, trauma, surgery, endoscopic procedures, or the passage of catheters): 100-200 mg po tid after meals for up to 2 d when administered in conjunction with an antibiotic

Indication: Seizures: Adults, 50-100 mg po bid-tid; Children, 15-50 mg po bid-tid (tablet) or 3-6 mg/kg/d po (solution); Sedation: Adults, 30-120 mg po divided into 2-3 doses, may titrate to 400 mg/d; Children, 6 mg/kg/d po divided into 3 doses

Indication: Seizure, generalized tonic-clonic, complex partial, or following neurosurgery, treatment, and prophylaxis: Adults, 100 mg po tid, may titrate to 200 mg po tid; doses up to 300 mg may be given once daily if capsule dosage form used; Children, 5 mg/kg/d po divided into 2-3 doses, may titrate to 300 mg/d

Indication: Diabetes mellitus type 2: 15-30 mg po daily; may titrate to max 45 mg po daily as monotherapy, or in combination with sulfonylurea or metformin

Indication: Colonoscopy or barium enema preparation; Constipation

Indication: Hypokalemia: Adults, 20-100 mEq/d po divided 1-5 times daily after meals; Children, 3-8 mEq/d po divided 1-5 times daily after meals; Hypokalemia, prophylaxis: 10-80 mEq/d po daily, divided into 1-4 doses

Indication: Parkinson disease: Immediate release, 0.125 mg po tid, may titrate to 0.5-1.5 mg po tid; ER, 0.375 mg po daily, may titrate to 4.5 mg po daily; Restless leg syndrome: Immediate release only, 0.125 mg po daily taken 2-3 h prior to bedtime, may titrate to 0.5 mg po daily

Indication: Cerebrovascular accident (prevention), coronary arteriosclerosis (primary or secondary prevention): 40 mg po daily; Familial hypercholesterolemia: Children 8-13 y of age, 20 mg po daily; Children 14-18 y of age, 40 mg po daily; Adults, 40 mg po daily, may titrate to 40-80 mg po daily; Hyperlipidemia: Children (boys and postmenarchal girls) 10-17 y of age, 10 mg po daily, may titrate to 20 mg/d; Adults, 40 mg po daily, may titrate to 40-80 mg po daily

Indication: Dosing for indications listed below: Adults, 5-60 mg po daily; Children, 0.1-2 mg/kg/d; adjust dose according to patient response: Allergic states (eg, asthma, etc): 1-2 mg/kg/d divided 1-2 times daily, max 60 mg/dose; Dermatologic diseases (eg, exfoliative erythroderma, etc); Endocrine disorders (eg, adrenocortical insufficiency, etc); GI diseases (eg, regional enteritis, ulcerative colitis, etc); Hematologic disorders (eg, acquired hemolytic anemia, etc); Neoplastic diseases (eg, palliative management of leukemias and lymphomas, etc); Nervous system (eg, multiple sclerosis, cerebral edema, etc); Renal diseases (eg, idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, etc); Respiratory diseases (eg, idiopathic eosinophilic pneumonia, etc); Rheumatic disorders (eg, rheumatoid arthritis, etc)

Indication: Dosing for indications listed below: Adults and Children, 5-60 mg po daily; for all patients, adjust dose according to patient response: Allergic states (eg, asthma, etc); Dermatologic diseases (eg, exfoliative erythroderma, etc); Endocrine disorders (eg, adrenocortical insufficiency, etc); GI diseases (eg, regional enteritis, ulcerative colitis, etc); Hematologic disorders (eg, acquired hemolytic anemia, etc); Neoplastic diseases (eg, palliative management of leukemias and lymphomas, etc); Nervous system (eg, multiple sclerosis, cerebral edema, etc); Renal diseases (eg, idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, etc); Respiratory diseases (eg, idiopathic eosinophilic pneumonia, etc); Rheumatic disorders (eg, rheumatoid arthritis, etc)

Indication: Neuropathic pain, diabetes associated or spinal cord injury associated: 50-100 mg po tid

