It is the process in which one cell, called the parent cell, divides to form two new cells, referred to as daughter cells

(a)  

mitIt is a part of the cell cycle in which replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei.

(a)  

is an equational division which gives rise to genetically identical cells in which the total number of chromosomes is maintained.

(a)  

Mitosis was first discovered in plant cells by

(a)  

discovered it in animal cells. The term mitosis was coined by-----------

(a)  

The cells’ organelles perform their functions and metabolic activities for survival

(a)  

The cell grows and develops and manufactures proteins

(a)  

The chromosomes duplicate for cell division to ensure that the daughter cells would have appropriate numbers of genetic materials.

(a)  

also called the first gap phase, the cell grows physically larger, copies organelles, and makes the molecular building blocks it will need in later steps

(a)  

the cell synthesizes a complete copy of the DNA in its nucleus. It also duplicates a microtubule-organizing structure called the centrosome. The centrosomes help separate DNA during M phase.

(a)  

is the main decision point for a cell – that is, the primary point at which it must choose whether or not to divide.

(a)  

If a cell doesn’t get the go-ahead cues it needs at the G1 checkpoint, it may leave the cell cycle and enter a resting state called

(a)  

To make sure that cell division goes smoothly (produces healthy daughter cells with complete, undamaged DNA), the cell has an additional checkpoint before M phase

(a)  

The cell examines whether all the sister chromatids are correctly attached to the spindle microtubules

(a)  

Cylindrical organelles called centrioles divide into two; they move apart and form asters. Asters help align and group chromasomes in cell division. The nuclear membrane then starts to

disintegrate

(a)  

The asters and centrioles are

now on different poles. The

nuclear membrane has

disappeared

(a)  

Microscopic protein structures

called spindle fibers, pull the

chromosomes by their

centromeres (the center of a

chromosome) so they line up

in the middle

(a)  

The centromeres split and

half of the chromatids

(chromatids are divided

chromosomes) move to one

pole and half to the other

The cell membrane begins to

pinch at the center:

(a)  

The cell membrane constricts

further and two nuclear

membranes form around the

separated groups:

(a)  

The cell membrane pinches in

completely and mitosis is

complete. Two daughter cells

now exist. They both are

genetically identical with the

same number of

chromosomes

(a)  

the genetic material of a diploid germ cell undergoes two nuclear divisions and resulting in to four haploid daughter cells.

Each daughter cells has one half of the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

(a)  

The interphase just prior to the entry of cell in to meiosis is known as pre meiotic interphase.

During the S phase of pre meiotic interphase, chromosome replication takes place.

(a)  

All the chromosomes begin to condense, so, they become visible as fine thread.

There is marked increase in the nuclear volume.

(a)  

This stage begins with the initiation of pairing between homologus chromosomes and it ends with complete pairing.

The process of pairing between homologus chromosomes is known as Synapsis.

(a)  

The process of synapsis is complete.

The two homologus of each bivalent appears to be attached with each other at one or more points, these attachments are known as chiasmata.

(a)  

It is a precise breakage, swapping and reunion between two non- sister chromatids.

makes new gene combinations and which are an important source of genetic variations in populations.

(a)  

DNA recombination is complete.

The chromatids continue to shorten and thicken and the four sister chromatids in a group is called a tetrad.

(a)  

Nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear towards the end of diakinesis.

The spindle apparatus becomes organized.

The centrioles migrate away from one another.

(a)  

Shortest phase; paired homologues align.

INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT occurs

pairs of homologues line up independently of other pairs’ orientation toward the poles -- random.

Adds variation.

(a)  

Homologous chromosomes separate towards the poles.

Sister chromatids remain attached

(a)  

Each pole now has haploid set of chromosomes (however – still doubled).

Cytokinesis occurs: two haploid daughter cells formed

(a)  

No interphase II

( no more DNA replication)

Meiosis II is similar to mitosis

(a)  

Same as telophase in mitosis.

Nuclei form.

Cytokinesis occurs (2nd time).

Four haploid daughter cells produced

gametes ~ sperm or egg; ovule or pollen grain

(a)  

The process of sperm production in the testes of males

(a)  

The process of egg cell production in the ovaries of females

(a)