In a system using First-Come, First-Served scheduling, which of the following situations is most likely to result in a high average waiting time?

Devise a swapping schedule for 4 processes with varying priorities

Given a choice between LFS and ext4 for a write-heavy IoT system with flash storage, which is the better choice and why?

Purpose of executing podman run on a Linux system is to:

A desktop boots in 30 seconds. A mainframe takes 5 minutes. What's the % time difference?

A process completes its CPU burst and enters the waiting state for I/O. What happens to this process in terms of scheduling?

How many processes can be swapped in 1 GB memory if each process needs 256 MB?

You are using Btrfs and take a snapshot of a 1 GB subvolume. You then modify 100 MB of data. How much additional disk space is consumed after the modification?

Linux utility used to view real-time process and memory usage statistics:

A mainframe has 16 CPUs, each 4-core. How many logical processors?

If the time quantum in Round Robin scheduling is set too high, what scheduling behavior does it resemble?

Choose best partition: Process size = 480 KB, Partitions = 512 KB x 3

A ZFS system uses CoW and is experiencing slow performance during large writes. What is a likely contributing factor?

Component within Linux architecture handling resource isolation for containers is the:

Mainframe storage = 20 TB. Each user needs 5 GB. How many users can be supported?

Four processes arrive at time 0 with burst times: P1=8ms, P2=4ms, P3=2ms, P4=1ms. Using SJF (non-preemptive), what is the average waiting time?

Identify unused memory when 4 processes of 100 KB are loaded in 150 KB partitions

You must choose between ext4 and ZFS for a backup server with heavy snapshot usage and data deduplication requirements. Which is the better file system and why?

Resource efficiency comparison shows that containerization requires:

Desktop system's uptime is 99.5%, mainframe is 99.99%. What's the downtime difference per year?

In a system with high context switching overhead, which scheduling algorithm would be least efficient?

Apply Worst Fit for 220 KB process: holes = 300 KB, 250 KB, 280 KB

On Btrfs, you delete a file that was part of a snapshot. What happens to the disk space used by that file?

Container runtime most suited for multi-user, rootless operation scenarios is:

Desktop power use = 400W, mainframe = 20,000W. For 10 hrs, energy used difference?

Two cooperating processes need to access a shared file. If both processes try to write to the file at the same time without synchronization, what issue is most likely to occur?

Calculate remaining memory after loading 3 processes: 200 KB, 300 KB, 150 KB in 1 MB

Your ZFS pool has multiple snapshots. You notice increasing disk usage despite few visible changes. What explains the high disk usage?

Common security vulnerability in container ecosystems involves potential:

A mainframe runs 100 VMs, desktop 1. What's the consolidation ratio?

Process A writes to a shared buffer and Process B reads from it. If Process B starts reading before A writes, what is a possible result without proper synchronization?

What is internal fragmentation if a process of 95 KB is placed in a 128 KB block?

You clone a Btrfs subvolume and make changes only in the clone. How does Btrfs manage these changes?

File used for building Docker container images based on configuration is the:

If a cluster workload is 75% parallelizable and 6 nodes are used, what is max speedup by Amdahl’s Law?

A programmer wants to implement a lock-free counter shared by multiple threads. Which hardware feature is essential to ensure atomic updates to the counter?

Base address for segment 3 if segments loaded at 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000

HDFS is optimized for batch processing large files. Which layer handles the metadata about file blocks?

Identify the result of assigning /sbin/nologin as a user's shell. It prevents the user from accessing the system interactively.

Cluster inter-node latency is 50 μs. For a job requiring 2000 messages exchanged, what is total latency overhead?

What is total latency overhead?

A developer chooses to use a FetchAndAdd instruction for synchronization. Over time, some threads wait much longer than others. What problem does this describe?

Minimum relocation entries if module uses 3 external and defines 2 symbols

Which allocation method is prone to external fragmentation causing wasted disk space?

Select the file responsible for listing valid login shells in Linux. It defines which shells are accepted for users.

A cluster’s shared storage bandwidth is 1 GB/s. If each node needs 100 MB/s, what is max nodes supported without bandwidth bottleneck?

A real-time system implements a lock using TestAndSet, but tasks occasionally miss deadlines. What’s the likely reason?

Example of dynamic storage allocation problem

In distributed file systems, data replication primarily improves what aspect?

Evaluate why SSH key-based authentication is preferred over password-based methods. It improves security for remote access.

Cluster node failure rate is 0.1% per hour. For 20 nodes, what is system failure probability in 1 hour?

In an embedded system, synchronization is required but space is highly limited. Which of the following would be the most efficient mechanism?

Smallest block size in buddy system if total memory 1024 KB

A file stored using indexed allocation has an index block of 4 KB. If each pointer is 4 bytes, how many blocks can the index point to?

Identify the command that changes user group membership. This helps manage access to files and system resources.

A cluster job runs in 120 seconds on 1 node and 30 seconds on 8 nodes. What is efficiency?

A system uses a counting semaphore initialized to 3 to control access to a pool of printers. Four processes request a printer at the same time. What will happen to the fourth process?

Address binding requiring load time

Analyzing HDFS, what happens if a DataNode fails?

Distinguish the effect of a misconfigured sudoers file. It can lead to critical privilege issues in the system.

If network bandwidth in a cluster is 10 Gbps, how long to transfer 1 GB data ignoring overhead?

A programmer implements mutual exclusion using a binary semaphore. However, once a process enters the critical section, no other process ever proceeds. What is the likely issue?

Number of symbols to resolve during linking if 5 modules define 1 and refer to 2 each

Compare contiguous and indexed allocation for large files. Which one better handles file growth?

Point out the tool used for scheduling recurring jobs. System tasks like backups or monitoring often require automation.

A cluster scheduler distributes 500 tasks evenly across 10 nodes. How many tasks per node?

Two threads use a shared buffer and synchronize access using semaphores. The producer uses wait(empty) and signal(full), while the consumer uses wait(full) and signal(empty). What issue can occur if both threads forget to use a mutex around buffer access?

Best explanation of internal fragmentation

In Ceph, how is data durability maintained despite disk failures?

Choose the configuration file used for defining environmental variables system-wide. This ensures global variable settings.

Which component of an OS handles inter-process communication?

To prevent circular wait, an OS imposes a global order on resource acquisition. What is a potential drawback?

A segmented-paged memory system has a segment table and per-segment page tables. How does this structure help in reducing external fragmentation while supporting logical program division?

Unix systems use memory to temporarily store disk blocks, speeding up read/write operations. This caching mechanism helps reduce physical disk I/O. Identify the component.

What does become: true do in an Ansible playbook?

Which scheduling algorithm may cause starvation?

In real-time OS with preemptive scheduling and some non-preemptible resources, deadlocks occur because

In a paged memory system, if the page table is too large to fit into memory, it can cause inefficiencies during address translation. To overcome this, systems use multi-level page tables. How does this technique help in managing memory effectively?

Network File System (NFS) depends on a network transport protocol for communication between clients and servers. One lightweight, connectionless protocol is commonly used. Pick the protocol.

Calculate the number of tasks executed in a play with 2 hosts and 3 tasks each.

In real-time scheduling, the Earliest Deadline First (EDF) algorithm is:

In real-time scheduling, the Earliest Deadline First (EDF) algorithm is:

Dynamic storage management can cause fragmentation, increasing deadlock risk because

Suppose a process has 5 segments with varying sizes. If each segment is allocated memory separately without paging, what memory issue is most likely to occur, and how does this affect system efficiency?

Non-volatile storage technologies vary in performance. NVMe relies on a fast interface and memory type to reduce latency. Identify the storage used by NVMe.

Identify the correct YAML syntax:

Which of the following is NOT a typical constraint for a hand-held operating system?

An educational simulation shows resource allocation graphs and process states. What is a key learning outcome?

A paging system includes a page table that maps logical to physical addresses. When a page table becomes very large, how do operating systems typically manage the overhead of address translation?

Unix must free up disk blocks when files are deleted to reclaim storage. A specific system call handles the block release. Identify this function.

In Puppet, what is the function of 'ensure => present'?

Which system structure separates policy from mechanism and is highly portable?

In database systems, a wait-for graph is used to

In a segmented-paging system, what steps are involved in converting a logical address into a physical address? Detail the specific translations that take place and the role of the segment and page tables in this process.

In AWS, a fully managed file storage service supports mounting shared file systems to EC2 with standard file access protocols. Select this storage option.

Ansible works over which protocol by default?

Which system call is used to terminate a process in Unix-like OS?

A multi-user system suffers from random resource requests causing deadlocks. Which prevention strategy is best?