Which organ promotes/conducts osmoregulation?

_______________ is the process of maintenance of salt and water balance (osmotic balance) across membranes within the body's fluids

True or False: Both electrolytes and non-electrolytes contribute to the osmotic balance.

Sodium, Potassium, calcium, magnesium are _________

Chloride, Carbonate, bicarbonate, and phosphate are _________

Cells places in a hypertonic environment tend to shrink due to ________________.

In a hypotonic environment, cells tend to swell due to _____________________.

Osomoregulators have evolved mechanisms to adapt to a variety of environments. The "cost" is ___________.

_______________- have evolved mechanisms to adapt to a variety of environments

_________ Internal environment is osmotic (same osmotic pressure) in relation to the external environment

_____________ system regulates body fluid concentrations

Water can enter the body through:

Water tends to move onto the region with _______ water concentration

The human kidneys are connected to ________

The urine is voided through _____________.

Conducts urine from the kidney to the _____________________.

True or False: Each kidney is composed of many tubular nephrons

Outer region

Granular Appearance

Cone-shaped renal pyramids

Middle

Hollow-chambered innermost part of the kidney

Glomerular __________ in glomerular capsule

Tubular ___________ at the proximal convoluted tubule

Tubular ___________ at the distal convoluted tubule

Excretion of ______- urine is dependent upon the reabsorption of water

Antidiuretic hormone is released by the posterior lobe of the ___________- gland

Some unicellular organisms excrete wastes by ______________.

_________ excretory organs excrete metabolic wastes into the environment

True or False; Most invertebrates are isotonic with water they live in

Most invertebrates are _________.

_____- body fluids of _______ with only moderate amount of salt; osomoregulators

______________ achieve isotonicity by having high concentrations or organic compounds

_____________- animals lose water through excretion and respiration

True or False: Reabsorption of sodium (/water) is not regulated by hormones

Catabolism of amino acids and nucleic acids result in ________________.

True or false: Terrestrial animals must convert ammonia to ureorureaiac acid.

_____________- acid requires much less water per unit of nitrogen excreted

Which of the following is most toxic?

____________________-- allows invasion of drier habitats far from standing water.

As long-lived __________________ organisms, we need protection against pathogenic organisms.

True or False: Only a large % of microbes are pathogenic.

Our immune system has the ability to fight:

True or False: The Adaptive immune system components found throughout all of the animal kingdom and even in the plant kingdom

Nonspecific

No memory

Found only in vertebrate animals

Highly specific

Memory

Physical and Chemical Barriers of the Innate Immune System:

True or false: Microbes have different cell surface markers than our cells.

__________ anything that is foreign

Cells will recognize these pathogens associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and ______________

Cells of the immune system are ________ blood cells, leukocytes

Inflammatory response:

(allergies)

__________-: body raises temp in attempt to slow growth of pathogenic bacteria

_____________________: kill virus-infected or altered self cells such as tumor cells

What cells are in the adaptive immune reponse?

True or False: Adaptive immune response can take days or even weeks to become regulated.

Mature in the bone marrow

Make antibodies

Antibodies are proteins encoded for in our DNA

________________-: antibodies prevent a virus or toxin protein from binding their target

___________________: a pathogen tagged by antibodies is consumed by a macrophages or neutrophil

________________: antibodies attached to the surface of a pathogen cell activate the complement system.

True or False: Complement process can make a hole in the pathogen's membrane

Matures in the thymus

_____________: helper T cells- CD4 markers

_____________: cyotoxic T cells: CD8

_______________ will release cytokines to upregulate B cells, other immune cells, will go through mitosis to make clones of itself.

Lymphatic system mostly consist of cells in the blood vessel are ______________.

