A "timeout" used to change the frequency of undesirable behaviors in children represents which type of operant conditioning?

A patient with depression has been using alcohol more frequently to self-medicate. The patient reports that dysphoria and anhedonia temporarily improve after a few drinks. Which of the following best explains the use of alcohol in this scenario?

Which pharmacologic properties allow buprenorphine to act as a functional opioid antagonist in individuals who are physically dependent on opioids?

In the treatment of opioid use disorders, naloxone is combined with buprenorphine for which purpose?

Which infant attachment style is characterized by paying little overt attention to the parent's presence?

Which of the following cognitive responses to environmental stimuli has been found to be more characteristic of patients with anxiety disorders when compared to patients with depression?

Which therapy builds self-esteem, cohesive self, and improves interpersonal relations in severe psychopathology?

After a stranger says "hello," a 12-month-old child turns and looks at his mother before responding. When the mother smiles and nods her head, the infant laughs and smiles in response to the stranger. This behavior is an example of:

Egocentrism is most associated with which stage of development?

26. According to Piaget's stages of cognitive development, attainment of which of the following marks the transition from the sensorimotor stage to the preoperational stage?

Which factor is associated with an increased vulnerability to developing schizophrenia?

An 84-year-old patient is prescribed a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor for the treatment of depression. Two weeks later the patient's family reports that the patient is more lethargic, confused, has headaches, and an unsteady gait. Which of the following laboratory values is most likely to be abnormal in this patient?

Heavy smoking is most likely to affect the dosing of which antipsychotic?

Which is the first sign of puberty in boys?

92. A veteran's unit in Iraq was under frequent mortar attacks. After returning to the United States, the veteran experiences elevated heart rate and the urge to run for cover when hearing fireworks. In terms of learning theory, what best describes this phenomenon?

Which of the following would most likely be first observed at 12 months in a typically developing child?

A typically developing 24-month-old would show the ability to:

A ten-year-old child is brought in by a parent for psychiatric evaluation. The parent shares that the child has been pervasively irritable and has had approximately four severe temper outbursts weekly for the past two years. These outbursts are characterized by screaming, throwing toys, and hitting others, and can occur with little provocation. The child's teacher reports that the child is alienating peers and has difficulty functioning in the classroom. Which of the following diagnoses best characterizes the child's presentation?

The psychiatrist is considering prescribing donepezil for an 87-year-old. Which medication would most significantly interfere with its efficacy?

A physician is referred to employee health due to difficulty adhering to hospital standards for timely documentation and complaints from coworkers of an indifferent and condescending attitude toward others on the medical team. The physician's director reports that their documentation is thorough and high quality, but the delay in completing charts has become a patient safety concern. On evaluation, the physician describes completing several rounds of edits to each note until they are perfect. Which of the following potential diagnoses is most likely?

Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) inhibitors are indicated for the management of:

81. An 82-year-old patient presents with severe memory loss, impaired social judgment, restricted interests, and inability to perform activities of daily living independently. The best combination therapy to reduce decline in attention and global functioning would be donepezil plus a medication with which mechanism of action?

Which of the following disorders is associated with hypocretin-1 deficiency?

An individual presents in your office with thoughts of harming her infant. Which of the following factors is the most reassuring?

A 25-year-old patient presents to the emergency department for two hours of involuntary movements. They started taking risperidone two days ago. The patient’s eyes are conjugately deviated up and to the right in a sustained manner. They have no abnormal mouth or tongue movements, and the remainder of the neurological examination is normal. Which clinical syndrome is most likely?

Which of the following lab abnormalities is associated with refeeding syndrome?

A patient presents with stupor, grimacing, and mutism. On examination, the patient is noted to be holding a posture for an extended period. This finding is described as:

The sedating effects of eszopiclone are a result of its binding with which receptor?

In young adults with schizophrenia, which of the following is associated with an increased risk of completed suicide?

An 18-year-old patient is evaluated for excessive skin-picking, resulting in multiple facial sores. The parents report that the patient spends up to one hour every day in the bathroom examining and washing the facial skin. On interview, the patient reports frustration with severe acne and discoloration of the facial skin. On examination, there are a few small pimples and no visible discoloration. The facial skin is most notable for excoriations. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Which of the following best describes a ten-year-old's understanding of the death of a pet?

According to Margaret Mahler, the child's conflict between the wish to depend on the mother and the wish for autonomy peaks during which subphase of the separation-individuation process?

The multiple sleep latency test is used to diagnose which of the following?

Which finding on electromyography during REM sleep is most diagnostic of REM sleep behavior disorder?

An active duty Air Force pilot is evaluated by a primary care physician for complaints of feeling depressed. In response to the question, “Do you sometimes drink beer, wine, or other alcoholic beverages?” the patient answers, “Yes.” Which of the following should be the next step?

