David is learning to play the piano, and over time, his brain adapts to help him improve his skills. Which term describes the extent to which a developing structure or behavior can be modified due to experience?

Charlotte is learning about how the brain works in her psychology class. She discovers that certain axons have a special sheath that acts as insulation and helps speed up neural transmissions. What is the name of this sheath?

As Boris is giving his infant daughter a bath in the sink, he runs his finger up the bottom of her foot, causing the child to splay her toes and then curl them in. Which reflex is the infant demonstrating?

Emma notices that she feels sleepy at night and alert during the day, following a pattern that mimics the light/dark cycle of the world. This pattern is known as a _______ rhythm.

Giuseppe's parents have noticed that their 2-month-old baby has been unusually fussy lately. If Giuseppe has colic, which characteristics will be most noticeable to his parents?

What does an average infant’s birth weight look like by their first birthday?

Evelyn is a new parent and wants to know when she can start giving her baby solid food. At what age can babies start eating solid food, according to most pediatricians?

Adam is a young child that is show symptoms of swelling, irritability, and an enlarged liver. The doctor has diagnosed him with kwashiorkor. What is the most likely cause of this disease?

Harper visits a doctor because she feels tired and weak. The doctor tells her that she has micronutrient malnutrition. What causes this?

Abigail is studying for her developmental psychology exam and comes across a question: What is the leading cause of death in the United States among infants between the ages of 1 month and 1 year?

Doug is watching a butterfly flutter across the garden. Which term represents the smooth movement that allows his eyes to follow the moving butterfly?

13. Hannah is observing her newborn and notices that infants’ auditory skills are equal to those of adults, except that:

Stephanie is learning about the different tastes she can experience when eating various foods. She learned that the five basic flavors that humans can detect are:

Emma is playing with a rattle and after a while, she loses interest in it. The rattle is taken away for some time, and when it is given back to her, Emma shows renewed interest. What does this define?

Michael is trying to catch a ball thrown towards him and needs to judge how far away it is. Depth perception is possible because of which type of cue?

As Eero stands between the railroad tracks, the rails appear to converge in the distance. This cue for inferring depth and distance is called:

Camden is playing with a toy that makes a sound and lights up at the same time. He looks at the toy, hears the sound, and sees the lights, combining all this information into a single experience. This process is called:

Evelyn observes that newborn babies, like her nephew, have good auditory acuity, poor but adequate visual acuity, and excellent tactile and taste perception. Which theory of perceptual development do these facts support?

Animals deprived of visual or auditory stimulation show no, little, or delayed development of those perceptual systems. Which theory of perceptual development do these facts support?

Charlotte is watching her baby drop different toys from her high chair, each time in a slightly different way to see what happens. According to Jean Piaget, ________ describes this deliberate experimentation with variations of previous actions that occur in the sensorimotor period.

Rollie is a 6-month-old baby boy. He is learning about his environment by touching things, putting things in his mouth, and scooting around on the floor. According to Jean Piaget, Rollie is in which stage of cognitive development?

Chun Lee puts anything she can get her hands on into her mouth. She has also started looking in the general direction of sounds she hears. According to Jean Piaget, which behavior is Chun Lee exhibiting?

Glynnis is 14 months old. She is trying new things, playing with her toys, and manipulating objects in new ways—experimenting with her environment. Glynnis is in which substage of Jean Piaget’s first cognitive stage?

Claudius is 8 months old. He sees a toy he wants to play with, but it is out of reach. He uses the toy in his hand to drag the out-of-reach toy closer. What is Claudius demonstrating?

Recent research examining object permanence shows that infants as young as __________ show clear signs of object permanence if a visual response rather than a reaching response is used to test it.

Nora is a pediatrician who wants to assess the intelligence of infants in her clinic. Which test is she most likely to use?

Lily is a pediatrician who wants to assess the development of a 10-month-old infant. She decides to use the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. What do these scales measure?

When an infant cries, the caregiver responds by picking up the child, changing the diaper, or feeding. These actions by the caregiver serve as reinforcements, increasing the likelihood that the child will again communicate certain needs by crying. This demonstrates that even an infant learns through which type of conditioning?

Almost every time Priya says the word “da,” her father picks her up with joy, smiles, and praises his daughter for trying to say “dad.” The father’s behavior reinforces Priya’s behavior. Which theory of language acquisition is this an example of?

Harper is observing how her baby, Oliver, starts to pick up language skills. She wonders what the constructivist view says about how infants develop language. According to this perspective, what is the basis of language development?