In lymph there is a congregation of

_____________ initial exposure to pathogen/antigen

takes days to weeks for B and T cells to up regulate and mount full response

_______-- exposure to same antigen/pathogen

Memory cells will respond faster

___________________: can cause damage to tissue (arthritis)

_______________: immune systems' over-reaction to antigen (pollen)

_________________: The immune system can sometimes recognize self-antigen as being foreign (results in organ/tissue damage)

____________-primary genetic/developmental defect results in individual lacking in some component of the immune system

Many invertebrates reproduce asexually by ___________, separation of a parent into two or more individuals of about the same size.

In ______________ new individuals arise from outgrowths of existing ones.

________________-: is breaking of the body into pieces, some or all of which develop into adults.

Fragmentation is accompanies by ________________, regrowth of lost body parts.

__________________: is the development of new individual from an unfertilized egg

Sexual reproduction results in genetic recombination, which provides potential advantages an increase in:

____________________-: is the release of mature eggs at the midpoint of a female cycle.

One solution is _______________, in which each individual has male and female reproductive systems

The mechanisms of ___________, is the union of egg and sperm, play an important part in sexual reproduction

In most species individuals have _____________, organs that produce gametes

In many insects, the female has a ___________- in which sperm is stored during copulation

A _____________ is a common opening between the external environment and the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems

The female gonads, _________, lie in the abdominal cavity

Each ovary contains many ____________, which consists of a partially developed egg, called an oocyte, surrounded by support cells.

Each ovary contains many follicles, which consists of a partially developed egg, called an __________, surrounded by support cells.

Once a month, an oocyte develops into an ovum (egg) by the processes of ______________.

________________ expels a single egg cell from the follicle, the cells of which produce estradiol prior to ovulation

The remaining follicular tissue grows within the ovary, forming a mass called the _____________.

The egg cell travels from the ovary to the uterus via an, _____________ or __________

Cilia in the oviduct convey the egg to the _____________ "womb"

True or False: The uterus lining, the endometrium, has many blood vessels

The uterus narrows at the _________-

The __________- is a thin-walled chamber that is the repository for sperm during copulation serves as the birth control

The ________________ are not part of the reproductive system but are important to mammalian reproduction

Within the glands, small sacs of ____________ tissue secretes milk.

The male gonads, or testes, consist of highly coiled tubes surrounded by _____________ tissue.

In which organ does sperm form in the male reproductive tract?

The testes of many mammals are held outside the abdominal cavity in the ________, where the temperature is lower than in the abdominal cavity

From the seminiferous tubules of a testis, sperm pass into the coiled tubules of the _______________. (storage of sperm)

During ejauculation sperm are propelled through the muscular ________ and the _____________, and then exit the penis through the urethra

_____________ is composed of sperm plus secretions from three sets of accessory glands

The two ______________ contribute about 60% of the total volume of semen

The _______________ secretes its products directly into the urethra through several small ducts

___________________, is the production of gametes, differs in male and female, reflecting the distinct structure and function of their gametes

True or false: Sperm are flagellated and have the the ability to be motile. (small)

_____________, the development of sperm, is continuous and prolific (millions of sperm are produced per day; each sperm takes about 7 weeks to develop)

___________, the development of a mature egg, is a prolonged process

If an embryo does not implant in the endometrium, the endometrium is shed in a process called ________________.

___________________-, fertilization of an egg by a sperm, occurs in the oviduct

_______________ or __________ is the condition of carrying one or more embryos in the uterus

Which trimester of pregnancy/gestation is the time of most radical changes for both the mother and the embryo?

The outer layer of the blastocyst, called the ____________

The trophoblast, mingles with the endometrium and eventually forms ______________.

The first trimester is the main period of _______________, development of the body organs

__________________- the deliberate prevention of pregnancy, can be achieved in a number of ways

The _________-, or natural family plannings, is to refrain from intercourse when conception is most likely; it has a pregnancy rate of 10-20%

______________, the withdrawal of the penis before ejaculation, is unreliable

No distinction between circulating & extra cellular fluid "hemolymph"

Distinct circulatory fluid enclosed in blood vessels and transported away from the back to the heart