WorksheetsCell Bio 3
Total questions: 55
Worksheet time: 28mins
What do immature viruses lack?
Envelope
RNA
Protein coat
Genetic material
What process activates viral proteins inside immature viruses?
Protease cleavage
DNA replication
RNA transcription
Protein synthesis
Which cycles are combined in retrovirus replication?
Lytic and lysogenic
Lytic and mitotic
Lysogenic and meiotic
Lytic and binary fission
What is the genetic material of viroids composed of?
Single circular strand of RNA
Double-stranded DNA
Protein and RNA
Single linear strand of DNA
Viroids were previously thought to infect only which type of organism?
Plants
Animals
Bacteria
Fungi
What is unique about prions compared to viruses and viroids?
They have no genetic material at all
They have a protein coat
They contain RNA
They infect only plants
What is the normal structure of the protein involved in prions?
Alpha-helix
Beta-sheet
Gamma-turn
Z-form
What do prions convert normal proteins into?
Beta-sheet structure
Alpha-helix structure
Double helix structure
Circular RNA
Which of the following statements about viral growth is correct?
Virions are created fully formed and do not grow after creation.
Virions grow in size after being created.
Virions use their own energy to grow.
Virions divide to increase in number after creation.
What is the verdict for viruses regarding their use of energy?
Maybe
Fail
Pass
Unknown
Which enzyme is NOT carried by retroviruses?
DNA polymerase
Reverse transcriptase
Integrase
Protease
What is the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?
Makes complementary DNA (cDNA) from RNA
Cuts viral DNA and creates sticky ends
Translates viral mRNA into proteins
Degrades RNA genome
How do retroviruses enter host cells?
Via direct fusion with the membrane
By endocytosis
Through phagocytosis
By pinocytosis
What is a provirus?
Viral DNA integrated into the host DNA
A type of viral protein
A viral enzyme
A viral capsid
Which of the following is NOT a key enzyme carried by retroviruses?
Ligase
Reverse transcriptase
Integrase
Protease
What is the verdict for viruses regarding adaptation?
Pass
Fail
Maybe
Unknown
What happens to the capsid of a retrovirus after entry into the host cell?
It is released into the cytoplasm and dissolves, releasing enzymes and RNA.
It remains intact in the cytoplasm.
It fuses with the host DNA.
It is excreted from the cell.
Which process is the reverse of the central dogma (RNA → DNA)?
Reverse transcription
Translation
Replication
Transcription
What is the host range of a virus defined by?
Which cells the virus infects
The size of the virus
The color of the virus
The shape of the virus
What do bacteriophages infect?
Bacteria
Plants
Animals
Fungi
During the lytic cycle, what is the first step in the infection process?
Attachment
Entry
Assembly
Lysis
What happens during the entry step of the lytic cycle?
Phage injects DNA into the cytoplasm
Capsids assemble
Cell bursts
Proteins are synthesized
What is the effect of the lytic cycle on the host cell?
Host cell bursts and releases new phages
Host cell becomes dormant
Host cell divides
Host cell repairs itself
What is a prophage?
Dormant phage DNA not active or producing viruses
A type of bacterial cell
A viral protein
A host cell receptor
Which of the following can trigger reactivation of a prophage?
Environmental stress (e.g., UV, chemicals)
Cell division
Protein synthesis
Capsid assembly
Which of the following is NOT a feature of viruses (virions)?
Nuclei
Capsid
Nucleic acids
Envelope
What do viruses use to replicate?
Host cells
Their own ribosomes
Their own organelles
Their own nuclei
What term is preferred when describing how viruses increase in number?
Replicate
Reproduce
Divide
Grow
What is the main function of ribosomes in a cell?
Energy production
Protein synthesis
DNA replication
Waste removal
Which type of cell wall is characterized by the presence of peptidoglycan with L- and D-amino acids?
Gram-negative bacteria
Archaea
Gram-positive bacteria
Eukaryotes
What is the genetic material found in the nucleoid region of prokaryotic cells?
Circular, double-stranded DNA
Linear, single-stranded RNA
Circular, single-stranded DNA
Linear, double-stranded RNA
What is the function of flagella in bacteria?
Protein synthesis
Movement (chemotaxis)
DNA replication
Nutrient storage
Which structure in bacteria can carry antibiotic resistance genes?
Ribosomes
Plasmids
Inclusion bodies
Flagella
What is the protein coat of a virus called?
Envelope
Capsid
Nucleoid
Plasmid
Which of the following is NOT a possible shape of a virus capsid?
Icosahedral
Helical
Cuboidal
Spherical
What is the term for a virus structure that consists of both nucleic acid and capsid?
Plasmid
Nucleocapsid
Envelope
Capsomer
Which of the following is NOT a type of nucleic acid found in viruses?
Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)
Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)
Double-stranded DNA and RNA together
What is the function of fimbriae or pili in bacteria?
Protein synthesis
Movement toward light
Attachment and DNA transfer
Nutrient storage
What is the process called when DNA from the environment, usually from dead bacteria, is taken up by another bacterium?
Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation
Transposons
Which type of genetic variation involves viruses (bacteriophages) infecting bacteria and transferring host DNA?
Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation
Transposons
What is the shape of a coccus bacterium?
Spherical/round shaped
Rod shaped
Spiral/squiggly shaped
Cuboidal shaped
Which type of bacteria stains purple and has a thick peptidoglycan layer?
Gram Positive
Gram Negative
Acid-fast
Mycoplasma
What does the term "biofilm" refer to in the context of antibiotic resistance?
Jelly-like layer where bacteria are shielded
Minimum concentration of antibiotic that kills bacteria
Bacteria that are resistant to all antibiotics
A type of bacterial shape
Which dangerous resistant pathogen is known to cause gonorrhea and has 30% resistance to at least one antibiotic?
CRE
C. difficile
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Staphylococcus aureus
What is the function of a capsule or slime layer in prokaryotes?
Sticky outer layer (not easily removed)
Site of DNA replication
Region for protein synthesis
Area for energy production
What are flagella made of?
Microtubules and dynein proteins
Actin and myosin
Collagen and elastin
Keratin and tubulin
What is the function of dynein in flagella?
Causes the whip-like motion for propulsion
Anchors the cell to surfaces
Synthesizes proteins
Produces ATP
Which type of cell is a neutrophil?
White blood cell
Red blood cell
Platelet
Muscle cell
What is the role of the endothelium in neutrophil movement?
It is the blood vessel lining that neutrophils roll along
It produces antibodies
It digests bacteria
It stores nutrients
What does the cytoskeletal model use at the leading edge to push forward?
Actin polymerization
DNA replication
Protein synthesis
Lipid formation
What are the two types of vesicles in the membrane flow model?
Plain membrane vesicles and integrin-containing vesicles
Lysosomes and peroxisomes
Ribosomes and mitochondria
Chloroplasts and vacuoles
Which group of organisms are considered the oldest on Earth?
Archaea
Protists
Bacteria
Fungi
What is a characteristic of extremophiles?
They thrive in extreme environments
They only live in freshwater
They are always multicellular
They require oxygen-rich environments
Which type of protists are plant-like?
Photosynthetic protists (Algae)
Non-photosynthetic protists
Methanogens
Halophiles
How do bacteria typically reproduce?
Binary fission
Budding
Fragmentation
Spore formation
