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WorksheetsMidterm (Speech and Hearing Sciences)
Total questions: 151
Worksheet time: 1hrs 16mins
Which of the following best describes the "Source-Filter Theory" of speech production?
A. The brain generates the speech signal, which is then filtered by the ears.
B. Sound is generated at the vocal folds (source) and shaped by the vocal tract (filter).
C. Airflow from the lungs is directly shaped into speech sounds without a filter.
D. Speech sounds are produced entirely by the articulators.
What is the perceptual correlate of frequency?
Loudness
Timbre
Pitch
Duration
What is the perceptual correlate of intensity?
Pitch
Timbre
Duration
Loudness
What is the definition of Fundamental Frequency (Fo)?
The overall intensity of a sound.
The rate at which the vocal folds vibrate.
The perceived quality of a sound.
The resonant frequency of a cavity.
What is the primary function of resonators in speech production?
A. To initiate vocal fold vibration.
B. To provide the power for speech.
C. To filter and modify the sound produced by the vocal folds.
D. To control articulation.
Which of the following best describes a transducer?
A device that amplifies sound.
A device that changes one form of energy into another.
A device that measures sound intensity.
A device that produces sound waves.
As the frequency of a sound wave increases, what happens to its wavelength?
It decreases.
It increases.
It remains the same.
It becomes zero.
What type of scale is the decibel (dB) scale?
Linear scale
Absolute scale
Ratio scale (logarithmic)
Interval scale
Which of the following is a characteristic of Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)?
Irregular vibration patterns.
Constant acceleration.
Periodic and sinusoidal vibration.
Damping over time.
If the force applied to a surface remains constant, how does pressure change if the area over which the force is applied decreases?
Pressure decreases.
Pressure increases.
Pressure remains the same.
Pressure becomes zero.
What is impedance in the context of sound propagation?
The speed of sound in a medium.
The opposition to the flow of energy.
The ability of a medium to transmit sound.
The intensity of a sound wave.
What does the phase of a wave describe?
A. Its amplitude.
B. Its frequency.
C. Its starting position in a cycle.
D. Its speed.
What occurs when two waves are in phase and combine, resulting in an increase in amplitude?
Destructive interference
Constructive interference
Damping
Reverberation
According to the Inverse Square Law, if the distance from a sound source doubles, how much does the sound intensity decrease?
(a)
What is the primary acoustic cue for the perception of pitch?
Amplitude
Harmonics
Fundamental frequency (Fo)
Duration
What is the primary biological function of the respiratory system?
Producing speech sounds
Exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide
Regulating body temperature
Filtering airborne particles
Which of the following is the PRIMARY muscle of inspiration?
Internal intercostals
External obliques
Diaphragm
Rectus abdominis
The mechanism that links the lungs to the thoracic wall, allowing them to move together, is called:
Alveolar sacs
Bronchial tree
Pleural linkage
Tracheal rings
How does Boyle's Law apply to inspiration?
As lung volume decreases, air pressure inside the lungs increases, causing air to flow in.
As lung volume increases, air pressure inside the lungs decreases, causing air to flow in.
As lung volume increases, air pressure outside the lungs decreases.
As lung volume decreases, air pressure outside the lungs increases.
What kind of process is quiet expiration at rest?
Active, requiring muscle contraction.
Passive, not requiring muscle contraction.
What is the term for the volume of air inspired and expired during a single quiet breathing cycle?
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Residual Volume
Tidal Volume
The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation is known as:
Total Lung Capacity
Functional Residual Capacity
Vital Capacity
Inspiratory Capacity
During speech, what maintains the relatively constant subglottal pressure needed for phonation?
Passive recoil forces only.
Active muscular forces of inspiration and expiration.
Diaphragmatic relaxation only.
Intercostal muscle relaxation only.
How does the inspiratory phase of speech breathing typically compare to resting breathing?
It is much longer.
It is much shorter.
It is about the same duration.
It involves only the diaphragm.
The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal quiet exhalation is called the:
Residual Volume
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Tidal Volume
Clinical Assessment of Respiration Question: Which of the following is a common perceptual assessment used to evaluate respiratory support for speech?
A. Spirometry
B. Manometry
A significantly reduced Maximum Phonation Time (MPT) for an adult might indicate:
Excellent respiratory support.
Optimal laryngeal function.
Poor respiratory control or glottal inefficiency.
Increased lung capacity.
What does a spirometer primarily measure?
Air pressure.
Air volume and flow.
Vocal fold vibration.
Muscle strength.
Which instrument is used to measure air pressure, often during sustained phonation or blowing tasks?
Spirometer
Manometer
Plethysmograph
Laryngoscope
Which of these conditions is most likely to result in reduced respiratory support for speech due to compromised lung function?
Vocal nodules
Parkinson's disease
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Muscle Tension Dysphonia
What is the primary biological function of the larynx?
Producing speech sounds
Protecting the airway during swallowing
Regulating breath support
Resonating the voice
Which laryngeal cartilage forms the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx and is the largest?
Arytenoid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
Epiglottis
What layer of the vocal folds is primarily responsible for the mucosal wave and is highly pliable?
A. Epithelium
B. Superficial Lamina Propria
C. Intermediate Lamina Propria
D. Vocalis muscle
What is the name for the space between the vocal folds?
Rima vestibuli
Ventricle
Glottis
Pyriform sinus
Which muscles are primarily responsible for adducting (closing) the vocal folds?
Posterior Cricoarytenoid
Cricothyroid
Lateral Cricoarytenoid and Interarytenoids
Thyroarytenoid (Vocalis)
Which muscle is the only abductor (opener) of the vocal folds?
Thyroarytenoid
Cricothyroid
Posterior Cricoarytenoid
Lateral Cricoarytenoid
The Bernoulli Effect explains which part of vocal fold vibration?
How air pressure builds up below the vocal folds.
How the vocal folds are drawn back together after being blown apart.
How muscles contract to close the vocal folds.
How vocal fold length changes.
What does the "myo-" part of the Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory refer to?
Muscle activity that brings the vocal folds together.
The elastic recoil of the vocal folds.
The airflow from the lungs.
The neural impulses to the larynx.
Which vocal register is characterized by the lowest fundamental frequency and a "creaky" sound?
Falsetto
Modal
Vocal Fry (Pulse)
Whistle
What is the primary muscle responsible for increasing vocal pitch by lengthening and tensing the vocal folds?
Lateral Cricoarytenoid
Posterior Cricoarytenoid
Cricothyroid
Thyroarytenoid (Vocalis)
What is a primary physiological mechanism for increasing vocal intensity (loudness)?
A. Decreasing subglottal pressure.
B. Decreasing vocal fold adduction.
C. Increasing subglottal pressure and vocal fold adduction.
D. Increasing vocal fold length.
Which category of voice disorders involves physical changes to the laryngeal tissue, such as nodules or polyps?
Functional voice disorders
Organic voice disorders
Neurological voice disorders
Psychogenic voice disorders
Which of the following is considered a good voice hygiene practice?
Habitual throat clearing
Drinking plenty of water
Excessive yelling
Whispering for prolonged periods
The goal of behavioral voice therapy is primarily to:
Medically treat laryngeal pathologies.
Change the client's maladaptive vocal behaviors.
Surgically remove vocal fold lesions.
Prescribe medication for voice symptoms.
Which therapy technique focuses on reducing musculoskeletal tension in the laryngeal area?
Confidential Voice
Vocal Function Exercises
Laryngeal massage (Circumlaryngeal massage)
Resonant Voice Therapy
Resonant Voice Therapy aims to maximize vocal economy and achieve strong, clear voice with least effort by focusing on:
Hard glottal attacks.
Vibratory sensations in the face/mouth.
What type of medical management might be used for large vocal fold polyps that do not respond to voice therapy?
Voice rest only
Oral antibiotics
Phonosurgery
Anti-reflux medication
Which condition often causes a breathy, weak voice due to vocal fold paralysis?
Vocal nodules
Laryngitis
Unilateral vocal fold paralysis
Reinke's edema
What is an advantage of indirect laryngoscopy (e.g., using a mirror or rigid endoscope) for voice assessment?
Allows for direct visualization of subglottal structures.
Provides a real-time, dynamic view of vocal fold vibration.
Is non-invasive and provides a quick overview.
Can be performed by anyone without specialized training.
What special technique does stroboscopy use to create the optical illusion of slow-motion vocal fold vibration?
High-speed video recording.
Continuous light source.
Pulsed light synchronized with vocal fold vibration.
Ultrasound imaging.
The vocal tract is best described as what type of resonator?
Closed tube resonator
Open tube resonator
Quarter-wave resonator
Helmholtz resonator
What are formants in the context of vowel production?
The fundamental frequency of the vocal folds.
The harmonics produced by the vocal folds.
Resonant frequencies of the vocal tract.
The intensity of the speech signal.
How does the first formant (F1) frequency relate to tongue height for vowel production?
A. F1 is high for high vowels.
B. F1 is low for low vowels.
C. F1 is high for low vowels.
D. F1 is unrelated to tongue height.
How does the second formant (F2) frequency relate to tongue advancement for vowel production?
F2 is high for back vowels.
F2 is low for front vowels.
F2 is high for front vowels.
F2 is unrelated to tongue advancement.
Which of the following is NOT typically considered a primary articulator?
A. Tongue
B. Lips
C. Pharynx
D. Lungs
What is the primary function of the oral cavity in speech production?
To produce vocal fold vibration.
To provide respiratory support.
To act as the main resonator and articulate most speech sounds.
To filter nasal sounds.
Which structure is responsible for opening and closing the velopharyngeal port?
Hard palate
Alveolar ridge
Velum (soft palate)
Pharyngeal constrictor muscles only
What unique acoustic characteristic is associated with nasal sounds (e.g., /m/, /n/, /ŋ/)?
Elevated F1 frequency.
Presence of antiformants (or nasal murmurs).
Very short duration.
High intensity bursts.
On a wideband spectrogram, what do the dark horizontal bands represent?
A. Voiceless frication.
B. Formants (resonant frequencies).
C. Individual vocal fold vibrations.
D. Silent gaps.
What does a "vowel space" plot typically show?
The intensity of different vowels.
The duration of vowels.
The relationship between F1 and F2 frequencies for different vowels.
The fundamental frequency range of a speaker.
Which consonant sound is produced using both lips?
/t/ (as in 'top')
/f/ (as in 'fan')
/b/ (as in 'bat')
/k/ (as in 'cat')
Which of the following describes the manner of articulation for a fricative sound?
Complete closure of the vocal tract.
Continuous turbulent airflow through a narrow constriction.
Airflow directed through the nasal cavity.
A gradual opening of the vocal tract.
When the articulation of a sound is influenced by a following sound, this is known as:
Carryover coarticulation
Anticipatory coarticulation
Simultaneous coarticulation
Retroactive coarticulation
Which acoustic feature is characteristic of a stop consonant, typically appearing as a vertical spike on a spectrogram after a silent gap?
Formant transition
Nasal murmur
Release burst
Voicing bar
If a structure vibrates in response to an external force at or near its natural frequency, this is an example of:
Forced vibration
Mechanical resonance
Sympathetic resonance
All of the above
To produce sound:
something must vibrate
something must be displaced from rest
all of the above
the medium surrounding a vibrating structure must be disturbed
The force that carries a vibrating object beyond the point of rest is
displacement
elasticity
gravity
inertia
The three forces that interact to keep molecules swinging back and forth around their equilibrium positions before they settle down again are
friction, damping, simple harmonic motion
elasticity, inertia, and friction
driving pressure, elasticity, and inertia
elasticity, friction and propagation
What is the frequency and period of a tuning fork vibrating at 500 cycles per second
F=250 Hz; t=0.002s
F=250 Hz; t=0.004s
F=250 Hz; t=0.002s
F=250 Hz; t=0.004s
The decibel scale is a linear scale that compares any target sounds with a standard reference sounds
True
False
The human auditory system responds more favorbly to sounds in the midrange of frequencies than those that are high or low
True
False
All of the following influence the frequency of a vibrating object EXCEPT
Density
Pitch
Length
Tension
Compression occurs when
Air molecules collide, creating an area of positive pressure
Air molecules return to their equilibrium position
Air molecules collide, creating an area of negative pressure
Air molecules overshoot their equilibrium postion
Increasing the density of a vibrating object will decrease its rate of vibration
True
False
The filtering process that cleans air going into the lungs is achieved by
Cartilaginous structure of the bronchi
Tracheal flexibility
Surfactant within the alveoli of the lungs
Cilia present in the tracheal epithelium
Internal Intercostals
muscles of exhalation
muscles of inhalation
maximum exhale after inhale
amount of air exhaled in normal, at rest breathing
External intercostals
muscles of exhalation
muscles of inhalation
maximum exhale after inhale
amount of air exhaled in normal, at rest breathing
Vital Capacity
muscles of exhalation
muscles of inhalation
maximum exhale after inhale
amount of air exhaled in normal, at rest breathing
Tidal Volume
muscles of exhalation
muscles of inhalation
maximum exhale after inhale
amount of air exhaled in normal, at rest breathing
The pressure within the plural cavity is normally positive
True
False
Singers use expiration reserve volume to sustain long phrases without replenishing air
True
False
Which statment is true of resting expiratory level?
State of equilibrium in the respiratory system
Moment when alveolar pressure equals atmospheric pressure
All of the above
Occurs at the end of every exhalation
Residual air is air that cannot be exhaled
True
False
SLPs measure vital capacity to assess the potential power source for speech
True
False
If the vital capacity is below 80% of the level predicted for a patient's age, gender, size, and race the SLP should work on increasing the vital capacity before working on speech
True
False
It is not possible to exceed the vital capacity level that is predicted for someone your age, size, gender, and race
True
False
Diseases that weaken the respiratory muscles usually result in a louder than usual voice
True
False
Adequate breathing for speech may be compromised due to which of the following
All of the above
Poor posture
Central nervous system damage
Impaired function of the respiratory muscles
When inhaling to perform a forced vital capacity, you should contract your abdominal muscles
True
False
Patients with Parkinson's disease may present with speech breathing difficulties primarily due to
Muscle atrophy
All of the above
Muscle rigidty
Lack of muscle coordination
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
The positioning of the chest wall results in a particular volume of air in the lungs.
It is possible to measure one parameter of respiration and make inferences about another parameter from that information.
The volume of air in the lungs directly influences the pressure in the abdomen.
Lung volume, pressures and flows, and chest wall positioning are closely related to each other.
Manometers are useful for determining
total amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation
length of a time a person can hold their breath
amount of pressure a person can generate and sustain for a period of time
how efficiently a person integrates speech with breathing
Vocal folds are adducted at rest
True
False
If jitter is increased
pitch is increase
amplitude is increased
hoarseness is increased
variability is increased
Harmonic frequencies
Whole number multiples of the formant freqency
A characteristic of source vibration is
The same as resonant frequency
Determined by the size of the cavities
What would be the first harmonic be for a person who has F0 of 125 Hz
250 Hz
500 Hz
125 Hz
300 Hz
_____ facilitate swallowing by pulling the larynx up and forward
Intrinsic laryngeal muscles
Thyriod Cartilage
Extrinsic laryngeal muscles
Aryepiglottic folds
What is the primary function of the cricothyriod joint?
Permits adduction
Regulates fundamental frequency by elongating and shortening the vocal folds
A and B
Permits abduction
The Bernoulli principle helps to explain the opening motion of the vocal folds
True
False
The vocal folds consist of six layers, including the thyroaryteniod muscle, four layers of muscos membrane, and layer of epithelium
True
False
Which of the following statments describes an electroglottograph
All of the above
It depends upon the changing resistance to the flow of air pressure between the vocal folds
It measures subglottal pressure
It generates a waveform that corresponds to vocal fold movement
The peaks on an Lx waveform make it possible to determine a speakers
Jitter and shimmer level
Fundamental frequencies
Subglottal pressure
Amplitude
Which of the following acoustic characteristics of voice is the strongest indicator of gender identification in humans
Average amplitude
Maximum phonational frequency range
Dynamic range
Fundamental frequency
For patients with unilateral vocal fold paralysis, what is the ultimate goal of treatment methods involving vocal fold injection, vocal fold medialization thyroplasty, and/or arytenoid adduction
Increasing glottal closure
Greater intonational range
Greater amplitude in connected speech
Increasing frequency variability
An Lx waveform represents which of the following
Increases and decreases in amplitude
Increases and decreases in electrical activity
Increases and decreases in air pressure
Increases and decreases in subglottal
A disadvantage of stroboscopy is
Does not capture a snapshot of the vocal fold
Requires that the patient undergo general anesthesia
Irregular vocal fold vibration cannot be seen
Inability to visualize the structure and function of the larynx
Raising the tongue during phonation will
Increase the second formant frequency
Decrease the first formant frequency
Decrease the first harmonic frequency
Increased fundamental frequency
What is one additional cue that listeners use to accurately identify vowels using formant frequencies
Fundamental frequency changes during vowel production
Periodic frequency changes during vowel production
Harmonic frequency changes during vowel production
Formant frequency changes during vowel production
As the tongue moves foward
The first formant decreases in frequency
The second formant raises in frequency
The second formant decreases in frequency
The first formant raises in frequency
Problems with velopharyngeal function can result in air escaping through the nasal cavities rather than through the oral cavity during the production of oral sounds. The resulting speech production is characterized by
Insufficient nasal resonance
Hyponasality
Hypernasality
Velopharyngeal closure
Sonorants:
Nasals, glides, and liquids
Produced when lips close completely
Nasals, glides, and liquids and made with a less constricted vocal tract
Made with a less constricted vocal tract
One of the major disadvantages of electropalatography is
It doesn't provide instant feedback
It does not provide real time visual display
It doesn't visualize mid and low vowels
It does not visualize high vowels
Showing spectrograms to a child producing a target sound has the advantage of providing instant visual feedback and is a beneficial therapeutic technique.
True
False
Which of the following can affect a speaker’s intelligibility?
All of the above
Rate of speech
Loudness, pitch, and prosody
Degree of precision of articulation
Intelligibility is often measured perceptually, which provides detailed information about a speaker’s underlying articulatory patterns
True
False
Which of the following is true of phonological processes?
They affect children from birth to two years of age.
They may be present in typically developing children.
they often result from hearing impairments.
They cannot be treated using kinematic measures.
Why are stops, fricatives and affricates particularly difficult to produce for individuals with cleft palate?
These phonemes require tongue-palate contact in order to be produced.
These phonemes require intricate and precise tongue movement
These phonemes require a high degree of neuromuscular control.
These phonemes require a strong buildup of oral pressure.
Individuals with dysarthria often exhibit difficulty with the timing of their articulatory movements.
True
False
A higher than normal F2 frequency indicates that the tongue is not achieving the appropriate amount of tongue height for that phoneme.
True
False
All of the following are safe, non-invasive procedures for observing articulatory movement EXCEPT
Glossometry
Cineradiography
Electropalatography
Electromagnetic articulography
Individuals with hearing loss typically exhibit cul-de-sac resonance.
True
False
Which of the following statements is NOT true of the Eustachian tube?
It is normally open, except during a yawn or swallow.
It keeps the middle ear space ventilated.
It runs from the nasopharynx into the middle ear.
It aids in equalizing pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere.
Which of the following statements is true about the cochlea?
It transduces air pressures into mechanical energy
It contains the organ of Corti.
It is important in regulating balance.
It aids in equalizing air pressure within the tympanic cavity.
Contextual and linguistic information serve to enhance speech perception and the decoding of an acoustic signal into meaningful units.
True
False
Which of the following statements (if any) is NOT true about speech perception of individuals with hearing loss?
Many adults with hearing impairment are able to discriminate between vowels.
Many children with hearing impairment have difficulty in discriminating between vowels.
All the above statements are true.
Individuals with high frequency losses typically have difficulty identifying fricatives.
An individual with this audiogram will have trouble discriminating the vowels /u/ and /i/.
True
False
Children with language-learning difficulties
Require a longer voice onset time to differentiate voiced from voiceless stops.
Present with difficulties processing rapid acoustic signals.
All of the above.
Demonstrate subtle delays in perceptual processing.
Children with a functional articulation disorder
Rarely have underlying speech perception difficulties.
Have speech perception difficulties with /w/ and /r/ only.
May or may not have underlying speech perception difficulties
Frequently have underlying speech perception difficulties.
Which of the following statements is NOT true of otitis media?
It results in a mixed hearing loss.
It can result from an upper respiratory infection.
It can result from fluid build-up in the middle ear.
It is common in young children.
Training on suprasegmental aspects of speech for cochlear implant users can help to increase phoneme and word recognition.
True
False
Auditory discrimination of small acoustic differences
s not related to language learning.
Is equally as important for learning language in typical and language-learning disabled children.
s more important for learning language in children with language problems.
Is more important for learning language in typically developing children.
Which of the following statements is true about the central nervous system?
It is involved in aspects of information processing, including planning, organization, memory and language.
It transmits and receives nerve impulses to and from muscles and glands in the body.
All of the above statements are true
It is made up of 12 pairs of cranial and 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
Cerebrospinal fluid
All of the above.
Circulates around the brain and spinal cord, creating a shock-absorbing system.
Contains proteins and glucose that provide energy for cell function.
Reduces the weight of the brain from 1400g in air to 45g in fluid.
The brain stem is the point of origin for the cranial nerves (with the exception of I and II).
True
False
The brain is divided into four major lobes by way of the
Third and fourth ventricles.
Sulci and gyri.
Longitudinal cerebral fissure and corpus callosum.
Central sulcus and lateral fissure.
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for language expression, reasoning, and problem solving?
Parietal
Occipital
Frontal lobe
Temporal
Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the subdural space, between the dura mater and arachnoid mater.
True
False
Damage to the basal nuclei may result in
Decreased muscle tone and flaccidity
Excessive involuntary movements
Tics and tremors & Excessive involuntary movements
Tics and tremors
The trigeminal nerve
Contains only a motor branch.
Supplies nerve impulses to the muscles of facial expression.
Is made up of the ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular branches.
Innervates the muscles of the soft palate and the pharynx.
The cranial nerve that plays a vital role in heart rate, endocrine function, digestion and phonation is
CN X
CN VII
CN IX
CN XII
An axon extends from the cell body and transmits nerve impulses away from the cell body.
True
False
Longitudinal studies completed on post-stroke patients are best monitored with
PET
fMRI
SPECT
TMS
Individuals who stutter have shown
Extensive hyperactivity of the motor system.
Increased activity in the striatum and globus pallidus.
None of the above.
Decreased activity in the supplementary motor area.
Brain imaging has been used to identify patients with possible PD before clinical symptoms have appeared.
True
False
PET has been useful in determining appropriate drug therapy for patients with multiple sclerosis.
True
False
Which of the following statements best describes a model?
A statement about a particular phenomenon, incorporating the underlying principles and assumptions.
A simplification of a system that can be manipulated in a controlled manner.
Explains observed data and can be used to make predictions about related events.
Often used to institute changes in clinical practice.
Theories are simplifications of a system or any of the system’s parts.
True
False
According to the Motor theory
Speakers focus on acoustic-phonetic features to supplement other linguistic information.
Speakers rely on the syllabic structure of speech to perceive meaningful information.
Individuals perceive speech because they have experience producing speech sounds.
All of the above.
According to acoustic-auditory models, the goal of speech production is the appropriate acoustic output, and the articulatory movements made to achieve the acoustic output can vary.
True
False
Research showing that observing speech-related lip movements or listening to speech increases the excitability of motor units in the left hemisphere supports
Action theory
The DIVA model
Feedback and feedforward
Motor theory
All of the following statements are true of fMRI EXCEPT
It is safe and noninvasive.
It can be used to treat selected psychiatric disorders.
It can assess how brain function changes over time.
It can be used in conjunction with MRI.