Indication: Prevention of estrogen-induced endometrial hyperplasia: 200 mg po daily HS × 12 sequential d per 28-d cycle while conjugated estrogens are administered; Secondary physiologic amenorrhea: 400 mg po daily HS × 10 d; Gel, 45 mg (4%) vaginally every other day for up 6 doses, if no response, may increase to 90 mg (8% gel) every other day for up to 6 doses; Assisted reproduction for infertile women: Gel, 90 mg (8%) vaginally once daily, continue 10-12 wk after conception; Insert, 100 mg 2-3 times a day, starting day after oocyte retrieval and continuing 10-12 wk

Indication: Nausea and vomiting: Adults, 25 mg po or pr q4-6h prn; Children ≥2 y of age, 12.5 mg po or pr q4-6h prn

MOA: Penicillins are active against most gram-positive organisms and some gram-negative organisms, notably Neisseria spp., by interfering with late stages of bacterial cell wall synthesis; resistance is caused primarily by bacterial production of β-lactamases; some organisms have altered penicillin-binding protein targets (eg, Enterococci spp. and S. pneumoniae); others have impermeable outer cell wall layers.

MOA: Phenazopyridine is excreted in the urine where it exerts a topical analgesic effect on the mucosa of the urinary tract. This action helps relieve pain, burning, urgency, and frequency. The precise mechanism of action is not known.

MOA: Phenobarbital produces different degrees of depression within the CNS, from sedation to general anesthesia. It has been demonstrated to depress monosynaptic responses in the CNS only transiently, but synaptic recovery is delayed and a decrease in postsynaptic resistance is observed at some synapses.

MOA: Phenytoin is a hydantoin that suppresses the spread of seizure activity mainly by inhibiting synaptic posttetanic potentiation and blocking the propagation of electric discharge. Phenytoin might decrease sodium transport and block calcium channels at the cellular level to produce these actions.

MOA: Pioglitazone is a thiazolidinedione antihyperglycemic and a potent peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) agonist used to improve insulin sensitivity in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. Insulin-dependent glucose disposal in skeletal muscle is improved and hepatic glucose production is decreased; both actions contribute to pioglitazone’s glucose-lowering effects.

MOA: Polyethylene glycol (PEG) electrolyte lavage solution is a hyperosmotic solution that induces catharsis by the osmotic effects of unabsorbed sulfate salts and PEG and also includes various electrolytes (sodium sulfate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride).

MOA: Potassium is an electrolyte required for maintenance of the excitatory properties of neuromuscular tissues, and the resting membrane potential of cells is related to potassium concentrations, varying directly with the ratio of intracellular to extracellular potassium level.

MOA: Pramipexole is a nonergot-derived dopamine subtype selective agonist that exerts activity in the CNS at D2 and D3 receptors but has no activity at the D1 receptor. D2 receptors are thought to play an important role in improving the akinesia, bradykinesia, rigidity, and gait disturbances of Parkinson disease.

MOA: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors competitively inhibit conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, an early rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis. A compensatory increase in LDL receptors, which bind and remove circulating LDL-cholesterol, results. Production of LDL-cholesterol decreases because of decreased production of VLDL-cholesterol or increased VLDL removal by LDL receptors.

MOA: Glucocorticosteroids are naturally occurring and synthetic adrenocortical steroids that cause varied metabolic effects, modify the body’s immune responses to diverse stimuli, and are used primarily for their anti-inflammatory effects in disorders of many organ systems.

MOA: Glucocorticosteroids are naturally occurring and synthetic adrenocortical steroids that cause varied metabolic effects, modify the body’s immune responses to diverse stimuli, and are used primarily for their anti-inflammatory effects in disorders of many organ systems.

MOA: Pregabalin is a GABA analogue that strongly binds to the α2-delta site (a subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in CNS tissues. Binding to the α2-delta subunit may be involved in pregabalin’s effects on neuropathic pain and seizure control. Pregabalin reduces the calcium-dependent release of several neurotransmitters; however, the exact mechanism of action is unknown.

MOA: Progesterone transforms proliferative endometrium into secretory endometrium. Parenterally administered progesterone inhibits gonadotropin production, which in turn prevents follicular maturation and ovulation.

MOA: Competitively blocks histamine H1 receptors without blocking the secretion of histamine. Has sedative, antimotion sickness, antiemetic, and anticholinergic effects, but it has no dopaminergic action.

BBW: Concomitant use with opioids, dependence and withdrawal, abuse (IV only)

BBW: Hypotension and arrhythmias with IV administration

BBW: Heart failure risk

BBW: Should not be used for the prevention of cardiovascular disorders, dementia or breast cancer

BBW: Children <2 y of age (fatal respiratory depression)

Common: Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, oral candidiasis

Common: GI upset

Common: None Known

Common: Gingival hyperplasia

Common: Edema, weight gain

Common: Anal irritation, bloating symptom, epigastric fullness, nausea, stomach cramps, vomiting

Common: Nausea, indigestion, flatulence

Common: Asthenia, dream disorder, dyskinesia, extrapyramidal movements, nausea, somnolence

Common: None known

Common: GI upset

Common: GI upset

Common: Dizziness, somnolence, ataxia, headache, peripheral edema

Common: Weight change, headache, amenorrhea, breast tenderness, abdominal pain

Common: Somnolence, xerostomia

Less Common: Skin rash

Less Common: Headache, rash, pruritus

Less Common: Apnea, ataxia, confusion, dizziness, hypotension, hypoventilation, rash, somnolence, syncope

Less Common: Ataxia, confusion, constipation, decreased coordination, dizziness, feeling nervous, headache, hypertrichosis, impaired cognition, insomnia, intentional tremor, nausea, nystagmus, osteomalacia, peripheral neuropathy, rash, slurred speech, spasmodic movement, vomiting

Less Common: Myalgia, bone fractures, sinusitis, headache

Less Common: Urticaria

Less Common: Vomiting

Less Common: Amnesia, confusion, compulsive behavior, constipation, diarrhea, dizziness, fatigue, hallucinations, headache, insomnia, orthostatic hypotension, peripheral edema, xerostomia

Less Common: Headache, heartburn, increased liver enzymes, influenza-like symptoms, musculoskeletal pain, myalgia, nausea, rash, vomiting

Less Common: HTN, atrophic condition of skin, impaired skin healing, osteoporosis, depression, euphoria, pulmonary tuberculosis, hyperglycemia

Less Common: HTN, atrophic condition of skin, impaired skin healing, osteoporosis, depression, euphoria, pulmonary tuberculosis, hyperglycemia

Less Common: Arthralgia, asthenia, blurred vision, confusion, constipation, diplopia, disturbance in thinking, euphoria, fatigue, incoordination, increased appetite, muscle spasm, tremor, vomiting, weight gain, xerostomia

Less Common: Nausea, asthenia, feeling nervous, break-through bleeding

Less Common: Constipation, nausea

Rare: Severe hypersensitivity, renal failure, hepatic failure, hemolytic anemia

Rare: Anaphylaxis, methemoglobinemia, hemolytic anemia, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity

Rare: Barbiturate withdrawal, bradyarrhythmia, megaloblastic anemia, respiratory depression, Stevens-Johnson syndrome

Rare: Hepatotoxicity, pancytopenia, systemic lupus erythematosus, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, suicidal behavior, withdrawal seizures

Rare: Heart failure, anemia, hepatotoxicity, diabetic macular edema, hypoglycemia when used in combination with insulin or sulfonylureas, bladder cancer

Rare: Anaphylaxis, dehydration, seizures

Rare: ECG changes with hypokalemia or hyperkalemia, esophagitis

Rare: Blackouts, heart failure, impulsive behavior, melanoma

Rare: Rhabdomyolysis, tendon rupture

Rare: Primary adrenocortical insufficiency, Cushing syndrome, decreased body growth, increased risk of infection

Rare: Primary adrenocortical insufficiency, Cushing syndrome, decreased body growth, increased risk of infection

Rare: Angioedema

Rare: Thromboembolism (DVT, PE), thrombophlebitis, osteoporosis

Rare: Respiratory depression, hypotension, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, agranulocytosis, extrapyramidal symptoms, seizures, photosensitivity

Counseling: Complete full course of therapy. Symptoms should improve within 2-3 d; if they worsen, seek medical care. Take on an empty stomach. Seek care for severe diarrhea, dark urine, yellowing of skin or eyes, unusual bruising or bleeding, blistering skin rash, or shortness of breath.