A 19-year-old college student who has “always been overweight” complains that she is unable to lose weight despite exercising for an hour, four times a week, over the last year. She describes college as “very stressful,” admitting that she sometimes eats a whole pizza or a gallon of ice cream when feeling overwhelmed; this eating pattern is occurring four or five times a week recently. Afterward, she feels remorseful and vomits. She is concerned that she will always be overweight and plans to increase her exercise to two hours a day, six times a week. Which of the following laboratory findings is most likely?

A patient with major depressive disorder who has responded well to citalopram 40 mg per day develops symptoms consistent with restless leg syndrome, resulting in sleep-onset insomnia and daytime sleepiness. Which of the following medications is the most appropriate to add?

Which of the following methods of gastrointestinal decontamination has the most evidence for treating lithium overdose?

Which brain structural change has been shown to occur in patients with schizophrenia?

Compared to men with substance use disorders, women are less likely to:

Which of the following is the first-line treatment for a seven-year-old with ADHD?

Which risk factor is most associated with the development of a depressive episode during perimenopause?

Patients with which of the following neurocognitive disorders are more likely to develop severe extrapyramidal side effects from antipsychotic medications?

A woman with postpartum depression experienced partial improvement on fluoxetine 40 mg over the last 12 weeks. She now endorses disturbing thoughts about stuffing her baby into a microwave and has visual images of her baby exploding. She has been avoiding going into the kitchen due to high anxiety. She does not have paranoia, delusions, or suicidal or homicidal ideations. Based on this information, the next best step in pharmacologic management would be to:

The psychiatrist evaluates a seven-year-old child who was referred for having "emotional outbursts" at school. The parents describe the child as generally well-behaved and cannot identify stressors in the home. Parents indicate that the child was initially excited about school, but has been increasingly reluctant to go in the morning, often complaining of stomach aches as school time approaches. Which of the following steps should the psychiatrist take next?

Which of the following is the best predictor of later functional and adaptive outcomes in autism spectrum disorder?

Successful use of the "not guilty by reason of insanity" defense:

Sperm development in adolescent boys occurs through the action of which hormone on seminiferous tubules?

A woman is involved in a motor vehicle accident and experiences a traumatic limb amputation. She frequently poses questions such as "why me?" and expresses "this isn't fair." She is in which of the following stages proposed by Kübler-Ross?

Early in pregnancy, a female patient confides to her obstetrician that she is continuing to drink alcohol "a couple of times a week." At 20 weeks gestation, she is admitted to the hospital for dehydration. She states that she stopped drinking abruptly 12 hours ago and "may have" underreported her use. On exam, she is flushed, diaphoretic, tremulous, tachycardic, and hypertensive. Which medication is the best initial treatment?

Which of the following best defines Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY)?

A resident is considering using an Internet search to gather information about a patient. In which of the following situations is this most appropriate?

Which of the following characteristics is more associated with bipolar depression rather than unipolar depression?

People with schizophrenia are at decreased risk for developing which of the following medical comorbidities?

Which of the following is the primary purpose of mental health courts?

Evidence of a prior diagnosis in youth is required to diagnose which of the following personality disorders in an adult?

What psychoanalytic term is used to describe the internal forces within a patient that obstruct their achievement of insight?

A woman presents to the emergency room with her infant at two weeks postpartum, describing intense anxiety, interrupted sleep, extreme worries about the infant's health, and increased checking overnight on the infant. Upon further examination, she also endorses intrusive thoughts of harming the infant, especially while holding the infant or giving the infant a bath. While describing these thoughts, she appears distressed and tearful. She reports that she cares deeply for her infant, but feels like a "horrible mother." The most appropriate next step is to:

According to Winnicott's theory of the development of infants' assertiveness and sense of competence, which of the following best describes the critical function of the "holding environment"?

A woman with bipolar disorder is most likely to experience which of the following episodes during pregnancy?

Which of the following hypnotic medications has FDA-issued sex-specific dosage guidelines?

Which of the following antidepressant medications is most likely to precipitate clozapine-associated neutropenia?

Three days after giving birth, a 25-year-old woman with no past psychiatric history experiences rapid mood shifts, tearfulness, irritability, anxiety, insomnia, loss of energy, loss of appetite, and feeling overwhelmed. Which treatment is indicated at this time?

Which of the following types of memory is most dependent on medial temporal lobe integrity?

Which mode of delivery has the most extensive first pass metabolism?

Which is an adverse effect of maintenance methadone therapy?

hich research study type tests how well a treatment works under real-world conditions?

A patient expresses concerns about unusual new behaviors during sleep. The patient used to talk in their sleep occasionally, but now shouts during sleep almost every night. The patient has kicked their partner during sleep on multiple occasions and has no recollection of these episodes. The presence of these symptoms suggests that the patient is at an increased risk of later developing a major neurocognitive disorder due to:

The ability of preschool children to regulate their emotions is most strongly enhanced by the development of:

The conscious, preconscious, and unconscious systems of the mind are core components of which theory of psychoanalysis?

A 30-year-old law student with no past psychiatric history presents to the emergency room with anxiety, tinnitus, and diarrhea. On exam, the patient appears euphoric and has facial flushing, rambling speech, and psychomotor agitation. They report not sleeping for two days due to the stress of upcoming exams. Electrocardiogram shows sinus tachycardia with frequent premature ventricular contractions. Urine toxicology is negative. This presentation is most consistent with which of the following diagnoses?

The consultation-liaison psychiatrist evaluates a 54-year-old patient with end-stage breast cancer. The patient was previously very optimistic and energetic but has recently been told that the treatment protocol had failed and only palliative care was recommended. Since that time the patient has appeared depressed, and the team is concerned that she is suicidal. On interview, the patient is initially pleasant and able to amiably discuss neutral topics. When the subject shifts to her illness, the patient becomes tearful and expresses a crushing feeling of hopelessness about the future. She denies any plan to hurt herself, saying, "What's the point? I'm going to die soon anyway, but I would rather God just took me and didn't draw this out." Which of the following would be the best initial approach to this patient?

A patient is brought to the emergency department for altered mental status. She is currently prescribed sertraline, aripiprazole, and buspirone by a psychiatrist. She was discharged two days prior after a cholecystectomy and has reportedly been taking a "pain killer" and ondansetron every eight hours since discharge. On mental status exam, the patient appears diaphoretic, is oriented only to the person, and exhibits psychomotor agitation. Physical exam reveals hyperactive reflexes and inducible clonus at the ankles. She is febrile and hypertensive. Prescription of which of the following pain medications would most likely account for the patient's presentation?

A patient presents with low mood, anhedonia, poor concentration, psychomotor retardation, and escalating suicidality comorbid with heavy alcohol use. A diagnosis of major depressive episode not secondary to substance use would be most appropriate if symptoms:

In accordance with federal model penal code, which of the following considerations is included when determining if criminal responsibility is attributable to mental disease or defect?

A 22-year-old female is hospitalized with severe paranoia and hallucinations. During the review of systems, she acknowledges a history of acute abdominal pain, particularly during menstruation. Physical examination reveals reduced strength in the proximal upper and lower extremities and reduced tendon reflexes. Which of the following laboratory values is likely to be elevated and would explain her symptoms?

Which of the following antipsychotic medications does not cause significant QTc interval changes?

Which of the following is the most common biological cause of prenatal neurotoxicity linked to the development of intellectual disability?

A patient with alcohol use disorder is admitted to the hospital for several fractures following a motor vehicle accident. On the fifth day of admission, the patient describes repeated visions of cars crashing, accompanied by shortness of breath and racing heart rate. The patient startles easily when providers enter the room and has demanded that the window blinds stay shut as the window faces the street where the accident occurred. Which is the most likely diagnosis?

A patient has vivid nightmares accompanied by punching and kicking. Which of the following is a first-line agent for treatment of the patient's behaviors?

Which of the following is the leading cause of death in persons with severe mental illness?

In 2019, the USPSTF recommended counseling for pregnant/postpartum persons at increased risk of perinatal depression. This recommendation is an example of which type of prevention?

Which of the following antiseizure medications is most likely to affect the metabolism of other drugs through cytochrome P450 pathways?

Which of the following is the most common comorbidity in a patient with an anxiety disorder?

The four processes that reflect the flow and focus of a motivational interviewing conversation are: engaging, focusing, planning, and:

Which pharmacokinetic parameter is increased in the elderly?

Which of the following is the major mechanism of action shared by both methylphenidate- and amphetamine-based psychostimulants?

A father wants to know if he should allow his five-year-old child to attend the funeral of his mother. The child expresses a desire to go. To help the child through the funeral, it will be important to do which of the following?

Which of the following antipsychotic medications is the most potent alpha-1-adrenergic antagonist?

Which of the following tasks measures processing speed associated with cognitive aging?

A 26-year-old sexually active woman with bipolar II disorder agrees to a first-time trial of lamotrigine. Before deciding on a target dose, her psychiatrist asks what kind of contraception she uses. Which of the following is the reason for asking this question?

Which of the following is a characteristic of assertive community treatment (ACT) for the treatment of the severely mentally ill?

Which of the following describes a key feature of the accountable care organization (ACO) model of healthcare delivery?

Which serum clozapine level is considered a minimum threshold for a fair trial?

A patient has been stable on clozapine for one year with no complications. According to the Risk Evaluation and Management Strategy (REMS) program, which of the following is the required frequency for monitoring the absolute neutrophil count?

A college student studies diligently and performs well on a surprise test. This is an example of what type of reinforcement schedule?