Information from ______ is required to construct proteins, including the necessary enzymes for reactions.

Metabolic reactions are of two types: Anabolic and ______ reactions.

Anabolic reactions involve:

Catabolic reactions involve:

These reactions occur by ______ , removing a molecule of water to join two smaller molecules.

Polysaccharides, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are constructed via which process?

Nucleotides are joined to make ______ acids.

The reaction of ______ occurs when a molecule of water is inserted into a polymer to split it into smaller molecules.

Hydrolysis is responsible for:

Enzymes control the rates of all the metabolic reactions of the cell.

Enzymes are complex proteins that function to lower the ______ energy of a reaction.

Enzymes are called ______.

Each enzyme is specific, acting on only one kind of ______.

The speed of enzymatic reactions depends on the number of enzyme and ______ molecules available.

What is a sequence of enzyme-controlled reactions called?

Small organic cofactors are called ______, which activate an enzyme to work.

Enzymes (proteins) can be denatured by heat, pH extremes, chemicals, electricity, radiation, and by other causes that render them nonfunctional.

What is the capacity to do work called?

Most metabolic reactions in the human body use ______ energy.

ATP molecules contain three ______ in a chain connected by high energy bonds.

Energy is stored in the last ______ bond of ATP.

When energy is released, ATP becomes ______, ready to be regenerated into ATP.

Write the chemical equation for cellular respiration as shown in the worksheet.

Refer to the diagram of cellular respiration. What is the first part of cellular respiration called?

Glycolysis occurs in the ______ and does not require oxygen (is anaerobic).

Which of the following is NOT a product of glycolysis?

The electron transport chain produces the most ATP during cellular respiration.

What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?

What is needed for aerobic respiration to occur within the mitochondria?

The citric acid cycle generates carbon dioxide, 2 ATP, and _________?

Which process generates 32-34 ATP from 1 glucose molecule?

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) contains the genetic code needed for the synthesis of each protein (including enzymes) required by the cell.

A gene is a portion of a DNA molecule that contains the genetic information for making a single protein. The complete set of instructions is the _______.

The DNA molecule twists to form a _______ and may be millions of base pairs long.

The genetic code is the sequence of base pairs of a gene that specifies an order of _______ to make a particular protein.

The process of protein synthesis requires two sequential steps. Name them.

DNA molecules cannot leave the nucleus but protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm or on rough ER.

The genetic information is copied to _______ that can leave the nucleus.

RNA molecules are single-stranded and contain _______ rather than deoxyribose, and _______ rather than thymine.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules are synthesized in the nucleus in a sequence complementary to the DNA template in a process called _______.

Each amino acid corresponds to a triplet of DNA nucleotides; a triplet of nucleotides in the matching mRNA is called a _______.

What is the process called in which mRNA moves out of the nucleus and associates with ribosomes in the cytoplasm where the protein will be constructed?

In the cytoplasm, a second kind of RNA, called ________, has a triplet of nucleotides called the anticodon, which is complementary to nucleotides of the messenger RNA codon.

The ribosome contains enzymes needed to join the amino acids together by _______ .

As the amino acids are joined, the new protein molecule folds into its unique shape.

A gene that has been transcribed and translated into a protein is said to be _______.

What are the proper complementary base-pairs?