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Câu hỏi về DNA và RNA

Total questions: 100

Worksheet time: 50mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Who first discovered the double helix structure of DNA?

a)

Linus Pauling

b)

James Watson and Francis Crick

c)

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

d)

Frederick Sanger

2.

What principle does DNA replication occur according to?

a)

Semi-conservative principle

b)

Fully conservative principle

c)

Non-conservative principle

d)

Error correction principle

3.

How does RNA differ from DNA?

a)

RNA contains thymine instead of uracil

b)

RNA is a double-stranded helix

c)

RNA contains uracil instead of thymine

d)

RNA does not have a phosphate group

4.

Which type of RNA is responsible for carrying genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis?

a)

rRNA

b)

tRNA

c)

mRNA

d)

miRNA

5.

Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing new DNA strands during replication?

a)

RNA polymerase

b)

Helicase

c)

DNA polymerase

d)

Ligase

6.

During the process of translation, the anticodon of tRNA binds to which region on the mRNA?

a)

Codon

b)

Promoter

c)

Exon

d)

Introns

7.

What happens during the process of transcription?

a)

DNA is replicated into DNA

b)

RNA is translated into protein

c)

DNA is transcribed into RNA

d)

Protein is synthesized into mRNA

8.

A segment of DNA that codes for a protein or a specific trait is called what?

a)

Nucleotide

b)

Gene

c)

Chromosome

d)

Codon

9.

The process that repairs small mutations in DNA, such as a single base pair change, is called what?

a)

Mismatch repair

b)

Excision repair

c)

Base repair

d)

Polymerase proofreading

10.

What is the role of the ribosome in protein synthesis?

a)

Separating DNA

b)

Synthesizing mRNA from DNA

c)

Linking amino acids together into a polypeptide chain

d)

Breaking down proteins

11.

The double helix structure of DNA was first discovered by:

a)

James Watson and Francis Crick

b)

Linus Pauling

c)

Rosalind Franklin

d)

Frederick Sanger

12.

The basic components of a nucleotide in DNA include:

a)

A nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a glucose molecule

b)

A nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a deoxyribose sugar

c)

A nitrogenous base, a hydroxyl group, and a ribose sugar

d)

A carboxyl group, a phosphate group, and a ribose sugar

13.

Base pairs in DNA are linked together by:

a)

Phosphodiester bonds

b)

Ionic bonds

c)

Hydrogen bonds

d)

Covalent bonds

14.

In the double helix structure of DNA, which base pairs with adenine?

a)

Guanine

b)

Cytosine

c)

Thymine

d)

Uracil

15.

What type of sugar is found in the structure of DNA?

a)

Glucose

b)

Ribose

c)

Deoxyribose

d)

Fructose

16.

In DNA, what is the role of the phosphodiester bond?

a)

Connects two helical chains together

b)

Connects nucleotides within the same chain

c)

Connects phosphate groups to nitrogenous bases

d)

Connects deoxyribose groups to nitrogenous bases

17.

The pairing of DNA bases follows which principle?

a)

Adenine pairs with guanine and cytosine pairs with thymine

b)

Adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine

c)

Guanine pairs with thymine and adenine pairs with cytosine

d)

Bases pair randomly with each other

18.

What is the benefit of DNA double helix structure for the molecule?

a)

Increases the ability to replicate and repair errors

b)

Protects phosphodiester bonds from environmental effects

c)

Allows nitrogenous bases to stack, increasing stability

d)

All of the above

19.

The DNA model has how many base pairs per helical turn?

a)

10 base pairs per turn

b)

15 base pairs per turn

c)

20 base pairs per turn

d)

25 base pairs per turn

20.

Which of the following is NOT a component of DNA structure?

a)

Thymine

b)

Uracil

c)

Adenine

d)

Cytosine

21.

Which scientists are credited with discovering the structure of DNA?

a)

Gregor Mendel

b)

Watson and Crick

c)

Rosalind Franklin

d)

Thomas Hunt Morgan

22.

What important contribution did Rosalind Franklin's research make to the discovery of DNA structure?

a)

The concept of inheritance

b)

X-ray diffraction images of DNA

c)

Theory of evolution

d)

Model of single-stranded DNA helix

23.

What important experiment did Frederick Griffith conduct in 1928?

a)

Searched for the double helix structure of DNA

b)

Transformation experiment in bacteria

c)

Discovered the genetic code

d)

Determined the sequence of nucleotides in DNA

24.

Who determined that DNA is the genetic material through experiments with phage T2 in 1952?

a)

James Watson and Francis Crick

b)

Rosalind Franklin

c)

Hershey and Chase

d)

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty

25.