Counseling: Drug may discolor urine and sclera to red or orange, causing staining of undergarments and contact lenses. Take drug with food to minimize gastric irritation.

Counseling: Avoid activities requiring mental alertness or coordination until drug effects are realized, as drug may cause dizziness, light-headedness, or somnolence. Advise patient against sudden discontinuation of drug. Do not drink alcohol or use other CNS depressant drugs while taking phenobarbital. Many drug interactions; check with HCP when starting new medications or OTC products.

Counseling: Suspension requires extensive shaking before administration. Do not crush extended-release capsules. Avoid activities requiring mental alertness or coordination until drug effects are realized. Report signs/symptoms of pancytopenia, hepatotoxicity, systemic lupus erythematosus, or severe skin reaction. Do not drink alcohol while taking this drug. Many drug interactions; check with HCP when starting new medications or OTC products.

Counseling: Monitor blood glucose in frequent intervals (2-4 times per d). May take without regard to food. May require several weeks for maximum effect. Seek care for bone pain, yellowing of skin or eyes, eye pain, or shortness of breath.

Counseling: Shake container vigorously to ensure powder is completely dissolved. This preparation may cause nausea, anal irritation, or vomiting. If severe bloating, abdominal distension, or abdominal pain occurs, slow the consumption of solution, and once symptoms have resolved, may resume administration. If utilized as bowel preparation for imaging study, avoid solid foods for 3-4 h before beginning this treatment.

Counseling: Take with food. Take the powder, granule, or oral liquid only after mixing in 4 oz of water or juice. Crush or break only specifically designed extended-release formulations. Capsules may be opened, sprinkled on apple sauce, and ingested immediately. Completely dissolve effervescent tablets in liquid and sip slowly over a 5-10 min period.

Counseling: Take with food if nausea occurs. Avoid activities requiring mental alertness or coordination until drug effects are realized. Rise slowly from a sitting/lying-down position. Report new or increased gambling urges, sexual urges, compulsive eating or buying, as well as new-onset or worsening dyskinesia. Do not discontinue abruptly, as this may cause emergent hyperpyrexia and confusion. Do not drink alcohol, and avoid concomitant use of other CNS depressants.

Counseling: Take in the evening. Avoid concurrent heavy alcohol use. Pravastatin does not take the place of diet and exercise to lower cholesterol levels.

Counseling: Take with food or milk to prevent GI upset. Take in the morning to help prevent insomnia. For high-dose or longer-term treatment, monitor for signs of hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, adrenocortical insufficiency, and infection.

Counseling: Take with food or milk to prevent GI upset. Take in the morning to help prevent insomnia. For high-dose or longer-term treatment, monitor for signs of hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, adrenocortical insufficiency, and infection.

Counseling: Solution must be used within 45 d of first opening the bottle. Avoid activities requiring mental alertness or coordination until drug effects are realized. Avoid sudden discontinuation of drug due to risk of withdrawal, including increased seizure frequency. Avoid concurrent use of CNS depressants, such as alcohol.

Counseling: If using for amenorrhea, menstrual bleeding should occur 3-7 d after last oral dose. Report if menstruation does not occur within 7 d after last dose. For vaginal formulation, avoid using other vaginal drugs within 6 h before or 6 h after using progesterone.

Counseling: May cause drowsiness; avoid driving or other tasks requiring motor coordination. Avoid alcohol.

Pearls: There is cross-hypersensitivity between penicillin and cephalosporins (<10%); use with caution in patients with a severe cephalosporin allergy. Use caution in those with severe renal impairment and in those with seizure disorders. Typically may resume normal activities after 24 h of antibiotics if afebrile. First antibiotic, produced in 1943, referred to as the “magic bullet.” Aminopenicillins have replaced use of penicillin for most indications, including endocarditis and otitis media.

