WorksheetsChapter 01 - The Science of Psychology
Total questions: 100
Worksheet time: 53mins
The first psychology laboratory was founded by
William James.
John B. Watson.
Edward Titchener.
Wilhelm Wundt.
Which school of thought proposed that psychology should explain how people adapt or fail to adapt to the real world outside of the laboratory, thus becoming the first applied psychologists?
Functionalists
Structuralists
Behaviorists
Psychoanalysts
Which theory proposed the technique of introspection?
Functionalism
Structuralism
Behaviorism
Psychoanalysis
Which early perspective of psychology focused more on the perception of patterns and whole figures than the individual aspects of a stimulus?
Psychoanalytic
Functionalism
Behaviorism
Gestalt psychology
What was the first formal school of thought in psychology which sought to analyze the basic elements of conscious mental experience?
Structuralism
Functionalism
Behaviorism
Humanism
Skinner’s work in which school of thought had a powerful influence on modern psychology?
Cognitive
Humanistic
Evolutionary
Behavioral
Introspection is MOST closely associated with which of the following?
Wundt and structuralism
James and functionalism
Wertheimer and Gestalt
Structuralism and psychoanalysis
In breaking away from the psychoanalytic and behavioral perspectives, psychologists developed which perspective that focused on people’s unique characteristics and perspectives?
Biological
Sociocultural
Cognitive
Humanistic
Which approach emphasizes the understanding of mental disorders in terms of unconscious needs, desires, memories, and conflicts?
Psychoanalytic
Biological
Behavioral
Humanistic
According to the scientific method, which is a characteristic of all hypotheses?
They are true.
They are testable.
They are formulated only after completion of a study.
They are vague.
In science, how is a theory described?
A guess about the relationship between two variables
The outcome of one or more experiments
A general set of principles that attempts to explain what is known about a phenomenon
A prediction about an experiment
12. E. B. Titchener was MOST closely aligned with which early school of psychology?
Structuralism
Functionalism
Cognitive
Which of the following mental health professionals is the only one who, in many states, can prescribe medicine?
A psychiatrist
A counselor
A social worker
A psychologist
Which of the following is the most complete definition of psychology?
The science of observable behavior and thoughts.
The science of behavior.
The science of mental processes.
The science of behavior and mental processes.
Why is it important to distinguish between correlation and cause and effect?
When two variables are linked, it is unclear which causes the other.
Without random assignment, correlation cannot be determined.
Without random selection, causation is unable to be determined.
Only experiments that link variables together can show a correlation.
A functionalist is MOST likely to ask which of the following questions?
What purpose do superstitions serve?
How would you describe the taste of a peach?
What does the texture of chalk remind you of?
How does seeing a butterfly make you feel?
If deception in research must be used, which must occur?
Participants must be debriefed as soon as the study concludes.
Participants must be given no opportunity to withdraw from the study.
Participants must be provided appropriate excuses.
Participants must be offered additional compensation.
Which Greek philosopher emphasized the importance of acquiring knowledge through observation of the natural world?
Aristotle
Plato
Socrates
Which of the following is an accurate statement about animal research?
Animal research has no rules to follow.
Animal research must follow all relevant federal, state, and local laws.
Animals have none of the rights that human participants do.
Animal research is permissible with minimal supervision.
Ajit is a graduate student in psychology who is conducting research on the effectiveness of two types of therapy in the treatment of phobias. Ajit is at the stage where he uses statistics to analyze the data he has collected in order to determine if his initial hypothesis is supported by the research. At which stage of the scientific method is Ajit working?
Drawing conclusions
Developing a research question
Gathering evidence
Replicating results
All of the following are steps in the scientific method EXCEPT
drawing conclusions
developing a hypothesis
ignoring contradictory evidence
gathering evidence
Suppose Joan discovers that an event she shared in confidence during a session with her therapist has been shared with others. Which is likely to occur?
Joan’s experience in therapy will be better because she is forced to deal directly with her issues.
Joan’s experience in therapy will be worse because her therapist has violated their confidentiality agreement.
Joan will file a complaint, but will be informed that psychologists cannot be reprimanded for violating confidentiality.
This new information is unlikely to affect Joan’s future experiences in therapy.
Jenna and her family are concerned about her pattern of substance use. Which professional would MOST likely be able to provide support for Jenna?
social psychologist
school psychologist
industrial/organizational psychologist
counseling psychologist
Chapter 01 - The Science of Psychology Likely need to see which of the following professionals?
A counseling psychologist
A psychiatrist
A clinical psychologist
A school psychologist
Which of the following is the correct order of steps in the scientific method?
forming a hypothesis, developing a research question, gathering evidence, drawing conclusions
gathering evidence, developing a research question, forming a hypothesis, drawing conclusions
developing a research question, forming a hypothesis, gathering evidence, drawing conclusions
formulating a theory, developing a research question, gathering evidence, drawing conclusions
Which of the following is a major human dignity issue for psychologists?
Making sure researchers are given proper credit for their work
Protecting pets from unnecessary harm
Protecting the rights of vulnerable or mentally ill individuals
Making sure therapists do not “steal” clients from other therapists
Suppose a participant in an experiment feels pressured by researchers to continue, despite wishing to withdraw after the experiment begins. Which of the following is the most likely consequence of this situation?
The participant will intentionally bias the results.
The participant will demand extra compensation.
The participant will suffer psychological distress.
Nothing. Participants are not allowed to withdraw once they commit to participate.
Dr. Mingus keeps a very detailed record of a series of interviews with an individual who is suffering from a rare brain disorder. This is an example of which research method?
Experiment
Correlational
Case study
Naturalistic observation
Your psychology professor refers to a research study and says the results were “statistically significant.” Which step in the scientific method does this apply?
Drawing conclusions
Developing a research question
Gathering evidence
Replicating results
Suppose the guards at a prison began to mistreat and abuse the inmates. When new guards join the prison, they soon begin mistreating the prisoners as well, even though they have never done so before. Which type of psychologist would be most interested in studying why this occurs?
Counseling psychologist
Developmental psychologist
Social psychologist
Physiological psychologist
Social desirability bias and volunteer bias are problems typically associated with which research method?
naturalistic observation
experiments
case studies
surveys
The use of the survey method is limited by which types of biases?
social desirability bias and volunteer bias
random sampling bias and population bias
case study bias and observational bias
survey bias and volunteer bias
Who is the only African American to have served as president of the American Psychological Association?
Kenneth Clark
J. Henry Alston
Gilbert Haven Jones
Francis Sumner
In survey research, ______ are segments of the total group who are the subject of interest to the researcher.
populations
volunteers
control groups
samples
Regarding the psychodynamic perspective, which of the following statements is FALSE?
Today, people formally trained in Freudian psychology reject the belief that psychological problems may be rooted in childhood.
Compared to Freud, neo-Freudians place less emphasis on basic drives.
Psychodynamic principles and ideas are found in our popular culture.
The psychodynamic perspective remains a vibrant force in psychology today.
(a)
It is important for psychologists to remember that psychological explanations for behavior
may not apply to all situations or all groups of people.
are equally valid for all groups and situations.
are always biased.
are always based on observational research.
Dr. Chen finds in her study of people’s charitable habits that individuals overestimate the amount of money they give to their churches and private schools. Dr. Chen’s results may reflect
over-representation bias.
social desirability bias.
poor random sampling.
large sample bias.
Suppose a study is conducted examining the development of sexual orientation in young men. Why should the researchers be cautious about generalizing their results to both sexes?
The development of sexual orientation for young women may not be the same as for young men.
The study results are correlational and cannot be interpreted as causal.
The results based on a sample should never be generalized to a population.
The participants probably did not take the study seriously.
Developmental psychologist Arthur Chang watches children in a daycare center through a one-way mirror. Chang is utilizing which form of research?
case study
correlational
naturalistic observation
esurvey
Suppose Anita conducts an experiment to test which types of stimuli elicit the fastest reaction time in participants. When she publishes her results in a scientific paper, Anita includes information on the equipment she used to measure reaction time and on exactly which stimuli were used in the study. According to the scientific method, including this information is important so that other researchers
can determine if Anita was properly educated.
know that Anita used the most advanced equipment.
know that Anita actually performed the experiment.
can replicate Anita’s experiment if they want to do so.
A statistical measure of the association between two variables is called a(n)
independent variable.
dependent variable.
control variable.
correlation coefficient.
A vendor at a soccer stadium notices that the warmer the weather, the more beverages he normally sells. In technical terms, the vendor has noticed that temperature and beverage sales are
positively correlated.
indirectly correlated.
negatively correlated.
independent.
A study found that the age at which a traumatic event happens to a child is negatively correlated with later emotional problems. Which of the following would be a valid conclusion based on this finding?
Traumatic events are more likely to happen to younger children than older children.
Younger children are more likely than older children to develop severe emotional problems following a traumatic event.
Younger children experience fewer emotional problems than older children due to traumatic events.
No conclusions are possible because correlational studies cannot determine cause and effect.
Ben is visiting his cousin, Manuela, in whose home it is customary to display pleasure with a meal by belching after eating. When they finish eating, Ben’s failure to belch loudly would BEST be explained by which influence?
Sociocultural factors
Biological factors
Evolutionary factors
Developmental factors
A researcher is performing a naturalistic observation study with chimpanzees in Africa. One day, she notices that the chimpanzees are making more noise than normal. Later that same day, she notices a leopard in the area. Which of the following could the researcher conclude?
There was no relationship between the increased noise and the leopard.
The noise attracted the leopard.
The chimpanzees were aware of the leopard’s presence.
There may be some connection between the noise and the leopard.
A psychologist is interested in the relationship between alcohol use and low energy. Which type of research method could be used to determine if it is alcohol use that causes low energy, and not the other way around?
(a)
Which of the following early pioneers of psychology was a poor student and was required to repeat a grade?
Fechner
von Helmholtz
James
Wundt
Which of the following best describes a case study?
A research method used only by clinical psychologists
A research method used to find relationships between variables
A technique for determining cause-and-effect relationships
A research method which uses only a single subject
Which of the following correlations represents two variables with the strongest relationship?
+0.80
-0.95
+0.85
-0.75
Women now account for about what proportion of doctorates in psychology?
one-third
one-half
three-quarters
nine-tenths
The word ‘psychology’ comes from two Greek roots that mean
knowledge and mind
emotion and mind
emotion and spirit
mind and emotion
The psychological perspective that asks, "What are mental processes for?" rather than "What are mental processes?" is which of the following?
(a)
______ is a growing movement in psychology directed toward studies of human experience such as hope, happiness, and altruism.
Positive psychology
Social-cognitive theory
Eclecticism
Evolutionary psychology
The first woman in the United States to earn a PhD in psychology was
Christine Ladd-Franklin.
Margaret Floy Washburn.
Mary Whiton Calkins.
Margaret Mead.
Psychology is said to have begun when
medicine was seen to be ineffective in treating neurosis.
Wilhelm Wundt started the first psychological laboratory.
Sigmund Freud opened his private practice in Vienna.
it was discovered in the early 1900s that many illnesses have no medical basis.
The work of ______ psychologists often overlaps with the work of psychiatrists.
experimental
clinical
developmental
educational
A psychologist who studies mate selection, altruism, and jealousy in a variety of cultures over a span of time to learn how humans have developed is most likely which type of psychologist?
Physiological
Ethnographic
Evolutionary
Cognitive
Observing behavior as it happens in real settings without imposing laboratory controls is known as which research method?
Naturalistic observation
Case study
Survey method
Experimental method
Which of the following is a method of research in psychology?
Correlational research
Naturalistic observation
Psychometric research
Experimental research
A researcher interested in recycling on campus observes and records who places bottles in recycling bins versus the trash cans over several hours. This researcher is using which method of research?
Case study
Experimental
Naturalistic observation
Psychometric
The primary advantage of naturalistic observation is that this method
allows for better control in the experiment.
allows data collection to be completed more efficiently and economically than other methods.
allows behavior that is more natural, varied, and spontaneous than one would find in a laboratory.
virtually eliminates the problem of observer bias.
In which method does a researcher use observation, interviews, and writings (such as letters) of a pre-selected individual or a few individuals?
Correlational
Case study
Naturalistic observation
Survey
Jean Piaget’s intensive observations and analyses of his three children formed the basis of his theories of childhood development. This is an example of which method of research?
Naturalistic observation
Correlational
Psychometric
Case study
Political polls taken before major elections are examples of which research method?
Survey
Case study
Correlational
Experimental
Which of the following is an example of correlational research?
A historian studies factors leading to the elections of five previous presidential candidates
A researcher tracks colon cancer rates in drinkers versus nondrinkers to determine differences in rates between the two groups
A researcher interviews workers to see if they would support a minimum wage of $15 per hour
A researcher randomly assigns study participants into 3 groups for a medication trial
People recruited to participate in a research study are often referred to as
stooges.
partners.
participants
confederates.
Dr. Samuelson conducts research on the effects of stroke on speech centers in the brain. He is probably a/an
neuropsychologist.
health psychologist.
experimental psychologist.
geropsychologist.
In a trial of a new allergy medicine, one group of participants is given the new drug while the other receives a placebo. The group receiving the experimental drug is the
control group.
experimental group.
dependent group.
independent group.
An experiment on children’s television program viewing and evidence of creativity divides child participants into two groups. Each group watches separate children’s programming for one month, and both groups are then given a test to measure creativity. In this test, the independent variable is
the program that the children watch.
the children’s scores on the creativity test.
the children’s economic background.
there is no independent variable; this is a correlational study.
A scientist wishes to support the findings of her previous study. By conducting a second study, the scientist is aiming to demonstrate what in her study’s design?
Control
Replicability
In an experiment, a researcher manipulates one variable to observe its influence on another variable. The second variable, which is observed for any possible effect, is what type of variable?
Independent
Dependent
Control
Hypothetical
A psychologist studying children with autism selects a random group of children who are hopefully representative of all children who have been diagnosed with the disorder. The group of children included in this study by this psychologist is collectively known to researchers as what type of group?
Population
Target group
Sample
Control group
A sample in which every member of a population has an equal chance of being selected for a study represents which type of sample?
Biased
Random
Stratified
Matched
Which of the following statements is NOT true of a correlation?
Correlations can range from -1.0 to +1.0.
Negative correlations indicate relatively weak relationships.
Correlations can indicate possible causal factors.
Correlations can identify high-risk groups.
Which of the following relationships would most likely have the weakest correlation?
a school child’s age and vocabulary
a building’s height and weight
number of fingers on a person’s hand and intelligence
air temperature and number of air conditioners being used
Women now account for about what proportion of new doctorates in psychology?
About one-third
About one-half
About two-thirds
About three-fourths
What proportion of people in Milgram's study administered the highest level of shock?
About four of ten
About one of two
About three of four
More than 9 of 10
Which theorist is well-known for his studies on obedience?
Darley
Milgram
Seligman
Asch
Why did Milgram’s obedience study raise such significant controversy?
Deception was used in Milgram’s research
The quality of Milgram’s laboratory equipment
Milgram’s use of placebos to treat psychological disorders
Milgram’s use of laboratory research on human sexuality
It is deemed appropriate to use animals in experiments when
it would be too expensive to use human subjects.
it would be a hassle to use humans.
researchers are looking at questions such as learning and memory.
it would be unethical to conduct the experiment with humans.
In her dissertation research, a graduate student finds a correlation of +0.95 between two of the variables being studied. How should she interpret this correlation coefficient?
The variables have a strong, positive relationship.
The variables have a moderate, positive relationship.
The variables have a strong, negative relationship.
There is no relationship between the variables.
A correlation coefficient of 0.00 means
there is no relationship between the variables.
as one variable increases, the other variable increases.
as one variable decreases, the other variable decreases.
as one variable increases, the other variable decreases.
Dr. Kavanaugh wonders if her lectures have some bearing on this situation and has posed a question she intends to pursue in her research—whether the ways in which information is presented affect student interest and memory of the material. If she is interested in pursuing this research question further, Dr. Kavanaugh’s next step in the scientific method would be to
form a hypothesis.
gather data.
conduct a case study.
manipulate the way she delivers lectures.
“Historically, psychology has focused on understanding mental illness. It is time to turn some of our attention to understanding human strengths and virtues, happiness, well-being, and wisdom.” This quotation most accurately represents which of the following new directions in psychology?
Cognitive psychology
Evolutionary psychology
Gestalt psychology
Positive psychology
At the end of your research study, you determine that the results were “statistically significant.” What does this mean in general?
The results met a threshold considered to be scientifically meaningful.
The hypothesis was worth testing.
The results could not have occurred as the result of chance.
The hypothesis has been proven.
Regarding functionalism, which of the following statements is FALSE?
William James contributed to both psychology and philosophy.
William James did not use the technique of introspection.
Compared to structuralism, functionalism focuses on the "why" of behavior.
The functionalists believed that people develop habits because the habits help them adapt to the demands of living.
Which of the following led to the rise of behaviorism?
Evidence that Titchener’s three basic atoms were not the only elements of consciousness
Freud’s theories were proven wrong
The belief that if you cannot measure something, it cannot be an object of scientific study
It was proven that the unconscious mind is what shapes us
Which of the following is a major benefit of naturalistic observation as a research method?
Which of the following is an advantage of case studies?
Case studies yield a great deal of data about a particular individual, which can be useful in forming hypotheses.
Case studies offer researchers the opportunity to draw conclusions about cause and effect relationships.
Case studies prevent the presence of an observer altering the person’s behavior.
Case studies enable an immense amount of information to be gathered quickly and inexpensively.
Which of the following is included in the American Psychological Association’s (APA’s) code of ethics regarding psychological experiments?
Participants in research studies must be 18 or older.
Participants must be informed about the nature of the research only when the experiment’s methods are potentially harmful.
Deception about the goals of the research can be used only when absolutely necessary to the integrity of the research.
Deception about the goals of the research can never be used.
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of correlational research?
It can establish cause-and-effect relationships.
It can identify high-risk groups.
It can allow prediction of one variable on the basis of the other.
It can help increase understanding of relationships between variables.
In a study of the effects of various brands of ice cream on weight gain, the type of ice cream consumed represents the
dependent variable.
independent variable.
placebo.
control variable.
Your classmate, Jarod, states that he does not need to be concerned about ethical standards for his observational study because he will not be manipulating any variables. You disagree. Considering what you have learned in this chapter, your reply is,
You are right. Ethical guidelines do not apply to observational studies.
You’re wrong. All psychological research is subject to ethical guidelines.
A researcher provided enrichment and extra handling to one group of rats but deprived a second group of rats of handling and enrichment. She then measured how quickly each group learned a maze. The researcher engaged in what type of research?
Correlational
Naturalistic observation
Field research
A controlled experiment
Dr. Alee is interested in the prevalence of ADHD among five-year-old boys. The population in Dr. Alee’s research is
all five-year-old boys.
all five-year old boys diagnosed with ADHD.
all children diagnosed with ADHD.
all people diagnosed with ADHD.
DeShawn is researching the effects of brain lesioning on depression. For ethical reasons, he is not able to cut into the brains of study participants. What may be an alternate research method that he could use that follows APA ethical guidelines?
He may use animals as test subjects.
He may tell participants that he is actually studying productivity.
He may pay participants more for their consent to have surgery.
He may perform the tests on children whose parents have given consent.
The American Psychological Association’s Code of Ethics governing research requires which of the following?
All research participants must be over the age of 18.
Drugs cannot be used in studies of psychological disorders.
Informed consent must be documented.
An equal number of males and females must be included.
Marlisa is a researcher who is studying brain MRIs of patients with severe anxiety. She hopes to identify exactly how brain chemistry changes during an anxiety attack. Marlisa is working in which field of psychology?
Counseling psychology
Neural conditioning
Cognitive development
Neuropsychology
Is there a single theory dominating psychology today?
Yes. When psychodynamic theory declined, evolutionary psychology took its place as the dominant psychological theory.
No. Psychologists are flexible in considering new and eclectic approaches.
Yes. Watson’s behaviorism remains unchallenged as the most comprehensive perspective in the 21st century.
No. While psychology is an exciting field, many psychologists do not adhere to any theories.
