is the process of determining whether the particular problem afflicting the individual meets all criteria for a psychological disorder, as set forth in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM-5

 is the degree to which a measurement is consistent.

• two or more raters have the same answers

• They also determine whether these assessment techniques are stable across time.

is whether something measures what it is designed to measure—in this case, whether a technique assesses what it is supposed to 

 is the process by which a certain set of standards or norms is determined for a technique to make its use consistent across different measurements.

the core of most clinical work is used by psychologists, psychiatrists, and other mental health professionals. Gathers information on current and past behavior, attitudes, and emotions, as well as a detailed history of the individual’s life in general and of the presenting problem

• follow no systematic format.

When they experience psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and response that is not typical or culturally expected, it is considered as

involves the systematic observation of an individual’s behavior. can be structured and detailed but mostly they are performed relatively quickly by experienced clinicians in the course of interviewing or observing a patient.

it is slow and effortful motor behavior may indicate severe depression.

is the predominant feeling state of the individual

by contrast, refers to the feeling state that accompanies what we say at a given point.

refers to our general awareness of our surroundings.

mimic certain anxiety disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder

might produce symptoms consistent with depression

It is using direct observation to formally assess an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior in specific situations or contexts.

 A phenomenon that can distort any observational data.

• Any time you observe how people behave, the mere fact of your presence may cause them to change their behavior

include specific tools to determine cognitive, emotional, or behavioral responses that might be associated with a specific disorder and more general tools that assess long- standing personality features, such as a tendency to be suspicious.

they include a variety of methods in which ambiguous stimuli, such as pictures of people or things, are presented to people who are asked to describe what they see.

• best- known projective test after the Rorschach.

It was developed in 1935 by Christiana Morgan and Henry Murray at the Harvard Psychological Clinic

• Published in 1943 by Hathaway & McKinley, ____ and similar inventories are based on an empirical approach-the collection and evaluation of data.

• Answerable by either “true” or “false.” 

He developed Wechsler Tests

Neuroimaging that is useful in locating brain tumors, injuries, and other structural and anatomical abnormalities

The patient’s head is placed in a high-strength magnetic field through which radio frequency signals are transmitted 

useful in supplementing MRI and CT scans when localizing the sites of trauma resulting from head injury or stroke, as well as when localizing brain tumors.

Measuring electrical activity in the head

He first identified what we now know as the disorder of schizophrenia - dementia praecox

iattempts to trace the origins of behavior to a single cause. caused by a chemical imbalance or by growing up surrounded by overwhelming conflicts among family members.

include causal factors from behavioral and cognitive processes, including learned helplessness, social learning, prepared learning, and even unconscious processes (in a different guise than in the days of Sigmund Freud)

he was a pioneer who discovered that physical characteristics such as hair and eye color, height and weight are strongly influenced by genetics.

basically sums up all the tiny effects across many genes without necessarily telling us which genes are responsible for which effects

•  he speculated that the process of learning affects more than behavior

individuals inherit tendencies to express certain traits or behaviors, which may then be activated under conditions.

part of neuron: transmits these impulses to other neurons.

part of neuron: The space between the terminal button of one neuron and the dendrite of another

• Outnumber neurons by a ratio of about 10 to but for many years they were little studied because scientists believed that they were passive cells that merely served to connect and insulate neurons

• regulates many automatic activities, such as breathing, the pumping action of the heart (heartbeat), and digestion.

• damage to these structures is involved in changing our posture or twitching or shaking, they are believed to control motor activity.

They decrease the likelihood that the connecting neuron will fire.

• effectively increase the activity of a neurotransmitter by mimicking its effects

Technical name is 5-hydroxytryptamine

is believed to influence a great deal of our behavior, particularly the way we process information.

is an excitatory transmitter that “turns on” many different neurons, leading to action.

which occurs when rats or other animals encounter conditions over which they have no control.

• refers to unobservable feelings and cognitions inferred from an individual’s self-report or behaviors

The individual believes that he or she has become the object of black magic, or witchcraft

is a subjective feeling of terror, a strong motivation for behavior (escaping or fighting), and a complex physiological or arousal response.

presumed cause of hysteria

as a system originated with the well-known French psychiatrist Philippe Pinel and his Jean-Baptiste Pussin who was the superintendent of the Parisian Hospital La Bicetre

An English Quaker who followed Pinel’s lead in England and established the York Retreat, where mental patients lived in humane surroundings.

An American physician and founder of American Psychiatry who used moral management, based on Pinel’s humanitarian methods, to treat the mentally disturbed at Pennsylvania Hospital 

An American teacher who founded the mental hygiene movement in the United States, which focused on the physical well being of mental patients in hospitals.

Chairman of the board of trustees of the Worcester State Hospital reported on 32 patients who had been given up as incurable

In Chinese culture what does "cold dark wind" means?

He recommended eating tobacco and half boiled cabbage to induce vomiting.

He is the Father of modern western medicine

In 4 temperaments: what indicates apathy and sluggishness but can also mean being calm under stress. Higher levels of phlegm

what part of the body is connected to black bile according to Galen humoral theory

a whole group of people were simultaneously compelled to run out in the streets, dance, shout, rave, and jump around in patterns.

Course: Developed gradually over an extended period

How many people in the population as a whole have the disorder.

any impairment, disturbance, or deficiency in behavior or operation.

any behavior that differs significantly from what is considered appropriate or typical for a social group