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WorksheetsFirst Grading - Chapters 1 and 2 QUIZ
Total questions: 50
Worksheet time: 50mins
Why is it important to align data collection methods with the research design?
To increase the number of participants
To reduce the research cost
To ensure data validity and relevance
To speed up data entry
Which method is best to explore participants' personal experiences in criminal justice?
Interviews
Experiments
Online surveys
Statistical modeling
What combination best describes mixed methods research?
Qualitative and quantitative combined
Qualitative only
Quantitative only
Secondary data only
If a researcher uses government reports instead of collecting new data, what method is being used?
Experimental design
Secondary data collection
Mixed methods
Primary data collection
When would structured observation be preferable to an unstructured interview?
When participant opinions are the focus
When numerical data is needed
When emotional insights are desired
When exploring unknown contexts
What is the main benefit of having a Data Management Plan (DMP)?
To provide deadlines
To guide proper data handling throughout the study
To analyze data faster
To replace research protocols
Which file-naming format improves organization and retrieval?
"2025-09-14_ProjectX_Raw_v1"
"file1"
"ResearchData 2025"
"data final"
Why maintain the original raw data untouched?
To allow easy editing
To save storage space
To safeguard data integrity and enable replication
To speed up analysis
Which file format is better for long-term accessibility of tabulated data?
CSV
DOCX
JPG
What does metadata NOT typically include?
Variable definitions
Date and location of collection
Researcher's personal opinions
Who collected the data
A comprehensive training program for data collectors is important to:
Increase sample size
Minimize errors and ensure consistency
Reduce cost
Simplify data cleaning
What is double data entry used for in data collection?
To verify accuracy and reduce manual errors
To speed data entry
To double the dataset size
To share workload equally
When might blinding be used during data collection?
To keep data anonymous during analysis
To reduce bias by preventing knowledge of group assignment
To simplify data logging
To train data collectors
What is the effect of using well-calibrated equipment on data?
It minimizes measurement error
It increases bias
It complicates data collection
It increases sampling error
If data coding varies at different sites, what should a researcher do next?
Limit data to first site only
Retrain data collectors and standardize coding
Replace data with estimates
Ignore differences
Which tool helps researchers create and update Data Management Plans collaboratively?
Tableau
DMPonline
Zoom
SPSS
One main advantage of cloud-based data repositories is:
Enhanced security and easy data sharing
Free unlimited storage
Automatic data analysis
Real-time crime reporting
OpenRefine is useful for which task?
Cleaning and standardizing messy datasets
Conducting statistical tests
Creating video presentations
Editing manuscripts
NVivo is mainly used for analyzing what type of data?
Qualitative data like interviews and documents
Numeric data
Spatial data
Experimental data
What does version control software like Git help with in research projects?
Scheduling interviews
Managing software licenses
Tracking changes and collaborating on research files
Organizing fieldwork
According to ALCOA, documentation must be:
Attributable, Legible, Contemporaneous, Original, Accurate
Approximate, Large, Completed, Overwritten, Archived
Accessible, Legal, Controlled, Observational, Anonymous
Authentic, Logical, Coherent, Official, Archived
Which method of correcting errors in documentation is correct?
Strike through with a single line, add initials, and date
Use correction fluid to erase
Erase and rewrite
Delete file and start again
Why is contemporaneous documentation important?
To reduce memory errors by recording data immediately
To make documents look better
To avoid needing audit trails
To speed up publication
Role-based access control in data storage ensures:
Only authorized users can view or edit data
Everybody has full access
Easy sharing with the public
Data can be edited freely by anyone
One reason to keep documentation secure and backed-up is to:
Avoid data loss and prevent unauthorized changes
Save paper
Allow editing by multiple users
Compress file sizes
Which measure is best for central tendency when data has outliers?
Mode
Median
Mean
Range
Inferential statistics help researchers to:
Organize raw data files
Describe data only
Collect data quickly
Draw conclusions about populations based on samples
To compare crime rates across several neighborhoods, one would use:
Mode calculation
ANOVA
Frequencies
Content analysis
In regression analysis, what does a predictor variable do?
Predict outcomes based on relationships
Measure average values
Code qualitative themes
Replace missing data
A confidence interval provides:
The exact value of a population parameter
Tests of hypotheses significance
A plausible range for the population value with a certain confidence level
A list of variables included
Thematic analysis is used to:
Identify patterns and themes in qualitative data
Summarize numeric data
Test experimental hypotheses
Clean survey data
What is the goal of grounded theory?
Measure statistical significance
Verify existing theories only
Organize numeric datasets
Build new theories based on data collected
Narrative analysis focuses on:
Examining how participants tell their stories
Quantifying word frequencies
Running t-tests
Collecting survey responses
Participant observation is valuable because it:
Produces numeric datasets
Provides insight by immersing into social settings
Is always faster than surveys
Avoids researcher bias entirely
Why are focus groups often used in criminal justice research?
To gather group opinions and social dynamics
To collect individual quantitative data
To eliminate outliers
To perform experiments
Which missing data type means data are missing without relation to any variables?
MCAR
MAR
Structured missingness
MNAR
If missing data depend on observed variables but not on their own missing values, this is:
MAR
MCAR
MNAR
Biased data
Why is multiple imputation preferred to mean substitution?
It better captures uncertainty and variability of missing data
It's easier to compute
It uses a single value for all missing points
It avoids assumptions
Which of the following is a common way to treat outliers?
Replace with zero
Investigate context, then decide whether to transform or trim data
Delete entire dataset
Ignore them always
Regression imputation is:
Conducting hypothesis tests
Eliminating missing cases
Filling in zeros for missing data
Predicting missing values using relationships with other variables
Construct validity means:
The measure represents the concept it intends to assess
The measure is free from any error
The same result is obtained every time
The results can be generalized to all populations
Reliability ensures:
Consistency of a measure across time or raters
Accuracy of causal conclusions
Perfect data completeness
Generalizability
Interrater reliability is important when:
Coding qualitative data by multiple analysts
Running a statistical test
Sampling participants randomly
Cleaning datasets
Content validity refers to:
The ability of a measure to predict future outcomes
The extent a test covers all aspects of the construct
Statistical significance of results
Reliability across forms
Test-retest reliability assesses:
Consistency of measurements over time with the same instrument
Agreement of different raters
Internal consistency among survey items
External validity
Which software is best for advanced spatial crime mapping?
R with GIS packages
SPSS
NVivo
Excel
NVivo is mainly used for:
Qualitative data coding and thematic analysis
Quantitative statistical analysis
Database management
Creating surveys
If a p-value is less than 0.05, what does it mean?
The result is not significant
The test failed
The sample is too small
The likelihood the result is due to chance is low
Which can threaten external validity?
Artificial experimental setting
Large sample size
Use of randomized sampling
Multiple observers
A study combines numerical crime data with interviews about community safety. This is:
A) Mixed methods research
B) Quantitative analysis
C) Qualitative analysis
D) Secondary data analysis
