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exam 1 review

Total questions: 46

Worksheet time: 23mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Which component is characteristic of the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria?

a)

Lipopolysaccharide

b)

Outer membrane

c)

Teichoic acids

d)

Lipid A

e)

Capsule polysaccharides

2.

In electron microscopy, which statement is correct?

a)

Specimens are viewed in normal room air without a vacuum

b)

Magnification is lower than that of a standard light microscope

c)

Metals are never used in specimen preparation

d)

Higher resolution is possible than with light microscopy

e)

Dehydration of specimens is not required

3.

The symptom of cholera that directly leads to life-threatening dehydration is:

a)

Skin Rash

b)

Profuse watery diarrhea

c)

Coughing

d)

Bleeding gums

e)

Fever

4.

Regarding ribosomes in living cells:

a)

Only eukaryotic algae possess them

b)

Bacteria and archaea lack them

c)

Only plant cells have them

d)

All known cellular life forms contain ribosomes

e)

Only animal cells have them

5.

The best resolution is 0.2 micrometers with an optical light microscope, which is not a type of light microscope?

a)

Bright-Field

b)

Dark-Field

c)

Phase-Contrast

d)

Fluorescence

e)

All of the above are light microscopes

6.

Louis Pasteur is historically recognized for demonstrating that:

a)

Viruses can be observed with a simple light microscope

b)

Yeasts ferment sugars to produce alcohol in the absence of oxygen

c)

DNA has a double-helix structure

d)

Bacteria cause tuberculosis

e)

Microscopic life cannot arise from pre-existing organisms

7.

In Carl Woese’s three-domain system, viruses are:

a)

Placed in the Domain Bacteria

b)

Placed in the Domain Archaea

c)

Placed in the Domain Eukarya

d)

Classified in all three domains

e)

Not included in any of the three domains

8.

Ignaz Semmelweis is remembered for showing that:

a)

Boiling water kills all bacteria

b)

Handwashing reduces transmission of infection in hospitals

c)

Viruses can cause rabies

d)

Microorganisms cannot change their environment

e)

Oxygen is essential for all microbial life

9.

Which structural feature is unique to the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria?

a)

Peptidoglycan

b)

Teichoic acids

c)

Porin proteins

d)

Mycolic acids

e)

Sterols

10.

In a hypertonic solution, a bacterial cell with an intact cell wall will most likely:

a)

Burst from water influx

b)

Undergo lysis as the cell membrane pulls away from the wall

c)

Increase its internal solute concentration until equilibrium is reached without water movement

d)

Absorb water and swell tightly against the wall

e)

Remain completely unaffected

11.

Evidence from microfossils suggests that prokaryotes first appeared on Earth approximately:

a)

500 thousand years ago

b)

3.5 billion years ago

c)

2.5 million years ago

d)

350 million years ago

e)

9.5 million years ago

12.

A functioning prokaryotic ribosome is primarily made of:

a)

DNA and lipids

b)

Messenger RNA and transfer RNA only

c)

Ribosomal RNA and proteins

d)

Lipopolysaccharide and proteins

e)

Peptidoglycan and RNA

13.

Which of the following best describes L-forms of bacteria?

a)

They lack a cell wall and can vary in shape

b)

They cannot reproduce by binary fission

c)

They have an unusually thick peptidoglycan layer

d)

They are viral particles rather than true bacteria

e)

They are resistant to all antibiotics

14.

Edward Jenner’s pioneering work in immunology involved a vaccine protecting humans against:

a)

Cholera

b)

Smallpox

c)

Tuberculosis

d)

Measles

e)

Influenza

15.

Viruses differ from cellular microorganisms because they:

a)

Have larger genomes than bacteria

b)

Lack a cellular structure and are acellular

c)

Carry out their own metabolism without a host

d)

Contain both DNA and RNA simultaneously

e)

Reproduce by binary fission

16.

John Snow’s classic epidemiological investigation of the 1854 London cholera outbreak demonstrated that the disease was:

a)

Airborne

b)

Spread by direct physical contact

c)

Waterborne

d)

Transmitted by mosquitoes

e)

Caused by contaminated milk

17.

Porin proteins are important because they:

a)

Transport molecules across the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria

b)

Act as enzymes for DNA replication

c)

Provide motility in archaea

d)

Synthesize peptidoglycan

e)

Store nutrients in eukaryotic cells

18.

In human virology, it is true that:

a)

Healthy humans never carry latent viruses

b)

Viruses like the Herpesviruses remain latent and may not cause symptoms despite infection

c)

All viral infections produce immediate and obvious illness

d)

Viruses replicate independently of host cells

e)

Viral infections can be eliminated by antibiotics

19.

In prokaryotes, the chromosome is enclosed within a nuclear membrane.

a)

True

b)

False

20.

Brownian motion of small particles in liquid is best described as:

a)

Active swimming using flagella

b)

Passive, random movement caused by collisions with water molecules

c)

Directed migration toward nutrients

d)

Osmotic flow through a semipermeable membrane

e)

Electrons moving in a vacuum

21.

In a basic biological stain, the chromophore is typically:

a)

Negatively charged (anionic)

b)

Positively charged (cationic)

c)

Without ionic charge

d)

Composed only of lipids

e)

Invisible to the human eye

22.

Mycoplasmas are unusual among bacteria because they:

a)

Lack ribosomes

b)

Lack a cell wall

c)

Lack a cell membrane

d)

Contain both DNA and RNA in the same molecule

e)

Are obligate intracellular parasites

23.

Which of the following numbers is the the best resolution you can get from an optical light microscope?

a)

2 millimeters

b)

4 meters

c)

0.2 microns

d)

4 nano meters

e)

2 micrometers

24.

Spirochetes differ from spirilla in that spirochetes:

a)

Lack a spiral shape

b)

Possess internal axial filaments (periplasmic flagella) for movement

c)

Are eukaryotic cells

d)

Are all non-motile

e)

Contain peptidoglycan in their outer membrane

25.

The primary and most effective treatment to prevent death from cholera infection is:

a)

Broad-spectrum antibiotics

b)

Oral rehydration with water and electrolytes

c)

Hypnosis therapy

d)

Administration of antitoxins only

e)

Primal scream therapy

26.

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is particularly suited for:

a)

Viewing the three-dimensional surface details of cells

b)

Observing live cells in a wet mount

c)

Examining the internal structures of cells

d)

Detecting motility in a hanging-drop preparation

e)

Identifying cell wall components using Gram stain

27.

Which of the following can destroy the cell wall of bacteria?

a)

Lysozyme alone

b)

Penicillin alone

c)

Both lysozyme and penicillin

d)

Alcohol only

e)

High salt concentration only

28.

Bacteria of the genus Vibrio characteristically have cells that are:

a)

Straight rods

b)

Cocci arranged in clusters

c)

Curved rods resembling a comma

d)

Spiral filaments with axial filaments

e)

Pleomorphic without any consistent shape

29.

In medicine, an infection that presents with no symptoms but still harbors a pathogen is most accurately described as:

a)

Latent infection

b)

Chronic infection

c)

Subclinical infection

d)

Acute infection

e)

Opportunistic infection

30.

Which bacterial arrangement results when spherical cells divide in random planes forming grape-like clusters?

a)

Streptobacillus

b)

Staphylococcus

c)

Vibrio

d)

Sarcina

e)

Palisades

31.

Which type of microbe typically requires an electron microscope to be visualized clearly?

a)

Red blood cells

b)

Typical rod-shaped E. coli cells

c)

Yeast cells

d)

Most virus particles

e)

Ciliate protozoa

32.

Compared with Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria usually:

a)

Possess a thinner peptidoglycan layer

b)

Have an outer membrane rich in lipopolysaccharide

c)

Are more susceptible to lysozyme and penicillin

d)

Have a periplasmic space between two membranes

e)

Contain higher amounts of lipopolysaccharide

33.

The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths longer than those of visible red light is:

a)

Ultraviolet

b)

Infrared

c)

X-ray

d)

Blue visible light

e)

Gamma rays

34.

Which of the following pairs correctly matches each bacterium with its Gram-staining reaction?

a)

Escherichia coli – Gram-positive; Bacillus subtilis – Gram-negative

b)

Staphylococcus aureus – Gram-negative; Mycobacterium tuberculosis – Gram-positive

c)

Streptococcus pyogenes – Gram-negative; Vibrio cholerae – Gram-positive (swapped)

d)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa – Gram-positive; Listeria monocytogenes – Gram-negative

e)

Streptococcus pyogenes – Gram-positive; Vibrio cholerae – Gram-negative

35.

Strep throat is caused by which genus of bacteria?

a)

 Bacillus

b)

 Mycobacterium

c)

 Streptococcus

d)

Vibrio

e)

 Clostridium

36.

In a Gram-negative bacterium, the thin layer of peptidoglycan is found:

a)

 Attached to the cytoplasmic membrane only

b)

 Inside the nucleus

c)

 Within the periplasmic space between the inner and outer membranes

d)

On the surface of the outer membrane

e)

 As part of the capsule

37.

Which microbiologist is famous for formulating a set of experimental criteria, later known as “postulates” that linked specific microbes to specific diseases?

a)

 Joseph Lister

b)

 Robert Koch

c)

 Carl Woese

d)

Louis Pasteur

e)

 Alexander Fleming

38.

Carl Woese proposed three Domains of life based primarily on differences in:

a)

 Cell wall chemical composition

b)

 Ribosomal RNA gene sequences

c)

 Modes of reproduction

d)

Types of membrane lipids

e)

 Presence of mitochondria

39.

If an object is said to be two orders of magnitude larger than another, it is roughly how many times larger?

a)

 2

b)

 10

c)

 20

d)

100

e)

 1,000

40.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a potent stimulator of the human immune system, is a key component of the: 

a)

Cytoplasmic membrane of all bacteria

b)

 Outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria

c)

 Peptidoglycan layer of Gram-positive bacteria

d)

Capsule of some Streptococcus species

e)

 Ribosomal subunit of prokaryotes

41.

Which of the following is the smallest in size?

a)

 A red blood cell

b)

 A typical bacterium such as E. colil

c)

 A single influenza virus particle

d)

A hydrogen atom

e)

 A budding yeast cell

42.

Which of the following represents the correct three Domains of life in modern classification?

a)

 Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

b)

 Plantae, Animalia, Protista

c)

 Fungi, Protozoa, Viruses

d)

Bacteria, Protista, Animalia

e)

 Archaea, Bacteria, Viruses

43.

Prokaryotic ribosomes are described as:

a)

 70S, composed of 50S and 30S subunits

b)

 80S, composed of 60S and 40S subunits

c)

 90S, unique to Archaea

d)

Membrane-bound organelles containing RNA and DNA

e)

Only functional when attached to the nuclear envelope

44.

Which pioneer introduced the practice of antiseptic surgery by applying carbolic acid (phenol) to wounds?

a)

 Edward Jenner

b)

 Joseph Lister

c)

 Louis Pasteur

d)

Robert Koch

e)

 Ignaz Semmelweis

45.

During osmosis across a selectively permeable membrane, which particles move?

a)

 Water molecules

b)

 Sodium ions

c)

 Protein macromolecules

d)

Chloride ions

e)

 Glucose polymers

46.

Among the following, which is the largest in physical size?

a)

 An oxygen molecule

b)

 A typical virus such as poliovirus

c)

 A single cell of baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisia)

d)

A rod-shaped E. coli bacterium

e)

 A carbon atom

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