Why is monitoring body temperature important?

How is temperature monitored in patients?

Hypothermia occurs when ________ is greater than heat production.

Hypothermia occurs frequently with patients who undergo general anesthesia.

Where does the majority of heat loss occur in hypothermia?

One anesthetic event that can cause hypothermia is the blunting of __________ mechanisms in the central nervous system.

Exposure of body cavities to __________ temperature air during anesthesia can cause hypothermia.

__________ predisposes patients to redistribute heat from core to periphery, increasing the risk of hypothermia.

Hypothermia can occur when the patient becomes __________ during anesthetic events.

Cold, dry incoming fresh __________ into the breathing circuit can contribute to hypothermia.

Decreased cellular metabolic rates and muscle activity while __________ can cause hypothermia.

Cool ambient room air and body contact with __________ surfaces can lead to hypothermia.

Low weight, surface area ratio, advanced age, debilitation, and __________ are patient characteristics that increase the risk of hypothermia.

Which of the following is a consequence of hypothermia?

Hypothermia can lead to a slower rate of drug metabolism, which can result in ________ recovery and increased risk of morbidity.

Severely hypothermic patients become bradycardic and unresponsive to anticholinergics, increasing the risk for developing ________.

Which of the following is NOT an adverse effect of hypothermia?

Hypothermia increases the possibility for drug overdose due to a lower percent of inhalant anesthetic agent needed to maintain anesthetic depth.

Other adverse effects of hypothermia include respiratory depression, coagulopathy, altered blood viscosity, increased incidence of postoperative infections, and increased need for ________.

What is the best treatment for hypothermia?

What should be done as soon as patients arrive at the hospital to treat hypothermia?

Which of the following is NOT a method to maintain body temperature during anesthesia?

Wrapping a patient’s feet in bubble wrap, baby socks, or exam gloves is a recommended method to maintain body temperature during anesthesia.

Which fluids should be warmed to help maintain body temperature during anesthesia?

Isopropyl alcohol should be used to keep surgical prep solutions warm during hypothermia treatment.

Why should electrical heating methods be used carefully in the treatment of hypothermia?

What is hyperthermia?

Is hyperthermia common in anesthetized patients?

Malignant hyperthermia is a ______ genetic condition.

Malignant hyperthermia is most common in which animal?

Uncontrolled skeletal activity and increased metabolism during general anesthesia can lead to rapid increases in body temperature.

Increase in body temperature increases metabolic activity and energy consumption, which can lead to ______ hypoxemia.

Permanent organ damage is a risk if body temperature reaches what value?

Hyperthermia can also cause ventricular arrhythmias, organ failure, and death.

What should be done when a patient's temperature reaches 101–102°F during treatment of hyperthermia?

Which of the following may be beneficial during the treatment of hyperthermia?

Naloxone can be given to cats that have been administered ______ during treatment of hyperthermia.

Which of the following is an active cooling measure for hyperthermia?

Name one aggressive cooling measure used in the treatment of hyperthermia.

Which drug is administered intravenously to cause vasodilation during aggressive cooling measures for hyperthermia?

Dantrolene (Dantrium®) is administered intravenously for ______ hyperthermia.

Dantrolene (Dantrium®) is typically available in veterinary hospitals for the treatment of hyperthermia.

Adequate blood pressure is needed to perfuse and deliver oxygen to which part of the body?

Which device reliably provides only systolic arterial pressure?

Noninvasive oscillometric device displays systolic, diastolic, and mean pressures.

Direct measurement with arterial catheter is more accurate than noninvasive oscillometric device.

The gold standard for blood pressure measurement is placement of ________.

Arterial catheter is connected by a fluid-filled tube to a(n) ________ transducer.

Manual palpation and assessment of peripheral pulses provides impression of the difference between ________ and ________ pressures.

Manual palpation is not necessarily indicative of mean or perfusion pressures.

What is the minimum systolic arterial pressure (SAP) recommended for blood pressure goals?

What is the minimum mean arterial pressure (MAP) recommended for blood pressure goals?

What is the minimum diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) recommended for blood pressure goals?

Autoregulatory mechanisms are most effective when MAP is within which range for autoregulation of cerebral blood flow?

Autoregulatory mechanisms are most effective when MAP is within which range for autoregulation of renal blood flow?

Low diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) could result in which of the following?

Oxygen delivery (DO2) to tissues is a function of which two factors?

What is the formula for oxygen delivery (DO2) to tissues? DO2 = ___ × CaO2

Cardiac output is a function of heart rate (HR) and which other factor?

Stroke volume (SV) is a function of preload, afterload, and _______.

Blood pressure is a function of cardiac output and which other factor?

What is the formula for mean arterial pressure (MAP)? MAP = CO × ____

True or False: Blood pressure is an exact indicator of tissue perfusion and cardiac output.

What is the definition of hypotension?

Which of the following is a contributing factor to hypotension?

Why is it crucial that an anesthetist monitors blood pressure during anesthesia?

Clinical hypotension is defined as MAP less than ____ mm Hg when SAP and/or DAP are low.

An anesthetist should assess all three pressure values (MAP, SAP, DAP) whenever possible during clinical hypotension.

Cardiac output may drop as a result of which of the following? Select all that apply.

Before anesthesia, ensure the patient is __________ stable.

Which type of anesthesia plan should be selected for treating hypotension?

If possible, turn down __________ anesthetic agent to help treat hypotension.

Treat patient with __________ if bradycardia occurs during hypotension treatment.

Propofol can cause dosage-dependent transient hypotension.

Administer fluid bolus of __________ and/or colloid to treat transient hypotension caused by propofol.

According to AAHA guidelines, what is the recommended IV bolus of isotonic crystalloid for anesthetized patients?

Low SAP may indicate hypotension due to decreased cardiac contractility. What is an appropriate treatment in this case?

Hypotension may arise from severe drops in systemic vascular resistance. What treatment may be indicated?

Agents commonly used in anesthetized patients include ________ (generic), Dobutamine (generic), Dopamine (generic), and Norepinephrine (Levophed®).

Which of the following is NOT an agent commonly used in anesthetized patients?

Norepinephrine used in anesthetized patients is also known as: