Body weight change is an excellent indicator of overall fluid volume loss or gain.

One liter of water weighs how many kilograms and pounds?

Which of the following ions is a cation?

Which of the following ions is an anion?

The concentration of electrolytes is expressed in which unit?

What is the most prevalent cation in Intracellular Fluid (ICF)?

What is the most prevalent anion in Intracellular Fluid (ICF)?

What is the most prevalent cation in Extracellular Fluid (ECF)?

What is the most prevalent anion in Extracellular Fluid (ECF)?

Fill in the blank: Osmolarity is defined as total ________ per liter of solution.

Fill in the blank: Osmolality is defined as total ________ per kilogram of water.

Which is the preferred measure to evaluate concentration of plasma, urine, and body fluids?

Fill in the blank: The osmolality of the fluid surrounding cells affects them. Isotonic solutions include ________ and LR.

Fill in the blank: Hydrostatic pressure is blood pressure generated by ________.

Fill in the blank: Oncotic pressure is osmotic pressure caused by ________.

Which of the following determines the amount and direction of fluid movement in capillaries?

Plasma to interstitial fluid shift results in edema.

Interstitial fluid drawn into plasma increases edema.

Fill in the blank: An increase in plasma osmotic or oncotic pressure draws fluid into the plasma from the ________ space.

Fill in the blank: First spacing refers to ________ fluid distribution.

Fill in the blank: Second spacing refers to abnormal ________.

Which region regulates water balance by sensing fluid deficit or increase through osmoreceptors?

Decreased plasma osmolality (water excess) suppresses the release of which hormone?

Which organs are the primary regulators of fluid and electrolyte balance?

Natriuretic peptides are antagonists to the RAAS produced by cardiomyocytes in response to increased ______ pressure. Fill in the blank.

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of hypovolemia?

Clinical manifestations of hypovolemia include all EXCEPT:

What are some symptoms of fluid volume deficit? Fill in the blank: Weakness, dizziness, weight loss, seizures, and _______.

Which of the following is a cause of hypervolemia (ECF fluid excess)?

Clinical manifestations of excess fluid volume include which of the following? Select all that apply:

What is the treatment for hypervolemia? Fill in the blank: Remove fluid WITHOUT changing _______ or osmolality of ECF.

Which of the following is the MOST accurate measure of volume status in nursing management of fluid volume disorders?

Lab findings: If urine specific gravity is 1.025 or over, it is considered _______.

Lab findings: If urine specific gravity is 1.010 or under, it is considered _______.

What is the normal range of sodium (Na+) in the body?

Sodium plays a major role in which of the following? (Select all that apply)

Fill in the blank: Sodium is important for the generation and transmission of ______ impulses.

Imbalances in sodium are typically associated with parallel changes in _______.

What is the body's primary protective mechanism against hypernatremia?

Which of the following is NOT a manifestation of hypernatremia?

Hypernatremia can cause alterations in mental status such as agitation, restlessness, confusion, lethargy, seizure, and coma.

What is the management for primary water deficit in hypernatremia?

Fill in the blank: Causes of hypernatremia include hyperosmolality leading to cellular _______.

What is the primary cause of hyponatremia?

Which of the following is a mild manifestation of hyponatremia?

Fill in the blank: Severe manifestations of hyponatremia include confusion, vomiting, ________, and coma.

Clinical manifestations of hyponatremia are a result of cellular swelling and are first manifested in the ______.

SATA: What are some possible complication of hyponatremia?

Fill in the blank: The cause of hyponatremia is usually water excess, such as in _______.

Which management strategy is appropriate for severe symptoms (i.e. seizures) in hyponatremia?

Fluid replacement with sodium-containing solution and increased oral intake are management strategies for hyponatremia.

What is the normal range of potassium in the blood?

Which of the following is NOT a necessary function of potassium?

Select all the sources of potassium from the following:

The only mechanism to clear excess potassium (K+) is regulated by the kidneys.

High serum potassium (hyperkalemia) is MOST commonly caused by:

Which of the following is a manifestation of hyperkalemia?

Weak or paralyzed skeletal muscles can be a manifestation of hyperkalemia.

What is a major complication associated with hypokalemia?

SATA: Which medications can be administered in urgent scenarios for hyperkalemia?

What is the most common cause of low serum potassium?

Diabetic ketoacidosis causes increased shift of K+ from ______ to ______.

Which manifestation of hypokalemia is considered most serious?

Hypokalemia can cause muscle weakness and ______.

What is the normal range of serum calcium in mg/dL?

Which of the following is NOT a function of calcium?

Calcium balance is controlled by which hormones?

Vitamin D is needed to absorb calcium from ingested foods.

High levels of serum calcium (hypercalcemia) are MOST commonly caused by which condition?

Changes in which two factors affect calcium levels in the body?