Bryan is talking to his baby using short, simple sentences and a gentle tone. What type of speech is Bryan using?

Rupert is reading a book with his 3-year-old daughter, Persephone. At regular intervals, Rupert stops, points to the images in the book, and asks, “There’s Angelo the Snail. What’s happening to him?” This prompts a response from Persephone. Rupert is engaged in the process of:

Konstantine is entertaining himself and his mother with his repetitive “dadadada, babababa” as if he just likes the sound of his own voice. What is Konstantine doing?

Anika is able to understand what her teacher says, even if she can't say all the words herself yet. What is this ability called?

Aria is able to speak clearly and use words correctly to express her thoughts. Which term describes Aria's ability to produce language accurately?

Jackson is observing his 24-month-old child and wants to know about typical language development. He wonders: The average 24-month-old has a spoken vocabulary of more than _______ words.

Ava is keeping track of her toddler's language development. She notices that after her child has learned a certain number of words, the rate at which new words are learned suddenly increases. Around how many words has her child likely acquired when this vocabulary spurt occurs?

Charlotte is playing a guessing game with her friends. She tries to figure out what her friend knows about the hidden object. The ability to accurately predict what other people know is called _______ by developmental scientists.

James grew up speaking both Spanish and English at home. As an adult, he often finds that being fluent in both languages provides him with unique advantages in his career and daily life. Which statement best reflects research findings about bilingual individuals like James?

Nora is studying Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual stages of development. She observes that during the first stage, a child derives satisfaction from stimulation of which body part?

Abdallah depends on his mother for everything he needs. When he cries, she responds with food, a clean diaper, or a cuddle. Erik Erikson would have said that Abdallah’s mother is helping him resolve the conflict known as:

Which conclusion did Harry Harlow reach based on his research with infant monkeys?

By the age of 5, Liam has spent most of his early years with his primary caregiver. According to John Bowlby’s attachment theory, what type of model will Liam have developed by this age?

Jessica is studying child development and learns that there is a particular period in an infant's life when forming a close relationship with a caregiver is especially important. According to the ethological perspective, during which period is this sensitive relationship most likely to form?

Archie cries, and his mother responds immediately. When he coos at his mother, she smiles and cuddles him. Developmentalists would say that this is an example of which concept?

Lucretia’s mother is dropping her off at preschool for the first time, and Lucretia’s behavior changes from being a calm, happy baby to a crying, cranky youngster who will not let go of her mother. Lucretia is demonstrating:

Scarlett is 10 months old. When a family friend whom she has never met before tries to pick her up, Scarlett becomes visibly upset and clings to her mother. Which term best identifies this fearful phase of infancy?

Callie, age 11 months, went to the circus with her mother. When a clown came bouncing up to Callie’s stroller, Callie became anxious and looked at her mother. When Callie’s mother began to laugh at the clown, Callie joined in the laughter. Callie’s behavior shows evidence of:

Romeo seems indifferent to his mother's presence or absence as he plays. When she leaves the room to answer the telephone, Romeo barely notices and does not seem particularly distressed. Which attachment style has Romeo developed with his mother?

Ivanhoe is playing in a room with his mother nearby. Ivanhoe becomes distressed when a stranger enters the room, and he rushes to his mother’s side. When his mother and the stranger leave the room for a moment, Ivanhoe wails and cries. However, when his mother returns, he runs to her, and instead of giving her a hug, he bites her on the arm. Which type of attachment pattern is Ivanhoe demonstrating?

Emotional and behavioral predispositions present at birth are thought to be the foundation of personality. These predispositions are collectively referred to as:

Which term is used to describe the temperament of children who are less regular with their body functions and slower to develop stable eating and sleeping patterns?

_______ is the process of selecting experiences based on temperament.

Which term refers to the notion that a child’s development is dependent on the degree of match between the child’s temperament and the nature and demands of the environment in which they are being raised?

Another term for the objective self is the ________ self.

Eight-month-old Richetta’s crib is located near a large mirror on her dresser, yet Richetta rarely stops to look at herself in the mirror. On the other hand, her 19-month-old sister, Leontyne, stops regularly to gaze at herself as she crawls and walks near the full-length bathroom mirror. What is the likely reason that Leontyne looks at the mirror, but Richetta does not?

Which of these emotions is a self-conscious emotion?

The most consistent finding regarding the effects of nonparental care is that:

Both positive and negative differences between the behavior of children in nonparental care versus home care tend to be: