• Greatest among these palace complexes, was the _____, which covered an area of about 20,000 square meters and housed almost 12,000 people. The palace consisted of residential areas and storage rooms built around a large open central court.

• There were royal residences, storerooms for agricultural products and trade goods, workshops and residences for artisans and craftsmen, public buildings, and rooms for rituals and ceremonies.

The Palace of Knossos was renowned for its rich wall paintings. Most famous of these was the _____, which showed acrobats leaping over charging bulls; and the Procession Frescoe, which featured life-sized images of men, women, and priests marching toward a goddess figure, carrying offerings or playing musical instruments.

• The Minoan wall paintings featured a vast array of nature- inspired images-trees, plants, fishes, and animals. A number of mythological creatures, such as the griffin, were also portrayed.

• Minoan crafts featured high-quality, thin-walled pottery, which had elaborate decorations. Gold and silver vessels, often adorned with semiprecious stones, were also produced. _____ products consisted of olive oil, wine, and grain.

• The Minoans used several written scripts for recording events and keeping inventories of goods. Three distinctive writing systems developed throughout the history of the Minoan civilization.
• The earliest was a hieroglyphic script, and the most recent, called the _____, was the only Minoan script to be deciphered. It was found to be related to an early Greek language commonly used by the Mycenaean civilization.

• Historians believe that the _____s were expert seafarers, and exported wool, oil, timber, and pottery. The _____ merchant and naval fleets were renown throughout the Mediterranean and the Near East regions.

• The _____s established trade relations with the communities in mainland Greece, and even the far-off lands of Egypt, particularly the trading city and capital of Avaris.

• Minoan culture had a significant influence on the ancient communities in the islands of the Aegean, and _____ was found in several sites throughout the Aegean and mainland Greece.

• The advanced civilization of the _____s was affected by a series of natural disasters, and the great palace complexes fell into ruin and disrepair.

• In 1700 BCE, an _____ damaged several palace complexes.

At around 1600 BCE, a _____ in the nearby island of Thera led to the abandonment of several palace complexes, except the Palace of Knossos.

The _____s, took control of Crete and removed the Minoan leaders from power.

• _____ Greece was a period of warring states which built great fortress-like palaces on hills and cliffs.
• These great citadels were widespread throughout Greece, and among the most prominent of these structures were located in Mycenae, Tiryns, Thebes, Pylos, and Athens.
• The _____ civilization emerged at around 1600 BCE, and the first palaces were constructed during 1400 BCE.

The ancient Mycenaeans were also known for their impressive tombs called _____, which yielded gold artifacts including crowns, diadems, masks, and jewelry, and bronze weapons such as swords, daggers, spearheads, knives, axes, arrowheads, and shields.

The Mycenaean _____ were also a wonder of engineering. Mycenaean builders used gigantic blocks of stone which were carefully fitted together to make massive fortifications, walls, and gateways.

The citadel of Mycenae was a prime example of the skill of the ancient Greek builders, particularly the monumental structure called the _____.

The Mycenaean palace complex was patterned after Minoan architecture. The central feature of the citadel, unlike the Palace of Knossos, was not an open court, but rather a great hall or _____, which served as a meeting place where the ruler conducted his business and held audiences.

The activities within the palaces were supervised by count _____ who kept records of inventories and tributes.
• Within the walls of the Mycenaean palaces, evidence of Minoan influences came to light in the frescoes which bore a striking similarity to the wall paintings in the Palace of Knossos.
• The storerooms of the citadels contained agricultural produce, grain, grapes, and olives; and trade and luxury goods, such as pottery, bronze weapons, jewelry, and textiles.

Mycenaean society was divided into several social groups. The t consisted of the king, court officials, priests, and landowners. Ordinary citizens engaged in commerce, trade, and crafts, and were often called to serve in the armies. Slavery was also practiced.

Mycenaean societies were known for their _____ which featured painted decorations.

• By 1230 BCE, the great Mycenaean centers experienced a period of decline, with many of the palaces destroyed by war or invasion.
At around 1150 BCE the Mycenaean cities were in rapid decline, and the last remaining urban centers were abandoned.
This period of upheaval from 1300 to 1100 BCE coincided with turbulent times throughout the Near East. The fall of the Mycenaean kingdoms and the destruction of their great citadels gave way to the _____ (1100 BCE to 800 BCE) in ancient Greek history.

The _____ in ancient Greek history was a period of general economic and cultural decline. The destruction of the Mycenaean communities greatly affected the ancient Greek communities and many urban and trade centers were abandoned.

The arrival of foreign peoples from the north, called the _____, resulted in the further displacement of the native Greeks. It is believed that the _____ introduced iron technology to the Greeks, but other aspects of Greek culture and economy continued to stagnate.

The _____ signaled a renewed rivalry among the Greek kingdoms.

An important achievement in military tactics was the development of the _____ formation, which utilized heavily armed soldiers (hoplites) standing shoulder-to-shoulder in a compact formation.
This formation gave the Greek armies a distinct advantage in warfare. The powerful Greek armies were a major factor in the resurgence of Greek influence throughout the Mediterranean.

The Greek _____ was composed of the city and its surrounding countryside. Among the most well-known of the ancient Greek poleis were Athens, Corinth, Thebes, and Sparta.
The _____ became the center of political, cultural, and economic development in ancient Greece and was the dominant feature in the lives of the ancient Greeks.

The development of the t coincided with a highly important Greek innovation of democracy. Unlike the ancient civilizations of the Near East and the earlier Mycenaean kingdoms-where aristocrats and kings occupied positions of authority-the Greek city-states developed a system of government which greatly emphasized the role of the citizens and the community.

This emphasis on the role of the ordinary citizens in government was due to several factors. The Greek _____ did not attain a level of prominence unlike those in Mesopotamia and Egypt.

The _____s and the ordinary citizens interacted with each other on a more or less equal footing, as the ordinary people were not bound by obligation to serve the _____s.

Non-_____ic members of society, taking advantage of new trade and commercial opportunities, often gained more land and wealth than the _____s.

The Greek armies also played an important role in the development of democracy in Ancient Greece. Ordinary citizens who had served in the _____ armies gained prominent roles in the government.

The earliest version of Greek democracies featured citizen assemblies (_____) where ordinary citizens could discuss important state matters, and decide on theme by a vote.

Only male adults were given the right to attend the assemblies and cast their vote; women, children, and foreigners were not granted citizenship and were could not to participate in the government.

• Despite this limitation, a large number of people were still able to influence and guide the affairs of their respective city-states directly. The number of citizens present in any assembly could reach several thousands depending on the importance of the matter discussed.
These ancient assemblies were among the first instances of direct _____, where citizens became direct participants in almost all aspects of government.
• The city-state of Athens was the most prominent and stable of all Greek democracies, and served as a model for the development of _____ in other Greek city-states.

In 594 BCE, _____ instituted reforms which curbed the influence of the aristocrats and established the importance of citizenship in governance.

_____ established wealth, rather than birth, as the basis for holding government positions. He also increased the role of the assembly in government affairs.

In 508 BCE, _____ further improved the Athenian government by establishing local units called demes, which became the basis of selecting citizens to occupy political and religious offices in the Athenian government.

These demes replaced the old system of selecting officials based on family ties; instead, the citizens were assigned to demes based on their place of residence. Membership to the councils, assemblies, and juries were decided by lottery

It was fairly common for a legal case in the Athenian court to be decided by a jury numbering in the hundreds and even thousands, depending on the gravity of the case.

The practice of _____ was also introduced during his time. _____ involved the assembly voting to exile a prominent member of Athenian society who was considered to be too influential or too powerful-and thus was a threat to democracy
The ostracized citizen would then be compelled to spend a period of time in exile away from Athens.

In 462 BCE, _____ removed the last remnants of aristocratic influence in Athenian politics by reforming the Areopagus, the highest tribunal composed of aristocrats.
Through a series of reforms, the powers of the Areopagus council were given to the ekklesia, and control of the government effectively passed on to the hands of ordinary citizens.

• Apart from the development and consolidation of the democratic institution, the Archaic Period laid the foundation of Greek culture that reached great heights during the Classical Period.
• _____, particularly its rich mythology, became another significant unifying force for the Greeks. The various myths and stories of the Greek gods and ancient heroes presented ideals regarding morality, justice, and social order.

_____ became a catalyst for cultural advancement, particularly in art and architecture. Many of the monumental structures of ancient Greece were temples and shrines erected in honor of the Greek deities.
Religious festivals also became opportunities for the various Greek citystates to interact with each other.

The athletic games held in the city of Olympia, in honor of the principal Greek god Zeus, gained special prominence. The _____, first held in 776 BCE, became an important event which was attended by almost all Greek city- states.
The Games had such great religious and cultural significance that warring city- states often declared a truce to guarantee the safety of the athletes and other participants traveling to Olympia.

Various temples and shrines throughout Greece became important pilgrimage sites, visited by Greeks from the farthest corners of the mainland.

Among these important sites were the Acropolis in Athens, which housed the _____, a temple dedicated to the goddess Athena;

and the _____ in Delphi, which housed the Oracle, a priestess of Apollo renowned for her gift of prophecy.

Around 800 BCE, the Greeks began to refer to themselves as _____, and their homeland as Hellas. The Greeks considered themselves as distinct from their neighbors, and referred to people with non-Greek cultures as barbarians.
Three important Greek city-states embodied the unity and diversity of Greek culture during the Archaic Age. The city of Corinth, strategically located on the isthmus that connects the Peloponnesus and mainland Greece, became the wealthiest Greek city- state.

At around 800 BCE, Corinth was the leading manufacturing and trading center, producing high-quality pottery noted for its "_____" design. The government of Corinth was run by aristocrats and tyrants, who enjoyed the support of the citizens.

The Corinthians were expert sailors, and their invention of the _____, a swift and versatile warship which was widely used throughout the Mediterranean, gave their city control over the trade and communication routes in the Aegean and Mediterranean for several centuries.

_____ was considered the most prominent citystate in the Peloponnesus, and was renowned for its military strength.

The highly skilled and disciplined citizen army of _____ was renowned for having the most fearsome warriors in all of Greece.
The city was predominantly agricultural and was not as culturally advanced as the other city- states, relying on the labor provided by slaves called helots.
It is believed that the formidable military machinery of _____ was developed to keep their subjects in line and put down the various rebellions that the helots often instigated.
A notable aspect of the _____n government was that it was ruled by two kings, both co-equal in power and authority

The city of _____ represented many of the highlights of the development of Greek culture. The city is located in the fertile plains of the region of Attica and was a major trading, manufacturing, and agricultural center.
The temples in the Acropolis were of great renown throughout Greece. Towards the end of the Athenian Period, the development of Athenian democracy placed _____ at the pinnacle of cultural and economic development and the Athenians led the cultural integration and interaction among the other city-states beyond mainland Greece.
The expansion of the Hellenic world resulted in _____ taking an interest in the affairs of Greek city-states in the eastern regions of the Aegean Sea.
This venture into the affairs of the Near East eventually brought the Greek city-states in direct conflict with the Persian Empire which, at that time, was the dominant political power in the East.

The _____ had long sought to influence the affairs of the Greek city-states. During the struggle between the aristocrats and citizens of Athens at around 500 BCE, the Persians supported the aristocrats and sheltered the ruling tyrant who was deposed by the Athenians.

The Athenians supported the Greek city-states of Anatolia which revolted against Persian rule in 499 BCE. The revolt was eventually crushed by the Persians, but the intervention of the mainland Greek city-states, particularly Athens, convinced the Persian king, _____, to launch military expeditions into the Greek mainland.

A Persian force sent in 490 BCE was defeated by the Greeks in the _____.

In 480 BCE, the Persian Empire, now led by Darius' son _____, embarked on a third attempt to conquer Greece. Initially, the Greek resistance was defeated in the Battles of Thermopylae and Artemisium.
The Persian victory prompted a number of Greek city-states to submit to the invaders. Within a month, most of the northern regions of Greece fell into Persian hands. The Persians proved to be a formidable enemy, and their strength forced the Greeks to abandon Athens.

The _____ in September of 480 BCE marked a turning point in the Greek resistance against the Persian invasion.

Many of the Athenian refugees escaped into the nearby island of Salamis, and the Greek navy engaged the much larger Persian fleet in the narrow straits surrounding the island.

The Allied Greek naval force, under the leadership of _____, dealt a decisive blow against the Persians. The victory of the Greeks at Salamis severely reduced Persian naval power.

_____ was forced to withdraw from the battlefield and left a significantly reduced Persian army under the command of his generals.

The Greeks now took the initiative and engaged the Persians in battle, dealing a heavy blow against the Persian army in the _____ in 479 BCE.

Historians consider the Persian Wars as the highlight of _____ political development, as the _____ city-states successfully repelled the much larger and stronger Persian Empire.

The _____s considered their victory over the Persians as an affirmation of their civilization and way of life, and there was renewed confidence in the democratic institutions of the _____ city-states.
The _____ victory over the Persians, however, exposed the dark side of _____ culture. The fierce independence among city-states rendered the t vulnerable to infighting and disunity, which were exploited by the Persians

The _____ was transformed into a new alliance, the Delian League, in 478 BCE. The primary objective of the new League was the complete expulsion of the Persians from all Greek lands.

Eventually, the Persians were driven out of the northern regions of Greece, the Balkans, and the Greek city-states of Asia Minor. Athens took on a position of greater prominence within the _____, and began to spearhead the expansion of Greek culture throughout the Mediterranean.

The _____ of Ancient Greece (510 to 323 BCE), saw the emergence of Greece as an important political and cultural force in the Mediterranean. The development of Athenian democracy and Greek victory over the Persians resulted in the emergence of Athens as a prominent regional force in the Mediterranean.
The development of Greek culture during the _____ came at a time of prosperous trade relations between the Greek mainland, its overseas settlements, and the various kingdoms throughout the Mediterranean.

The fertile regions of Greece were most suited for the production of olives, grapes, and barley. The active sea trade brought important trade goods and commodities, such as grain, spices, textiles, and iron to the Greek city-states.

The most widely- traded Greek products were olive oil and wine, which were placed in distinct pottery vessels called _____. The Greeks also exported metal bronze works and marble.

Greek pottery during the Classical Period featured highly detailed designs depicting human figures painted in red on a black background.

This "_____" pottery represented an improvement in aesthetic design over the earlier "black-figure" pottery of the Archaic Period.

• The various sculptures and wall carvings found in the Greek temples attest to the level of mastery the Greek sculptors had in depicting the human figure.

• Among the ancient Greek sculptors, _____ was the most renowned, and many of his works adorned the temples and buildings of the Acropolis in Athens.

The _____, completed around 430 BCE, featured the most common structural characteristics of Greek architecture. Classical Greek architecture, at that time, was characterized by its precision, symmetry, harmony, and excellent workmanship.
These were evident in all parts of a Greek building where all pieces are integral to its overall structure. Classical Greek architects used marble, mud brick, timber, tufa, and wood in building their temples and other buildings

In building structures, they used the two principal orders-the Doric and the Ionic. In the _____, the columns are fluted and have no base,

In the _____, bases support the columns, which have more vertical flutes than the Doric.

The third order of Greek architecture emerged and it is known as the Corinthian.

Its capital is decorated with echinus, acanthus leaves, spirals, and palmettes.
The _____ became more common during the Hellenistic and Roman periods.

• _____ was the foremost Classical Greek philosopher, considered the Father of Western philosophy. He believed that apart from pursuing knowledge, all individuals must pursue a life of virtue.
• _____ was a vocal critic of Athenian politics, which resulted in him being placed on trial and condemned to death by poison.

He was the student of Aristotle. _____'s Dialogues presented the philosophies of Socrates through a series of conversations with his students.

_____ also wrote several books presenting his own ideas regarding the nature of knowledge and the state of government and politics. His best- known work, the Republic, was a discussion on the ideal state or government.
_____ is also credited with founding the first institution of higher learning in the West, the Academy.

He wrote extensively on several subjects, including literature, music, politics, and the sciences. _____ was best known for his work as a teacher.

He was a tutor to the young Prince of Macedonia, Alexander, and also established a school of philosophy at the Lyceum in Athens.

In particular, scientific thinking benefited from the rigorous methods of critical examination and analysis developed by philosophers.

Other thinkers soon devoted themselves to specific intellectual pursuits. The inquiries of _____ and his disciples on the underlying principles of all things laid the framework for the analysis of geometric forms and the discussion of mathematical principles.

_____ pioneered the study of ailments as a natural phenomenon, a departure from the earlier notion of sickness as divine punishment. His early thoughts on diagnosis and clinical procedure formed the foundation of modern medical practice.
The doctrine of professionalism of all medical professionals is traced to the Hippocratic Oath which urges the healer to work for the benefit of the sick and do no harm in the conduct of his profession.

The study of history was also pioneered by the Greeks. The historical accounts written by _____ and Thucydides sought not just to provide a narrative of past events, but were also products of investigation that sought to impart lessons based on a close study of the events described

The literary works of Classical Greece defined the essential elements of Western literature and had a profound influence on the development of literature up to modern times. The _____, a play performed during religious feasts, defined the art of theater and dramatic performance.

The great Greek playwrights, Aeschylus and Euripides used the familiar themes and stories from Greek mythology in creating their tragedies. Another Greek playwright, _____, wrote comedic plays that often poked fun at certain aspects of Athenian or Greek society.

_____ was renowned for his lyric poetry and the victory odes which he composed for the victors of athletic competitions, particularly the Olympic Games.

_____, the only female poet of renown in Ancient Greece, was held in great esteem by later poets unfortunately, only fragments of her poetic works survived.

Apart from the cultural achievements of individual Greeks, the various city-states experienced a period of cultural and economic development in Classical Greece.

• The city of Athens prospered under the rule of _____, its foremost statesman and general who was also a patron of the arts. Under his tutelage, Athens became the political, cultural, and economic center of the Greek nation.

• The Athenians used their leadership position within the Delian League to exert their influence in the affairs of other city-states.

• _____ soon began to coerce the members of the Delian League to adopt Athenian policies, and in some cases, used military force to take control of a number of city-states.

The actions of the Athenians antagonized many powerful city-states. _____, as leader of the rival Peloponnesian League, led the opposition to Athens. The discord between Athens, _____, and their respective allies resulted in the outbreak of hostilities in 431 BCE.

The _____ (431 to 404 BCE) spanned several decades and greatly diminished the power of Athens, which surrendered in 404 BCE. Sparta emerged victorious from this conflict due to the expertise of its general Lysander, and the strategic support given to the Spartans by the Persians.

_____, along with the cities of Corinth and Thebes, became the new centers of influence within Greece. Several minor battles among the Greek citystates followed in the next few decades, and in 370 BCE, Thebes defeated _____ and took over as the leading Greek city within the region. By the end of the 4th century BCE, years of conflict took their toll on the major Greek city-states, and Greek civilization went into decline.

A new regional power emerged to the north of Greece-the kingdom of _____.
_____ embarked on a campaign of conquest and expansion that brought the cultures of the West and the East together and ushered in a new phase of development in Greek civilization.

The emergence of Macedonia as an influential nation in the Mediterranean region during the middle of the 4th century BCE was due to the leadership of its king, _____ of Macedonia.
_____ had spent a number of years in the Greek city of Thebes, and observed firsthand the improvements which enabled the Theban forces to defeat the Spartan military.
Under his leadership, the Macedonian army was able to defeat foreign invaders and secure the borders of the kingdom.

The rise in power of the Macedonians paved the way for the expansion of Macedonian influence throughout the Greek mainland. In 348 BCE, _____ embarked on a campaign of conquest of the Greek city-states.
_____ secured his victory over the Greeks when he defeated an army of Athenians and Thebans in 338 BCE. _____ established a league of Greek cities under Macedonian control, and the Greeks came under the authority of Macedonia.
_____ was assassinated in 336 BCE and his son, Alexander, became the ruler of Macedonia at the age of 20.

• _____, upon his ascent to the Macedonian throne, continued the campaign of expansion and proceeded with his father's plan of conquering Persia.

Alexander led an army composed of Greeks and Macedonians into Asia Minor in 334 BCE. The following year, Alexander engaged a massive Persian army led by Darius III in the _____.

The Persian forces were defeated by Alexander, and Darius was forced to flee. Alexander led his troops along the Levant, and in 332 BCE he entered Egypt, where he founded the city of _____.s\

A year after occupying Egypt, Alexander proceeded eastward into Syria and Mesopotamia, where he again defeated the _____ Army in the Battle of Gaugamela. Alexander marched in triumph into the city of Babylon, and a few months later, proceeded to Persepolis, where he laid claim to the treasures of the _____ Empire.
The _____ king was betrayed by his own troops. Darius's death established Alexander as the successor to the _____ throne, and he faced the challenge of establishing his rule over a vast territory populated by diverse people.
Alexander's military skill proved effective in crushing any resistance and he was also swift in stifling rebellion from the conquered regions, and even within his own troops

Alexander continued his campaign of conquest into Central Asia, conquering territories in _____ and the northwestern regions of India from 330 until 327 BCE.

Alexander wanted to explore the regions of the _____ and even go further east into the Ganges, but his troops, who were now homesick and weary of battle, mutinied and refused to advance any further.

Alexander was forced to return to _____ and see to the affairs of his vast empire. Alexander arrived in _____ in 324 BCE. It was said that he was planning a series of new campaigns and was intent on invading Arabia. However, in 323 BCE Alexander fell ill and contracted a fever from which he never recovered, dying at the age of 32.

At the time of Alexander's death, _____ had spread beyond the West and made inroads into the vast lands of the East. The Greek people were no longer confined within the city-states of the Greek mainland and the Aegean.

Greek culture began to mingle with other foreign cultures, and this resulted in the emergence of a new period of Greek civilization, which was known as the _____.
The _____ began with the widespread migration of Greeks and Macedonians throughout the lands conquered by Alexander. The empire that Alexander left behind in his death was divided among his generals, who set up their own dynasties within their respective territories.

The city of _____, located at the Nile River Delta, became the cultural center of the Hellenistic world. The city stretched for more than five kilometers along the coast and was a magnificent metropolis.

The ancient city had palaces, temples, theaters, and a number of notable architectural structures. The lighthouse on the island of _____ off Alexandria's Great Harbor was one of the tallest structures at that time.

The _____ boasted the largest collection of books and scrolls and was the center of scholarship and learning in the Mediterranean.

The _____ of Egypt began to dress in a manner similar to the ancient Egyptian pharaohs, and the Hellenistic ruler of the conquered territories in India, Menander, converted to Buddhism.
Many of the Greek and Macedonian migrants to the Eastern kingdoms adapted fully to the customs of the new lands and were, in dress and manners, often indistinguishable from the locals.
The Hellenistic Period continued until the 1st century BCE, when the Hellenistic kingdoms gradually came under the authority of a new political force in the Mediterranean-the Roman Republic.

• The more expansive Hellenistic world had great influence in various cultural and intellectual developments, and many individuals based in various Hellenistic cities gained renown in multiple fields.
• The earlier advances of Classical Greek thought were improved further by exposure to Eastern knowledge.
• _____ gave rise to a diverse array of schools of thought that featured distinct and sometimes conflicting ideas.

_____ emphasized logic, calmness, and emotional fortitude as essential elements in the pursuit of a virtuous life.

t advanced the pursuit of a life of pleasure and happiness through a modest lifestyle and the pursuit of knowledge.

_____ considered a life of simplicity, free from material possessions, as the ideal way of living.

• _____ inventions and writings on mathematics remain influential in scientific circles at present.
• The inventions of _____ gained great renown during his time, such as the hydraulic pump that utilized the motion of screws to transport water.
• He also invented several weapons that included a crane which lifted ships out of the water, and a device which focused the sun's rays on enemy ships, setting them on fire

The Greek mathematician _____ made significant works on mathematics and geometry. In presenting his arguments and conclusions regarding mathematical principles and problems, _____ utilized a clear, logical format in presenting the proofs which supported his arguments.

_____ was a pioneer in the study of geography, creating the first maps which featured parallels and meridians.
Another notable achievement was his calculation of the circumference of the Earth, arriving at a measure with a remarkably small margin of error.
His work on the measures and features of the Earth proved that ancient thinkers already had the notion of the Earth being shaped like a sphere.

The _____ is a unique artifact that illustrates the level of skill in engineering of the Greek.
Experts believe it to be a fragment of an early mechanical computer or an astronomical clock used to calculate the motion of heavenly bodies and predict eclipses.

_____, particularly sculpture, featured a number of innovations from the style of the Classical Period. Apart from adopting the emphasis on the classic human form Hellenistic sculpture often incorporated clothing in their depictions of human subjects, showing the flow of the cloth over the human body.

The most significant legacy of the ancient Greeks in today's society is in government and politics. _____ has exerted an overwhelming influence in the development of the majority of the modern states of the world.
A number of political practices, such as citizen's initiatives, signature campaigns, and referendums or plebiscites, reflect aspects of direct _____.
The concepts of citizenship and the rights and obligations of the citizen are traced to the early democratic constitutions of the Greeks.

The ancient Greeks also had a profound effect on knowledge and learning. The development of _____, science and technology, and education owe much to the pioneering works of the Greek thinkers.

The emphasis of the Greeks on _____ and logic was indispensable in the development of modern science and other disciplines. The emphasis of the Greek philosophers on reason and knowledge as a guide toward a life of virtue and happiness formed the basis of modern ethics.

In _____, Greek drama and mythology are considered among the pioneering works in storytelling, and their themes are often adapted and featured in today's books, movies, and television.

The most evident and enduring impact of ancient Greek civilization on history and global development is in the numerous monuments and artifacts that have survived into modern times.

The various structures and works of ancient _____, found in various museums throughout the world, are still held in great esteem and continue to inspire generations.
The _____t style, with its emphasis on the ideal human condition, represents a standard that continues to drive human curiosity, creativity, and imagination.