The normal length of an adult kidney on ultrasound is approximately (a)   cm.

Hydronephrosis appears on ultrasound as an (a)   collection in the renal sinus and calyces.

The presence of (a)   artifact posterior to a kidney stone helps confirm its diagnosis.

The (a)   kidney is typically easier to visualize due to its anatomical position under the liver.

In the transverse view of the kidney, the probe indicator should be directed (a)   .

A (a)   renal cyst appears anechoic, has a smooth border, and demonstrates posterior enhancement.

The (a)   maneuver may help bring the left kidney into the field of view during scanning.

The renal cortex is normally (a)   echogenic than the liver and spleen.

The formula for Resistive Index (RI) is: (Peak systolic – End diastolic) / (a)   systolic.

A resistive index (RI) greater than (a)   suggests increased intrarenal vascular resistance.

Twinkling artifact is best appreciated using (a)   Doppler.

The interlobar and arcuate arteries are typically assessed using (a)   Doppler for RI calculation.

In moderate hydronephrosis, there is noticeable (a)   of the calyces with some central dilation.

(a)   gain settings can obscure or exaggerate hydronephrosis on renal ultrasound.

Kidney stones typically appear as hyperechoic foci with both shadowing and (a)   artifact.

(a)   cysts may have septations, internal echoes, or calcifications and require further imaging.

Chronic kidney disease may present with increased cortical (a)   and reduced size.

The renal hilum contains the renal vein, artery, and (a)   .

In acute urinary obstruction, the earliest ultrasonographic finding is usually (a)   hydronephrosis.