Pearls: When used in the treatment of a UTI, phenazopyridine should not exceed 2 d because there is a lack of evidence that the combined administration of phenazopyridine and an antibacterial provides greater benefit than administration of the antibacterial alone after 2 d. Many OTC products containing phenazopyridine are also available.

Pearls: Avoid use in children and elderly who are at higher risk of toxicity. Avoid abrupt withdrawal to decrease risk of seizures. Also available in an injectable dosage form. Recent guidelines recommend against use as a hypnotic for sleep induction.

Pearls: Highly protein bound, so albumin levels should be taken into account when measuring phenytoin concentration; dose adjustment based on free phenytoin concentration. Injectable formulation available but not for use IM (causes “purple glove syndrome” related to tissue necrosis).

Pearls: Pioglitazone causes edema, which may exacerbate underlying heart failure; contraindicated with NYHA III/IV heart failure. Stimulates ovulation. Premenopausal anovulatory individuals may resume ovulation. Increased risk of pregnancy in premenopausal women with diabetes; use effective birth control. Not for use in children. Medication guide required at dispensing.

Pearls: Encourage patients to drink each portion rapidly, as this method is preferred over drinking small amounts continuously. The solution tastes better chilled, but ice should not be added to the solution. Since oral medications are flushed from their system by this treatment and may not be absorbed, patients should receive guidance from the prescriber of PEG solution regarding whether and when to take oral doses of other medications. Risk of drug interactions resulting in hyperkalemia offset by diarrheal loss of potassium, clinical relevance uncertain. Newer formulations (MoviPrep) require lower volume for adequate bowel prep, and have both 1-d and 2-d dosing regimens. OTC product also available for routine constipation.

Pearls: The total potassium content in a 70-kg male is approximately 3500 mEq. Some drugs (insulin, β-agonists) decrease potassium levels by causing an intracellular shift of potassium. If replacement does not normalize potassium level, check magnesium levels and calcium levels and replace as necessary. 750 mg potassium chloride = elemental potassium 390 mg = potassium 10 mEq = potassium 10 mmol. Injectable formulation also available.

Pearls: Safety and efficacy in children not established. May switch patient from immediate-release to extended-release tablets overnight at same daily dose.

Pearls: Repeat fasting lipid panel 4-12 wk following initiation or titration. May increase the risk of diabetes. In July 2021, the FDA removed the pregnancy contraindication from all statin products. While statin therapy should be discontinued in most patients who become pregnant, this change allows HCPs and patients to make individual decisions about the benefit and risk of treatment, especially for those at very high risk of heart attack or stroke. Statins remain contraindicated in patients who are breastfeeding.

Pearls: Available in a variety of dosage forms and concentrations, including ophthalmic preparations. Use lowest effective dose and discontinue as soon as possible to avoid serious long-term adverse effects. Some formulations taste worse than others; chocolate milk may mask taste best; oral disintegrating tablets are an expensive alternative. Taper required after chronic use (courses >14 d). 1 mg prednisolone is typically equivalent to 1 mg prednisone.

Pearls: See National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute guidelines for dosing of prednisone for moderate to severe asthma exacerbation. After chronic use (>2 wk), dose tapering required prior to discontinuation of therapy. Prednisone is converted via liver metabolism to the active metabolite, prednisolone.

Pearls: Safety and efficacy have not been established in children. Data suggest an increased risk of suicidal behavior or ideation may exist in patients receiving therapy with AEDs. The dose of the solution should be written as milligrams.

Pearls: Combination of estrogens and progestins should not be used for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Increased risk of AMI, stroke, invasive breast cancer, PE, and DVT has been shown in postmenopausal women. Evidence regarding teratogenicity is conflicting; some studies show birth defects, and other studies show no effect.

Pearls: Use caution in elderly; appear more sensitive to the anticholinergic adverse effects. May take with food or milk to reduce GI adverse effects. Injectable formulation available, which has a box warning regarding risk of tissue injury.