NEVER GIVE KCL AS IV PUSH OR AS A BOLUS.

What is the maximum rate at which a pump should deliver KCl?

Fill in the blank: Excess calcium acts like a ________.

Which of the following is NOT a manifestation of hypercalcemia?

Fill in the blank: One of the manifestations of hypercalcemia is ________ pain, fractures, nephrolithiasis.

Fill in the blank: Polyuria and ________ are manifestations of hypercalcemia.

Which of the following is a common method for implementing treatment for hypercalcemia?

Fill in the blank: ________ is an option in life-threatening situations of hypercalcemia.

Low serum calcium levels can be caused by decreased production of ________.

Multiple blood transfusions can cause hypocalcemia because citrate used to anticoagulate the blood binds with calcium.

Fill in the blank: Surgical removal of a portion of or injury to the ________ glands during thyroid or neck surgery can cause hypocalcemia.

Fill in the blank: The main manifestation of hypocalcemia is ________.

A finding of a positive Trousseau's sign and/or a positive Chvostek's sign is indicative of which electrolyte imbalance?

Laryngospasm is a manifestation of which electrolyte imbalance?

When a patient is experiencing hypocalcemia, it is important to treat their pain and anxiety to avoid ________-induced _______ __________.

SATA: What does phosphate play a major role in?

Phosphate has a _____ relationship with calcium.

SATA: Select all of the following conditions that can lead to hyperphosphatemia.

SATA: Which electrolyte imbalances can cause neuromuscular excitability and tetany?

Maintenance of adequate phosphate levels in turn requires adequate _______ functioning.

Volume expanders and forced diuresis are an acceptable method of treatment for ________.

What is the most common cause of hypophosphatemia?

Which condition can lead to impaired cellular energy and oxygen delivery?

SATA: Select the following manifestations of hypophosphatemia.

Magnesium acts as a coenzyme in the metabolism of _______.

SATA: Select all of the bodily functions that magnesium is REQUIRED for.

Renal function is vital for proper EXCRETION of magnesium.

A common electrolyte used to manage eclampsia is ____. Pregnant women who are being treated for eclampsia therefore run the risk of _______.

Severe hypermagnesemia can lead to both cardiac and respiratory arrest.

Which of the following IV medications can be used to treat hypermagnesemia?

Low serum magnesium is most commonly caused by starvation and _________.

Hyperactive deep tendon reflexes and cardiac dysrhythmias are hallmark manifestations of hypomagnesemia. These occur because of corresponding ______ and _________.

SATA: Select the cardiac dysrhythmias associated with hypomagnesemia.

SATA: Administering magnesium too QUICKLY can result in what serious adverse affects?

Oral fluid replacement is used to correct ______ fluid and electrolyte deficits.

In patient with a fluid and electrolyte deficit, IV fluid replacement is always required, even when oral fluid intake is adequate.

Hypotonic IV solutions move water from ___ to ___ via ________.

Hypotonic IV solutions are usually ______ fluids.

Cellular swelling is a possible adverse effect of hypotonic IV solutions. What should the RN monitor for MOST closely in a patient receiving hypotonic fluids?

Most isotonic fluids expand:

Why is D5W different from other isotonic IV solutions like NS and LR?

D5W provides free _____ without _______.

SATA: What are some common uses for D5W?

The preferred isotonic IV fluid for IMMEDIATE response is:

What is the ONLY IV fluid that can be ran ALONGSIDE blood products?

SATA: Lactated Ringer's is composed of which substances?

Lactated Ringer's is commonly used to treat burns and GI losses.

Lactated Ringer is CONTRAINDICATED IN ______ as well as lactic acidosis patients.

Does LR provide free water or calories?

Hypertonic IV solutions are PRIMARILY used for:

A patient on hypertonic IV fluids needs to be frequently monitored for:

SATA: Select all of the hypertonic IV fluids.

What is the highest percentage of dextrose that can be administered through a peripheral line?

D10W provides free water, but does not provide any electrolytes.

Colloids are large molecules that increase _______ pressure and pull fluid ______ the blood vessels.

SATA: Select all of the human plasma products.

When fluid is trapped where it is difficult or impossible for it to move back into cells or blood vessels, this is called:

What should the RN do IMMEDIATELY when they suspect their patient is suffering from hypokalemia?

The nurse should ______ dilute IV KCl.

When KCl is running on an IV pump for a hypokalemic patient, the flow rate should NEVER EXCEED _________.

KCl is NOT given unless there is urine output of at least _______ of body weight per hour, unless the deficiency is extremely severe.

SATA: Which types of cancers can result in an excess of serum calcium?

When a patient has an excess or deficit of sodium, the RN should be MOST worried about:

When a patient has an excess or deficit of potassium, the RN should be MOST worried about: