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WorksheetsChapters 26 and 27 Review - Chapter 26 Questions
Total questions: 149
Worksheet time: 1hrs 26mins
The two main components of the digestive system are:
the GI tract and the accessory organs
the stomach and the liver
the intestines and the pancreas
the esophagus and the gallbladder
Select the correct order of structures in the GI tract as food passes through them.
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
Mouth, stomach, esophagus, large intestine, small intestine, rectum, anus
Esophagus, mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus, rectum
Mouth, esophagus, small intestine, stomach, large intestine, rectum, anus
The structures of the GI tract that are considered parts of the upper GI tract include:
mouth,pharynx, esophagus, stomach, duodenum
colon, rectum, anus
jejunum, ileum, cecum
appendix, sigmoid colon, rectum
Accessory structures associated with the upper GI tract include:
Salivary glands, teeth, tongue
Liver, pancreas, gallbladder
Esophagus, stomach, duodenum
Appendix, cecum, rectum
The structures of the GI tract that are considered parts of the lower GI tract include:
small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
esophagus, stomach, small intestine, anus
mouth, esophagus, stomach, rectum
pharynx, stomach, large intestine, anus
Accessory structures that are associated with the lower GI tract include:
Liver, pancreas, gallbladder
Esophagus, pharynx, mouth
Salivary glands, teeth, tongue
Trachea, bronchi, lungs
The digestive system has several processes/functions. Which of the following correctly lists and describes them?
Ingestion, Motility, Secretion, Digetion, Absorption, Elmination: intake of food, muscles contractions for moving materials, releasing substances that faciliate, breakdown of food,transport of digested molecules
Respiration, circulation, excretion, and reproduction: breathing, moving blood, removing waste, and producing offspring.
Filtration, secretion, reabsorption, and excretion: filtering blood, secreting substances, reabsorbing water, and removing waste.
Coordination, locomotion, sensation, and growth: controlling body, moving, sensing environment, and increasing in size.
Identify the four tunics of the GI tract wall from the options below.
Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis, Serosa
Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis, Peritoneum
Adventitia, Lamina propria, Epithelium, Subserosa
Mucosa, Muscularis, Endothelium, Peritoneum
The epithelium of the mucosa varies in different regions of the GI tract. Which of the following correctly matches the region with its epithelial type?
Esophagus - nonkeratinized stratified squamous, Stomach - simple columnar, Small intestine - simple columnar
Esophagus - simple columnar, Stomach - stratified squamous, Small intestine - simple cuboidal
Esophagus - pseudostratified columnar, Stomach - simple squamous, Small intestine - stratified cuboidal
Esophagus - simple cuboidal, Stomach - stratified columnar, Small intestine - simple squamous
The two main types of movements within the GI tract are:
Peristalsis and segmentation
Absorption and secretion
Digestion and excretion
Filtration and reabsorption
The difference between adventitia and serosa is:
Adventitia is a connective tissue layer, while serosa is a serous membrane covering organs.
Adventitia is a muscle layer, while serosa is a connective tissue layer.
Adventitia is found only in the stomach, while serosa is found only in the intestines.
Adventitia and serosa are both types of epithelial tissue.
The enteric nervous system is responsible for which of the following roles in the digestive process?
It controls the digestive processes independently of the central nervous system.
It regulates blood pressure throughout the body.
It is responsible for voluntary muscle movement.
It controls the respiratory rate during digestion.
The autonomic nervous system regulates digestive processes by:
parasympatheic and sympathetic ; digestion active , digestion slows down
initiating voluntary muscle movements in the digestive tract
regulating only the absorption of nutrients in the intestines
directly controlling conscious eating behaviors
Long reflexes are described as:
Reflexes that involve the central nervous system and travel to the brain or spinal cord before producing a response.
Reflexes that occur only within the enteric nervous system without involving the CNS.
Reflexes that are limited to the peripheral nervous system only.
Reflexes that do not require any neural pathways.
Short reflexes are best described as:
Reflexes that involve only the enteric nervous system and do not require input from the central nervous system
Reflexes that always involve the brain and spinal cord
Reflexes that require conscious thought to occur
Reflexes that only occur in response to pain
The classes of hormones that play a role in digestive processes include:
circulating and local hormones
Only steroid hormones
Only peptide hormones
Only amine hormones
The origin and function of gastrin is:
Gastrin is produced by the stomach and stimulates gastric acid secretion.
Gastrin is produced by the pancreas and lowers blood sugar levels.
Gastrin is produced by the liver and aids in fat digestion.
Gastrin is produced by the small intestine and inhibits gastric motility.
The origin and function of cholecystokinin is:
It is produced in the small intestine and stimulates the release of bile and pancreatic enzymes.
It is produced in the stomach and increases gastric acid secretion.
It is produced in the pancreas and lowers blood glucose levels.
It is produced in the liver and stores glycogen.
The origin and function of secretin are:
Secretin is produced in the duodenum and stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate.
Secretin is produced in the stomach and stimulates gastric acid secretion.
Secretin is produced in the liver and aids in bile production.
Secretin is produced in the pancreas and stimulates insulin release.
What receptors are involved in digestive processes and what is their involvement?
Chemoreceptors detect chemical changes and mechanoreceptors respond to stretching in the digestive tract.
Photoreceptors detect light in the digestive tract.
Thermoreceptors regulate body temperature during digestion.
Nociceptors are responsible for nutrient absorption.
The peritoneum is best described by which of the following statements?
It is a serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering abdominal organs, providing protection and support.
It is a fibrous tissue that connects muscles to bones in the abdomen.
It is a layer of cartilage that cushions the abdominal organs.
It is a gland that secretes digestive enzymes into the abdominal cavity.
Which of the following best defines and distinguishes between intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal organs?
Intraperitoneal organs are within the peritoneal cavity and fully covered by peritoneum. retroperitoneal organs are behind the peritoneum and only partially covered.
Intraperitoneal organs are outside the abdominal cavity, while retroperitoneal organs are inside the abdominal cavity.
Intraperitoneal organs are only partially covered by peritoneum, while retroperitoneal organs are fully covered.
Intraperitoneal organs are located behind the peritoneum, while retroperitoneal organs are within the peritoneal cavity.
Mesentery is understood as which of the following, and how does it differ from mesentery proper?
Mesentery is a double layer of peritoneum that attaches the intestines to the posterior abdominal wall, while mesentery proper specifically refers to the mesentery of the small intestine.
Mesentery is a single layer of muscle that supports the liver, while mesentery proper supports the stomach.
Mesentery is a nerve plexus in the abdomen, while mesentery proper is a blood vessel network.
Mesentery is a ligament connecting bones, while mesentery proper is a type of cartilage.
Which of the following lists the types of mesenteries?
greater,lessrer, mesentery proper, mesocolon
Parietal mesentery and visceral mesentery
Anterior mesentery and posterior mesentery
Superior mesentery and inferior mesentery
The organization and structures of the oral cavity include which of the following?
Lips, cheeks, fauses, palate, tongue, and teeth
Liver, pancreas, stomach, and intestines
Heart, lungs, and kidneys
Femur, tibia, and fibula
The type of epithelium found in the oral cavity is:
Stratified squamous epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium
Transitional epithelium
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
The two main types of salivary glands and what they secrete are:
Serous and mucous glands; serous glands secrete watery fluid, mucous glands secrete mucus.
Parotid and sublingual glands; both secrete only enzymes.
Endocrine and exocrine glands; both secrete hormones.
Sweat and oil glands; sweat glands secrete saliva, oil glands secrete enzymes.
The three extrinsic salivary glands are __________, __________, and _________
Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual.
Parotid, sublingual, and lacrimal.
Sublingual, submandibular, and pineal.
Parotid, submandibular, and pituitary.
The two cell types found within extrinsic salivary glands and their functions are:
Serous and mucous cells; serous cells secrete watery, enzyme-rich fluid and mucous cells secrete mucus for lubrication.
Parietal and chief cells; parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid and chief cells secrete pepsinogen.
Alpha and beta cells; alpha cells secrete glucagon and beta cells secrete insulin.
Oxyntic and D cells; oxyntic cells secrete acid and D cells secrete somatostatin.
The functions of saliva include:
Lubrication, digestion, and protection of the oral cavity
Transporting oxygen in the blood
Producing insulin for blood sugar regulation
Filtering waste from the blood
Mastication is the process of chewing food and represents which type of digestion?
Mechanical digestion
Chemical digestion
Enzymatic digestion
Absorptive digestion
The structure of a tooth consists of which of the following parts?
Enamel, dentin, pulp, and cementum
Bone, cartilage, ligament, and nerve
Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, and follicle
Crown, root, follicle, and nerve
Identify the types of teeth.
Incisors, canines, premolars, molars
Incisors, bicuspids, wisdom teeth, fangs
Molars, tusks, incisors, grinders
Canines, tusks, molars, cutters
Humans usually have how many deciduous and how many permanent teeth?
20 deciduous and 32 permanent teeth
32 deciduous and 20 permanent teeth
28 deciduous and 32 permanent teeth
20 deciduous and 28 permanent teeth
Gingivitis is:
an inflammation of the gums
a type of tooth decay
a jawbone disorder
a viral infection of the mouth
The regions of the pharynx are:
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
Epiglottis, trachea, esophagus
Larynx, trachea, bronchi
Nasal cavity, oral cavity, larynx
The structure and function of the esophagus is:
A muscular tube that transports food from the throat to the stomach.
A gland that produces digestive enzymes.
A sac that stores bile produced by the liver.
A coiled tube where most nutrient absorption occurs.
The muscularis of the esophagus is unique because:
it has both skeletal and smooth muscle fibers
it is composed entirely of skeletal muscle
it is composed entirely of smooth muscle
it lacks a muscularis layer
The main type of movement in the esophagus is:
Peristalsis
Segmentation
Diffusion
Active transport
Deglutition is best defined as which of the following, and which are its phases?
Deglutition is the process of swallowing, consisting of oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal phases.
Deglutition is the process of breathing, consisting of inspiratory, expiratory, and resting phases.
Deglutition is the process of digestion, consisting of gastric, intestinal, and colonic phases.
Deglutition is the process of absorption, consisting of mucosal, submucosal, and serosal phases.
The gross anatomy of the stomach includes which of the following features?
Cardia, fundus, body, pylorus
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum
Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon
Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle
In the stomach, what happens to the contents and how long do they usually remain there?
The contents are mixed with gastric juices and usually remain for 2 to 6 hours.
The contents are absorbed directly into the bloodstream and remain for less than 10 minutes.
The contents are digested completely and leave the stomach within 30 seconds.
The contents are stored without any change and remain for 24 hours.
Chyme is defined as:
the semi-fluid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum
the hormone that regulates blood sugar levels
the enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach
the muscular valve between the stomach and esophagus
The types of digestion that occur in the stomach are:
Both mechanical and chemical digestion
Only mechanical digestion
Only chemical digestion
No digestion occurs
The muscularis of the stomach is unique because:
it has an additional oblique muscle layer
it lacks a circular muscle layer
it is composed only of smooth muscle
it is thinner than in other digestive organs
The mucosa of the stomach is different from the mucosa of the esophagus in which of the following ways, as seen under the microscope?
The stomach mucosa has simple columnar epithelium with gastric glands, while the esophagus has stratified squamous epithelium.
Both have stratified squamous epithelium with no glands.
The esophagus has simple columnar epithelium with villi, while the stomach has stratified squamous epithelium.
Both have simple cuboidal epithelium with no glands.
Rugae are:
folds or ridges in the mucous membrane, such as those found in the stomach or mouth
a type of muscle tissue found in the heart
small blood vessels in the skin
glands that secrete digestive enzymes
The types of mesentery associated with the stomach are:
Greater omentum and lesser omentum
Transverse mesocolon and sigmoid mesocolon
Falciform ligament and round ligament
Mesentery proper and mesorectum
The histology of the stomach (figure 26.10) is characterized by which of the following features?
simple columnar epithelium
gastric pits for the lining and gastric glandsexpel gastric gland
Thick muscularis mucosae with goblet cells
Stratified squamous epithelium lining
Identify the different cell types found in the mucosa of the stomach and their functions.
Parietal cells (secrete HCl), Chief cells (secrete pepsinogen), Mucous cells (secrete mucus), G cells (secrete gastrin)
Beta cells (secrete insulin), Alpha cells (secrete glucagon), Delta cells (secrete somatostatin), F cells (secrete pancreatic polypeptide)
Kupffer cells (phagocytosis), Hepatocytes (bile production), Stellate cells (vitamin A storage), Endothelial cells (filtration)
Goblet cells (secrete mucus), Paneth cells (secrete antimicrobial peptides), Enterocytes (absorption), Enteroendocrine cells (hormone secretion)
The two functions of muscularis in the stomach are:
Mixing food and propelling it towards the intestine
Secreting digestive enzymes and absorbing nutrients
Producing hormones and storing bile
Filtering blood and regulating pH
Cells that regulate the digestive processes of the stomach and their mechanisms include:
Surface Mucous, Mucous Neck ,Chief, Parietal cells
Red blood cells regulate the digestive processes by transporting oxygen.
Neurons regulate the digestive processes by transmitting electrical signals only.
Muscle cells regulate the digestive processes by contracting the stomach wall.
The three phases associated with the digestive processes in the stomach are:
Cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases
Oral, esophageal, and rectal phases
Buccal, pharyngeal, and pyloric phases
Ingestion, absorption, and elimination phases
The three regions of the small intestine and the part of the GI tract each belongs to are:
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum; all are parts of the small intestine
Cecum, colon, rectum; all are parts of the large intestine
Esophagus, stomach, duodenum; all are parts of the upper GI tract
Jejunum, ileum, colon; all are parts of the lower GI tract
The shortest part of the small intestine is:
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Colon
The part of the small intestine that first receives secretions from the accessory glands is:
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Cecum
The duodenum is located in the upper abdomen and is anatomically related to which of the following surrounding organs?
Stomach, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder
Heart, lungs, and spleen
Kidneys, bladder, and urethra
Large intestine, appendix, and rectum
The substances that enter the duodenum and their sources are:
Bile from the liver and gallbladder, and pancreatic juice from the pancreas
Saliva from the salivary glands and gastric juice from the stomach
Insulin from the pancreas and glucagon from the liver
Pepsin from the stomach and amylase from the mouth
The longest part of the small intestine is:
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Cecum
The average human small intestine is about how long?
About 6 meters (20 feet)
About 1 meter (3 feet)
About 12 meters (40 feet)
About 0.5 meters (1.5 feet)
Arrange the structures that increase the surface area of the small intestine from largest to smallest.
Folds, villi, microvilli
Microvilli, villi, folds
Villi, folds, microvilli
Folds, microvilli, villi
The structure of an intestinal villus consists of:
a layer of epithelial cells, a core of connective tissue, blood capillaries, and a lacteal
a thick muscular wall and no blood supply
only a single layer of muscle cells
a hard outer shell and no internal structures
Brush border and brush border enzymes are defined as:
The microvilli-covered surface of epithelial cells in the small intestine and the enzymes attached to it.
A type of connective tissue and its associated hormones.
A layer of smooth muscle and its secreted neurotransmitters.
A type of gland and its secreted digestive juices.
The cells of the small intestine mucosa include which of the following?
Goblet cells, Paneth cells, and enteroendocrine cells
Hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, stellate cells, and cholangiocytes
Chief cells, parietal cells, mucous neck cells, and G cells
Podocytes, mesangial cells, endothelial cells, and macula densa cells
Motility within the small intestine is related to which digestive phases discussed in the section about the stomach?
Cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases
Only the cephalic phase
Only the gastric phase
Only the absorptive phase
List the three accessory organs related to the processes of the lower GI tract.
a. Liver b. Gall bladder c. Pancreas
a. Stomach b. Esophagus c. Appendix
a. Kidney b. Spleen c. Thymus
a. Colon b. Rectum c. Cecum
The ducts of the liver, gall bladder, and pancreas connect to each other in which of the following ways?
The common hepatic duct from the liver joins with the cystic duct from the gall bladder to form the common bile duct, which then joins with the pancreatic duct before entering the duodenum.
The pancreatic duct joins directly with the cystic duct before entering the duodenum.
The common hepatic duct and pancreatic duct merge to form the cystic duct, which enters the duodenum.
The gall bladder duct and pancreatic duct merge first, then join the hepatic duct before entering the duodenum.
The name of the cells and the name of the organ responsible for the formation of bile are:
Hepatocytes and liver
Nephrons and kidney
Alveoli and lungs
Islets of Langerhans and pancreas
The function of the gallbladder is:
To store and concentrate bile
To produce insulin
To filter blood
To absorb nutrients
Bile works by breaking down fats through a process called emulsification. What is emulsification?
The process of breaking down large fat globules into smaller droplets
The process of digesting proteins into amino acids
The absorption of nutrients in the small intestine
The production of bile in the liver
The function of the pancreas in the exocrine sense is to secrete digestive enzymes and bicarbonate. Which of the following lists the main components of these secretions and their functions?
Amylase, lipase, proteases, and bicarbonate; they digest carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and neutralize stomach acid.
Insulin and glucagon; they regulate blood sugar levels.
Adrenaline and cortisol; they manage stress responses.
Thyroxine and calcitonin; they regulate metabolism and calcium levels.
The gross anatomy of the pancreas includes which of the following?
Head, neck, body, and tail
Cortex and medulla
Lobes and fissures
Capsule and hilum
The pH of bile and pancreatic juices is: (Select one)
Acidic
Alkaline
The two hormones that regulate secretions from the accessory digestive glands are:
Secretin and cholecystokinin
Insulin and glucagon
Adrenaline and cortisol
Thyroxine and calcitonin
Cholecystokinin: Identify its function and the main stimulus for its release.
stimulating gallbladder to contract, stimulate pancrease to release pancreatic juice, relaxing of smooth muscle
Inhibits gastric acid secretion and is released in response to low blood glucose.
Promotes insulin secretion and is released in response to high blood glucose.
Stimulates gastric motility and is released in response to protein in the stomach.
Secretin – function and the stimulus for its release are as follows:
Secretin stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion; its release is stimulated by acidic chyme in the duodenum.
Secretin stimulates gastric acid secretion; its release is stimulated by fatty acids in the stomach.
Secretin stimulates insulin release; its release is stimulated by high blood glucose levels.
Secretin stimulates bile production; its release is stimulated by protein digestion products.
The gross anatomy of the liver includes which of the following features?
Two main lobes, right and left, separated by the falciform ligament
Three main lobes, right, left, and central, separated by the round ligament
Single lobe with no subdivisions
Four main lobes, each with its own bile duct
The histology of the liver is characterized by which of the following features?
Presence of hepatic lobules with central veins and hepatic veins
Predominance of islets of Langerhans
Thick muscular walls with intercalated discs
Lining of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
The blood flow through the liver (and therefore also the hepatic portal system) involves which of the following pathways?
Blood from the gastrointestinal tract enters the hepatic portal vein, passes through the liver sinusoids, and exits via the hepatic vein to the inferior vena cava.
Blood enters the liver directly from the aorta, passes through the hepatic artery, and exits via the portal vein.
Blood from the liver enters the gastrointestinal tract via the hepatic portal vein and returns to the heart through the pulmonary vein.
Blood flows from the hepatic vein to the portal vein, then to the liver sinusoids, and finally to the gastrointestinal tract.
Bile helps break down which substance, and is this process chemical or mechanical?
Bile helps break down fats, and this is a chemical process.
Bile helps break down proteins, and this is a mechanical process.
Bile helps break down carbohydrates, and this is a chemical process.
Bile helps break down vitamins, and this is a mechanical process.
The gross anatomy of the large intestine includes which of the following features?
Cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and cecum
Stomach, esophagus, and duodenum
Pancreas, liver, and gallbladder
Digestion occurs in the large intestine.
True
False
Only partially
Only in children
Absorption occurs in the large intestine.
True
False
Only in the small intestine
Only in the stomach
What two vitamins are associated with the large intestine and how/why?
a. Vitamin K (produced by gut bacteria) b. Biotin (produced by gut bacteria)
a. Vitamin C (absorbed in the stomach) b. Vitamin D (synthesized in the skin)
a. Vitamin A (stored in the liver) b. Vitamin E (antioxidant in cell membranes)
a. Vitamin B12 (absorbed in the ileum) b. Vitamin B6 (involved in amino acid metabolism)
What are the three main regions of the large intestine?
a. Cecum b. Colon c. Rectum
a. Duodenum b. Jejunum c. Ileum
a. Fundus b. Body c. Pylorus
a. Cardia b. Antrum c. Sigmoid
The cecum is best described as:
A pouch-like structure at the beginning of the large intestine.
A gland located near the stomach.
A segment of the small intestine responsible for nutrient absorption.
A muscular valve controlling the release of bile.
Describe the sections and segments of the colon.
a. Ascending colon b. Transverse colon c. Descending colon d. Sigmoid colon
a. Duodenum b. Jejunum c. Ileum d. Cecum
a. Rectum b. Anal canal c. Appendix d. Pancreas
a. Liver b. Gallbladder c. Stomach d. Esophagus
The mesocolon associated with different regions of the colon includes which of the following?
ascending mesocolon ,transverse mesocolon
Transverse mesocolon, sigmoid mesocolon, and mesorectum
Ascending mesocolon, descending mesocolon, and sigmoid mesocolon
Transverse mesocolon, ascending mesocolon, and descending mesocolon
The rectum is best described as:
The final section of the large intestine that stores feces before elimination
A part of the small intestine involved in nutrient absorption
The initial segment of the colon responsible for water absorption
A muscular tube connecting the stomach to the small intestine
The anal canal is characterized by which of the following structures and functions?
It is a short terminal part of the large intestine, about 3-4 cm long, lined by both squamous and columnar epithelium, and functions in the control of defecation.
It is a long segment of the small intestine, lined only by columnar epithelium, and functions in nutrient absorption.
It is a muscular tube connecting the stomach to the rectum, lined by transitional epithelium, and functions in urine transport.
It is a glandular structure located in the abdominal cavity, lined by cuboidal epithelium, and functions in hormone secretion.
The 2013 movie “Frozen” is set in which kingdom?
Arendelle
Corona
DunBroch
Andalasia
The two sphincters that regulate defecation and their mechanisms of action are:
The internal and external anal sphincters; the internal is involuntary and the external is voluntary.
The pyloric and cardiac sphincters; both are voluntary.
The esophageal and ileocecal sphincters; both are involuntary.
The duodenal and rectal sphincters; both are voluntary.
The three specialized structures associated with the large intestine and their functions are:
Teniae coli, haustra, and epiploic appendages; they help with movement, expansion, and fat storage.
Villi, microvilli, and crypts; they increase absorption and secrete enzymes.
Rugae, pyloric sphincter, and gastric pits; they aid in digestion and regulate passage of food.
Cilia, goblet cells, and Peyer's patches; they filter, secrete mucus, and provide immune defense.
The large intestine can be distinguished from the small intestine under the microscope by which of the following histological features?
Presence of numerous goblet cells and absence of villi
Presence of villi and crypts of Lieberkühn
Thick muscularis mucosae and presence of Peyer's patches
Abundant Paneth cells and long villi
The significance of intestinal microbiota is:
It helps in digestion and supports immune function.
It causes only harmful diseases in the body.
It has no effect on human health.
It is responsible for producing all hormones in the body.
The two main movements occurring in the large intestine are:
Peristalsis and haustral churning
Segmentation and mastication
Swallowing and absorption
Emulsification and filtration
The two reflexes associated with motility in the large intestine are:
gastrocolic and defecation reflexes
enterogastric and ileogastric reflexes
cephalic and gastric reflexes
rectosphincteric and pyloric reflexes
Constipation and diarrhea are defined as:
Constipation is infrequent or difficult bowel movements; diarrhea is frequent, loose, or watery stools.
Constipation is frequent, loose stools; diarrhea is infrequent, hard stools.
Constipation and diarrhea both refer to normal bowel movements.
Constipation is watery stools; diarrhea is hard, dry stools.
6 essential nutrients? macronutrients or micronutrients?
Carbohydrates → Macronutrient (provides energy, needed in large amounts)
AND
Water → Macronutrient (though it doesn’t provide calories, it’s required in large amounts and is essential)
b. Lipids (Fats) → Macronutrient
c. Proteins → Macronutrient
Vitamins → Micronutrient (needed in smaller amounts; regulate metabolic processes)
Minerals → Micronutrient
Discuss the digestion of carbohydrates (locations, enzymes, any vocabulary associated
with carbohydrates).
Mouth (salivary amylase), Stomach , Small INtestine(pancreactic amylase), Absorption (glucose)
Mouth (digestive amylase), Stomach , Small INtestine(pancreactic amylase), Absorption (glucose)
Mouth (salivary amylase), Stomach , Small INtestine( duodenum amylase), Absorption (glucose)
Mouth (salivary amylase), Stomach ( bile) , Small INtestine(pancreactic amylase), Absorption (glucose)
Discuss the digestion of proteins (locations, enzymes, any vocabulary associated with
proteins)
mouth , stomach( pepsin), Small Intestine( trypsin), Absorption(dipeptides)
mouth , stomach( pepsin), Small Intestine( bile and trypsin), Absorption(dipeptides)
Discuss the digestion of lipids (locations, enzymes, any vocabulary associated with
lipids)
Mouth ( Lingual lipase), Stomach (gastric lipase), Small Intestine (pancreatic Lipase), Absorption
Mouth ( oral lipase), Stomach (gastric lipase), Small Intestine (pancreatic Lipase), Absorption (deficate)
Discuss the digestion of nucleic acids (locations, enzymes, any vocabulary associated
with nucleic acids).
Mouth, Small Intestine (Pancreatic Nucleases), Absorptiion
Mouth, Small Intestine (Pancreatic juice), Absorptiion
What is intrinsic factor? (you know this from the section about the stomach, or you
should...). How could gastric bypass affect vitamin B12 absorption?
Glycoprotein that binds to vitamin B12
can cause you to go into cardiac arrest
affect of reduces stomach area
lead to pernicious anemia
Define pernicious anemia.
vitamin B12 defiency
Vitamin B13 defiency
by lack of intrisic factor from stomach
by lack of extrinsic factor of the stomach
Define Nutrition
how living organisms obtain and utilize nutrients for their metabolic processes to sustain life
how living organisms use resources to live thieir life
health foods that is for the human body
how organisms survive with certain foods.
List and differentiate between essential and nonessential nutrients.
Essential Nutrients must be a part of your diet
Essential Nutrients are something that you have a option between
Non-essential nurtients are not required to be part of your diet
Non-essential nutrients are required to intake.
List and differentiate between macronutrients and micronutrients.
Macro. are lipids, carbs, protiens and must be intake in large quantities
Micro. are vitiamins and minerals that we consume in small quantities
Macro. are proteins only
Micro. are small amount of carbs that we intake a day
Briefly discuss the concept and origins of RDA.
guidlines for healthy diet
guidelines for what amount of nutritents is in what
comes from a health doctor
comes from a registered dietian
Discuss carbohydrate structure and function and list and describe the three categories
of carbohydrates in dietary terms.
monosaccharides, they provide fuel
Sugar,starch,and fiber
sugar,tea, and protein
Sugar, Starch, Protein
List and describe the two main groups of lipids relevant to our diet.
Triglycerides (saturated fatty acids, Unsaturated, Polyunsaturated fatty acids)
Cholesterol
Steroids
Nutrients
General Structure of Proteins
diverse molecules
meat
molecules that float around
How many amino acids are there? How many are essential?
25;10
20;8
21;4
20;9
Distinguish between complete and incomplete proteins
Complete contains all essential amino acids
Complete contains some of essential amino acids
Incomplete do contain it all
Incomplete do not contain it all
Briefly discuss different dietary lifestyles.
Omnivorous
Vegan
Gluten-free
Vegetarian
What does one have to pay attention to if they limit animal protein consumption and
why?
Low calcium and Vitamin D
Vitamin B12 low
Because animal foods are rich so without planning , health problems can occur
Because animal foods are low so without planning , health problems can occur
Why is nitrogen balance important?
refelctes relationship between nitrogen intake and nitrogen loss
refelctes relationship between nitrogen outtake and nitrogen level
refelctes relationship between nitrogen decreation and nitrogen loss
refelctes relationship between nitrogen intake and nitrogen absrobtion
POsitive nitrogen balance?
person release more nitrogen then intake
person absorbs more nitrogen than excreted
Negative Nitrogen Balance
Nitrogen is excreted more than absorbed
Nitrogen is absorbed more than excreted
Vitamins? Minerals?
Vitamins are organic molecules required for metabolism
Minerals are inorganic ions that are essential and must be obtained
Minerals are inorganic ions that cant be fully obtained.
vitamins are organic molecules that are not required for metabolism
2 classes of Vitamins and which vitamins belong
Water-soluable : B1,2,3,5,6,7,9,12,C
Fat-soluable:A,D,E,K
Fat soluable: B1,2,3,5,6,7,9,12,C
Water-soluable: A,D,E,K
Why is the solubility of vitamins significant (think what happens to excess of each)?
Solubility determines how vitamins are absrobed,stored, and elimanated
High doses of fat-soluable can be harmful while water-soluable is safe
High doses of fat-soluable can be harmful while water-soluable is also harmful
2 groups of minerals and describe?
Major: needed at levels greater than 100 milligrams (mg) per day
Trace: which are required at more than 100 mg per day
Trace: which are required at less than 100 mg per day
Major: needed at levels less than 100 milligrams (mg) per day
Major mineral names?
(a)
What does it mean when food is fortified? What are some examples?
EX: milk, protein, cookies
EX: milk,Breakfast,cerals,orange juice
Nutrients are taken out because it is unhealthy and no balance
Nutrients are added to food that werent orginally there
26. What is the most common mineral deficiency?
(a)
What is the purpose of MyPlate and what did it replace?
visible guide for healthy eating
visible guide for calorie intake
replaced MYPYRAMID
replace COOKING.COM
Describe nutritional labels.
they provide information about the foods nutrients and ingrediants
they provide the calories intake only
help consumers make informed choices
they help us know what to not get in the store.
Distinguish between fed (absorptive) and fasting (postabsorptive) state and the
hormones involved in each.
Fed: stores energy while Fasting: uses stored energy
Insulin and glucagon
fed: takes energy and stores it
What organ serves as a glucose bank and how?
(a)
Briefly describe cholesterol synthesis. What organ and what cells are responsible, and
what molecules are involved in it?
Liver converts acetyl-COA to HMG-CoA
NADPH is also involved and ATP as well
Liver converts acetyl-CoA to HMG-COA
ATP is involoved as well
Functions Of liver
Release of Bile
formation of plasma protein
removal of bilirubin from blood
makes bilirubin
35. What is the energy from food converted into (that then provides energy for cells)?
HCP
ATP
O2
CO2
List the 4 stages of cellular respiration.
(a)
What molecules can enter cellular respiration?
fatty acids
glycerol
glucose
amino acids
The most preferred molecule by your body?
Which is the least preferred?
Glucose, Protein
Protein, Glucose
Carbs, H2O
Glucose, ATP
What is meant by the interconversion of nutrient biomolecules?
(a)
Define metabolic rate.
(a)
Basal Metabolic Rate VS Total Metabolic rate
BMR: amount of energy used to keep body functioning
TMR: amount of energy used to keep body functioning
TMR: amount energy used by body + physical activity
BMR: amount energy used by body + physical activity
How to measure Basal Metabolic Rate
Calorimeter
Thermometer
Respirometer
Scale
what does BMR depend on and how does it change with age
depends on age,body mass, body surface area, ethnicity
At age 60 it starts declining
at age 30 it starts declining
depends on body mass and age
Total metabolic rate varies on?
amount off skeletal muscle and its activity
food intake
urine output
changing enviormental conditions
Temperature regulation relation to the
metabolic rate?
metabolism generate heat
Thermoregulation
Define core body temperature.
(a)
What happens when the metabolic rate increases?
follwed by increase in body temperature then heat is released.
follwed by decrease in body temperature then heat is released.
What happens when the metabolic rate decreases?
follows a decrease in body temperature and heat needs to be generated
follows a increase in body temperature and heat needs to be generated
What are some examples of conscious actions we make to regulate our body
temperature
turning on air conditioner
seeking shade
taking hot or cold bath
tanning in the sun
What is the most important hormone in temperature regulation?
(a)
What other hormones play a role in temperature regulation?
epinephrine/norepinephrine
growth
testosterone
lacation