What did the Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty experiment in 1944 demonstrate?

a)

Protein is the genetic material

b)

DNA is the genetic material

c)

RNA plays an important role in translation

d)

Cells can self-replicate

26.

Who is considered the 'father of genetics' for his laws of inheritance?

a)

Alfred Hershey

b)

Gregor Mendel

c)

Erwin Chargaff

d)

Thomas Hunt Morgan

27.

What does Chargaff's rule state about the composition of nucleotides in DNA?

a)

A = G and C = T

b)

A = C and G = T

c)

A = T and G = C

d)

A + T = G + C

28.

Who first introduced the concept of "gene" in the early 20th century?

a)

Gregor Mendel

b)

Thomas Hunt Morgan

c)

Wilhelm Johannsen

d)

James Watson

29.

Which experiment demonstrated that DNA replication occurs via a semi-conservative mechanism?

a)

Griffith's experiment

b)

Hershey and Chase experiment

c)

Meselson and Stahl experiment

d)

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty experiment

30.

Who invented the PCR (polymerase chain reaction) method in 1983, enabling rapid amplification of DNA segments?

a)

James Watson

b)

Kary Mullis

c)

Francis Crick

d)

Frederick Sanger

31.

Frederick Sanger is a Nobel laureate known for inventing which method?

a)

Molecular hybridization technique

b)

PCR technique

c)

DNA sequencing method

d)

Electrophoresis method

32.

In molecular biology, who proposed the "central dogma" describing the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein?

a)

James Watson

b)

Francis Crick

c)

Rosalind Franklin

33.

Which author used the mold Neurospora crassa to demonstrate 'one gene encodes one enzyme'?

a)

Watson and Crick

b)

Beadle and Tatum

c)

Avery and MacLeod

d)

Hershey and Chase

34.

Who is considered the first person to discover the presence of nucleic acid (DNA) in the cell nucleus in 1869?

a)

Gregor Mendel

b)

Frederick Griffith

c)

Friedrich Miescher

d)

Erwin Chargaff

35.

Who created the first genetic map of the bacterium E. coli?

a)

Thomas Hunt Morgan

b)

Alfred Sturtevant

c)

François Jacob and Jacques Monod

d)

Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum

36.

Which law of inheritance was rediscovered by Gregor Mendel in the early 20th century?

a)

Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak

b)

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

c)

James Watson and Francis Crick

d)

Barbara McClintock

37.

In 1977, which technology helped humanity to sequence a virus genome for the first time?

a)

PCR

b)

Molecular hybridization

c)

Gel electrophoresis

d)

Sanger sequencing method

38.

Jacques Monod and François Jacob were awarded the Nobel Prize for their research on what?

a)

DNA structure

b)

Gene regulation in Escherichia coli

c)

Discovery of restriction enzymes

d)

Protein synthesis

39.

Barbara McClintock was awarded the Nobel Prize for discovering which of the following?

a)

Discovery of transposable elements (jumping genes)

b)

Discovery of DNA structure

c)

Mechanism of chromosomal inheritance

d)

Gene regulation during development

40.

Who was the first to use phage to study the invasion and infection in bacteria, leading to insights about lambda phage?

a)

Salvador Luria

b)

Alfred Hershey

c)

Max Delbrück

d)

François Jacob

41.

Who discovered restriction enzymes, an important tool in molecular genetics research?

a)

James Watson

b)

Hamilton Smith

c)

Francis Crick

d)

Alfred Hershey

42.

Which enzyme is used to cut DNA at specific sites, helping to create DNA fragments for recombinant DNA technology?

a)

DNA polymerase

b)

Restriction enzyme

c)

Ligase

d)

Helicase

43.

Who first discovered messenger RNA (mRNA), which helps transmit genetic information from DNA to the ribosome?

a)

James Watson

b)

François Jacob and Jacques Monod

c)

Erwin Chargaff

d)

Frederick Sanger

44.

Who invented the Southern blotting technique, which helps detect specific DNA fragments in a DNA mixture?

a)

Edwin Southern

b)

Frederick Sanger

c)

Kary Mullis

d)

Hamilton Smith

45.

Who was the first to propose that the genetic code is a triplet of nucleotides (codon)?

a)

George Gamow

b)

James Watson

c)

Erwin Chargaff

d)

Rosalind Franklin

46.

A mutation in a gene can lead to changes at which level(s) of protein structure?

a)

Primary structure

b)

Secondary structure

c)

Tertiary structure

d)

All of the above structures

47.

Who was the first to discover the phenomenon of reverse transcription?

a)

James Watson

b)

Howard Temin and David Baltimore

c)

Francis Crick

d)

Thomas Hunt Morgan

48.

Which event marks the first step in the development of molecular genetics techniques?

a)

Discovery of the double helix structure of DNA

b)

Discovery of restriction enzymes

c)

Development of PCR technique

d)

Human genome decoding

49.

Which experiment confirmed that RNA can self-replicate without the need for proteins?

a)

Griffith's experiment

b)

Cech and Altman's experiment

c)

Avery's experiment

d)

Hershey's experiment

50.

Which organism's genome sequencing in 1995 marked a major milestone in genomics research?

a)

Human

b)

Escherichia coli bacteria

c)

Haemophilus influenzae bacteria

d)

Mouse

51.

Who proposed the concept of "gene regulation"?

a)

James Watson

b)

François Jacob

c)

Thomas Morgan

d)

Erwin Chargaff

52.

For what discovery was the 1983 Nobel Prize awarded to Barbara McClintock?

a)

Genetic code

b)

Recombinant DNA

c)

Transposable elements (jumping genes)

d)

PCR technique

53.

The term "gene" was first used to refer mainly to which genetic element?

a)

Protein structure

b)

Hereditary unit determining a trait

c)

Gene mutation

d)

RNA coding

54.

How many triplet codons are there in the genetic code that encode amino acids?

a)

16

b)

32

c)

64

d)

128

55.

What did the experiments of Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty help to determine?

a)

Heredity of RNA

b)

Role of protein in heredity

c)

DNA as the genetic material

d)

Double helix structure of DNA

56.

Who invented the method for DNA sequencing?

a)

Kary Mullis

b)

Frederick Sanger

c)

Hamilton Smith

d)

Thomas Morgan

57.

Which discovery showed that DNA from one cell can transform the genetic characteristics of another cell?

a)

Griffith's experiment

b)

Hershey and Chase's experiment

c)

Watson and Crick's experiment

d)

Avery's experiment

58.

Who proposed that DNA could encode information in the form of a triplet code?

a)

Max Delbrück

b)

Rosalind Franklin

c)

George Gamow

d)

Alfred Hershey

59.

What did Hershey and Chase confirm using phages and bacteria?

a)

Protein is the genetic material

b)

RNA is the genetic material

c)

DNA is the genetic material

d)

Enzyme is the genetic material

60.

Who was the first person to discover DNA?

a)

Gregor Mendel

b)

Rosalind Franklin

c)

Friedrich Miescher

d)

James Watson

61.

In what year did Watson and Crick publish the double helix model of DNA?

a)

1951

b)

1953

c)

1955

d)

1960

62.

Who proposed the "Central Dogma" in molecular biology?

a)

James Watson

b)

Rosalind Franklin

c)

Erwin Chargaff

d)

Francis Crick

63.

Which scientist developed the PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) technique in 1983?

a)

Frederick Sanger

b)

Kary Mullis

c)

Thomas Hunt Morgan

d)

Barbara McClintock

64.

Which experiment demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material, not protein?

a)

Griffith's experiment

b)

Avery's experiment

c)

Hershey and Chase's experiment

d)

Mendel's experiment

65.

What is the role of restriction enzymes in molecular biology?

a)

Genetic coding

b)

Cutting DNA at specific sites

c)

RNA synthesis

d)

Protein degradation

66.

Who discovered mRNA?

a)

Frederick Sanger

b)

François Jacob and Jacques Monod

c)

Rosalind Franklin

d)

Erwin Chargaff

67.

Who invented the Southern blotting method?

a)

Alfred Hershey

b)

Edwin Southern

c)

Kary Mullis

d)

Barbara McClintock

68.

In 1983, Barbara McClintock was awarded the Nobel Prize for discovering which factor?

a)

RNA

b)

Restriction enzyme

c)

Transposable elements (jumping genes)

d)

Protein

69.

Which DNA hybridization technique was developed to determine the location of genes on chromosomes?

a)

PCR

b)

In situ hybridization

c)

Western blot technique

d)

Gel electrophoresis

70.

Which invention by Frederick Sanger allows for DNA sequencing?

a)

PCR

b)

Sanger method

c)

Gel electrophoresis

d)

Southern blot

71.

In which year was the human genome project completed?

a)

2001

b)

1995

c)

1990

d)

1985

72.

For what was the term "gene" first used?

a)

The unit of heredity that determines a trait

b)

Enzyme

c)

Mutation

d)

Nucleic acid

73.

What did Jacques Monod and François Jacob discover in E. coli bacteria?

a)

DNA structure

b)

Gene regulation

c)

Protein synthesis

d)

RNA splicing

74.

What did Hershey and Chase prove in their experiment?

a)

Protein is the genetic material

b)

DNA is the genetic material

c)

Enzyme is the genetic material

d)

RNA is the genetic material

75.

What did Avery prove using bacterial experiments?

a)

Protein can transmit heredity

b)

DNA is the genetic material

c)

Enzyme controls heredity

d)

Nucleic acid is the genetic material

76.

Who was the first to discover Okazaki fragments?

a)

Okazaki and Jacob

b)

Okazaki and Watson

c)

Okazaki and Crick

d)

Reiji and Tsuneko Okazaki

77.

Who first discovered the phenomenon of reverse transcription?

a)

Francis Crick

b)

Howard Temin and David Baltimore

c)

Erwin Chargaff

d)

Thomas Hunt Morgan

78.

Which organism's genome sequencing in 1995 marked a major milestone in genomics research?

a)

Human

b)

Bacterium Haemophilus influenzae

c)

Bacterium E. coli

d)

Mouse

79.

Enzyme polymerase helps to perform which process?

a)

Transcription

b)

DNA replication

c)

DNA cutting

d)

RNA repair

80.

What is the main function of the ribosome?

a)

Lipid breakdown

b)

Protein synthesis

c)

DNA transformation

d)

Energy production

81.

How many codons are there in the genetic code that encode amino acids?

a)

32

b)

64

c)

128

d)

256

82.

Who proposed the base pairing rule A=T and G≡C in DNA?

a)

Rosalind Franklin

b)

Erwin Chargaff

c)

James Watson

d)

Gregor Mendel

83.

Which of the following are the three main components of a nucleotide?

a)

Pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group

b)

Glucose sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group

c)

Pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, hydroxyl group

d)

Glucose sugar, nitrogenous base, carboxyl group

84.

What type of sugar is found in a nucleotide of DNA?

a)

Glucose

b)

Ribose

c)

Deoxyribose

d)

Fructose

85.

The phosphate group in a nucleotide is linked to which part?

a)

Nitrogen base

b)

Pentose sugar

c)

Thymine base

d)

Not linked to any part

86.

Which of the following nitrogen bases in DNA is a purine base?

a)

Adenine and Cytosine

b)

Guanine and Thymine

c)

Adenine and Guanine

d)

Thymine and Uracil

87.

Which component is not present in a nucleotide of DNA?

a)

Thymine

b)

Ribose

c)

Deoxyribose

d)

Phosphate

88.

Which part of the nucleotide is responsible for encoding genetic information?

a)

Phosphate group

b)

Pentose sugar

c)

Nitrogen base

d)

Phosphodiester bond

89.

What type of bond connects nucleotides in a DNA strand?

a)

Hydrogen bond

b)

Phosphodiester bond

c)

Ionic bond

d)

Peptide bond

90.

In RNA, which base replaces thymine found in DNA?

a)

Guanine

b)

Adenine

c)

Cytosine

d)

Uracil

91.

Which of the following is a pyrimidine base in DNA nucleotides?

a)

Adenine

b)

Thymine

c)

Guanine

d)

Ribose

92.

In the double helix structure of DNA, what type of bond connects adjacent nucleotides?

a)

Hydrogen bond between phosphate groups

b)

Phosphodiester bond between phosphate and sugar groups

c)

Hydrogen bond between sugar and base groups

d)

Peptide bond between bases

93.

In what year was the double helix structure of DNA first discovered?

a)

1944

b)

1953

c)

1962

d)

1970

94.

In the double helix model of DNA, what type of bond holds the nitrogen bases together?

a)

Ionic bond

b)

Covalent bond

c)

Hydrogen bond

d)

Peptide bond

95.

Which base pair always pairs together in the double helix structure of DNA?

a)

Adenine with guanine

b)

Adenine with thymine

c)

Cytosine with adenine

d)

Cytosine with thymine

96.

How many base pairs are there in one complete turn of the DNA double helix?

a)

8 base pairs

b)

10 base pairs

c)

12 base pairs

d)

14 base pairs

97.

In Watson and Crick's DNA model, how do the two strands of the double helix run?

a)

Parallel

b)

Perpendicular

c)

Antiparallel

d)

Same direction

98.

Which base is a pyrimidine base in the DNA molecule?

a)

Adenine and thymine

b)

Guanine and cytosine

c)

Thymine and cytosine

d)

Adenine and guanine

99.

In DNA, what type of bond connects deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups?

a)

Hydrogen bond

b)

Covalent bond

c)

Ionic bond

d)

Peptide bond

100.

Why does the double helix structure of DNA have high stability?

a)

Covalent bonds between nitrogenous bases

b)

Hydrogen bonds between bases and stacking interactions between bases

c)

Non-polar nature of DNA molecules

d)

Ionic bonds between phosphate groups

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