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WorksheetsHPL 1-100
Total questions: 100
Worksheet time: 50mins
In order to perceive colour vision, it is necessary: 1) for there to be a sufficient amount of light (ambient luminosity). 2) at night to look at the point to be observed at an angle of 15°. 3) to allow the eye a period of time to get used to the light. 4) to avoid white light
1 and 4 only are correct.
1 only is correct.
3 only is correct.
1, 2 and 3 are correct.
What counter-measure can be used against a barotrauma of the middle ear (aerotitis)?
Stop climbing, start descent.
Increase rate of descent.
Close the mouth, pinch the nose tight and blow out thereby increasing the pressure in the mouth and throat. At the same time try to swallow or move lower jaw (Valsalva).
Pilots should apply anti-cold remedies prior every flight to prevent barotrauma in the middle ear.
When accelerating forward the otoliths in the utriculus/sacculus will:
give the illusion of banking.
give the illusion of climbing (body tilting backwards, nose of the ale going up).
give the illusion of straight and level flight.
give the illusion of descending (body tilting downwards, or forwards, nose of the airplane going down).
How is a roll change sensed?
Roll change is sensed by chalk-like crystals, the vestibular nerve is stimulated and the nerve impulses transmitted to the brain.
The middle ear senses roll, the vestibular nerve is stimulated and the nerve impulses transmitted to the brain.
Hair in the semicircular canals sense fluid motion caused by roll, the vestibular nerve is stimulated and the nerve impulses transmitted to the brain.
The roll is sensed by hair in the Eustachian tube, the vestibular nerve is stimulated and the nerve impulses transmitted to the brain.
If runway slopes downwards, what is a pilot likely to do?
Make an approach with too low speed.
Land short.
Make a shallow approach.
Land long.
Flying with a "common cold":
is permitted as long as you are on treatment with antibiotics.
will cause infection in other crew members if you are flying in a pressurised aircraft.
may lead to incapacitation due to severe sinus or ear pain.
increases the risk of hypertension.
Which of the following statements are correct? 1) Modern aircraft allow for 50% - 60% relative humidity in the cabin air under any conditions of flight, which is satisfactory for the body. 2) Thirst is a belated symptom of dehydration. 3) Dehydration may lead to clinical manifestations such as dizziness and fatigue. 4) Drinking excessive quantities of water must be avoided since resistance to periods of low hydration will otherwise be lost.
1, 4
2, 3
2, 3, 4
1, 2, 4
The rate and depth of breathing is primarily regulated by the concentration of:
oxygen in the cells.
water vapour in the alveoli.
nitrogen in the air.
carbon dioxide in the blood.
Which of the following statements is true concerning regular physical exercise: 1) it increases pulse rate and stroke volume in the short term. 2) it reduces blood pressure and heart rate in the long term. 3) it increases the human tolerance to hypoxia.
1, 2, 3
1, 2
1
1, 3
If you are subjected to an illusion during night flying you should:
rely on instruments.
use your oxygen mask.
dim the cockpit lighting.
scan the surroundings.
TUC (Time of Useful Consciousness) is:
the time between the start of hypoxia and death.
the time before becoming unconscious at a sudden pressure loss.
the time after pressure loss until decompression sickness sets in.
the length of time during which an individual can act with both mental and physical efficiency, measured from the moment at which he/she is exposed to hypoxia.
The conducting elements of the nervous system cells are called:
neurons
nerve conductors
nervates
irises
During poor weather conditions a pilot should fly with reference to instruments because:
his attention will be distracted automatically under these conditions.
perception of distance and speed is difficult in an environment of low contrast.
the danger of a "greying out" will make it impossible to determine the height above the terrain.
pressure differences can cause the altimeter to give wrong information.
The vestibular system is composed of: 1) two ventricles. 2) a saccule. 3) an utricle. 4) three semicircular channels
2, 3
1, 4
2, 3, 4
1, 3, 4
A slight lack of coordination which can make it difficult to carry out delicate and precise movements occurs when the level of alcohol in the blood is exceeding:
0.15% blood alcohol.
0.1% blood alcohol.
0.05% blood alcohol.
0.2% blood alcohol.
The iris' main purpose is to:
control the size, or diameter of the pupil.
initiate nerve impulses.
transmit impulses via the optic nerve.
let light into the eye.
The Eustachian tube is the passage way between the:
sinuses and the throat.
nose, throat and inner ear.
nose, throat and the external auditory canal.
throat and the middle ear.
After a rapid decompression at approximately 35 000 ft the TUC (Time of Useful Consciousness) will be approximately:
15 seconds or less.
30 - 60 seconds.
3 - 4 minutes.
5 minutes.
State the conditions which cause the "black hole effect" and the danger to flight safety.
The "black hole effect" can be caused by flying over water at night on the approach to an airfield which can create the illusion that the aircraft is at a higher altitude than it is, leading to a high approach being flown.
The "black hole effect" can be caused by flying over featureless terrain on the approach to an airfield which can create the illusion that the aircraft is at a higher altitude than it is, leading to a high approach being flown.
The "black hole effect" can be caused by flying over water at night on the approach to an airfield which can create the illusion that the aircraft is at a higher altitude than it is, leading to a low approach being flown.
The "black hole effect" can be caused by flying under instruments with poor cockpit lighting and can lead to disorientation.
The peripheral vision is important for:
detecting moving objects.
colour vision.
visual acuity.
binocular vision.
The photosensitive cells being responsible for night vision are called:
the rods.
the cones.
the foveas.
the corneas.
Spatial disorientation will be most likely to occur during flight:
when flying in and out of clouds and the pilot maintains good instrument cross check.
if the brain receives conflicting informations and the pilot does not believe the instruments.
when flying in light rain below the ceiling.
when flying in bright sunlight above a cloud layer.
On experiencing a vestibular illusion in straight and level flight, it is recommended that:
you avoid head movements and rely on your instruments.
you tilt your head to the side opposite to the turn to nullify the stimulus causing the illusion.
you close your eyes for a moment so that the oculo-vestibular conflict disappears.
you rely on your sensations only, as humans are much more reliable than flight instruments.
What is the Time of Useful Consciousness for a rapid decompression at 25 000 ft?
About 30 seconds.
About 18 seconds.
Between 25 seconds and 1 minute 30 seconds.
Between 3 and 5 minutes depending on the physical activities of the subjected pilot.
The following course of action should be taken if gastrointestinal or cardiopulmonary complaints in flight crew occur before to take-oft: 1) take the standard medicines and advise the doctor on returning from the flight. 2) assess your own ability to fly, if necessary with the help of a doctor. 3) if in doubt about fitness to fly- do not fly! 4) reduce the cabin temperature, and drink before you are thirsty so as to avoid dehydration
2, 3
1, 3
1, 4
1, 2, 4
When flying through a thunderstorm with lightning you can protect yourself from flash blindness by: 1) turning up the intensity of cockpit lights 2) looking inside the cockpit 3) wearing sunglasses 4) using blinds or curtains when installed
3 and 4 are correct, 1 and 2 are false.
1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false.
1 and 2 are correct, 3 and 4 are false.
1, 2. 3 and 4 are correct.
How will hyperventilation cause the acid-base balance of the blood to be affected?
Hyperventilation causes too much oxygen to be removed from the blood causing the level of carbonic acid to fall.
Hyperventilation causes too much C02 to be removed from the blood causing the level of carbonic acid to rise.
Hyperventilation causes too much C02 to be removed from the blood causing the level of carbonic acid to fall.
Hyperventilation causes too much oxygen to be removed from the blood causing the level of carbonic acid to rise.
Empty field myopia is caused by:
lack of distant focal points.
atmospheric perspective.
ozone at altitude.
flying over mountainous terrain.
The blood-pressure depends on: 1) the work of the heart. 2) the peripheral resistance. 3) the elasticity of the arterial walls. 4) the blood volume and viscosity
1, 2, 3, 4
1, 2, 3
1, 3, 4
1, 2, 4
To resynchronize a circadian rhythm, it takes more time after:
south-north flights.
westbound flights.
north-south flights.
eastbound flights.
You should not dispense blood without prior information from your flight surgeon. The most important reason for this advice is:
you are more susceptible to hypoxia after a blood donation.
the chance you get the bends is higher after blood donation.
your blood-pressure is too low after blood donation.
your heart frequency is too low after blood donation.
To reduce the risk of coronary artery disease, exercise should be:
avoided double the resting heart rate for at least 20 minutes, three times a week.
since raising the heart rate shortens the life of the heart.
double the resting heart rate for at least an hour, five times a week.
triple the resting heart rate for 20 minutes, once a week.
With reference to the sleep/wake cycle of 'credit' and 'debit' system, 6 hours sleep will put the body in credit by:
6 hours.
8 hours.
10 hours.
12 hours.
The most dangerous type of incapacitation in flight is one that:
develops slowly and gradually (insidious).
occurs very quickly.
is not severe in its effect.
is temporary.
The operator should issue instructions concerning the consumption of alcohol by crew members. The instructions should be not less restrictive than the following (choose the correct wording of the official regulation):
the blood alcohol level should not exceed the lower of the national requirements or 0.1 per thousand at the commencement of the take-off.
the blood alcohol level should not exceed the lower of the national requirements or 0.1 per thousand at the start of a flight duty period.
alcohol can be consumed during the flight duty period or whilst on standby.
no alcohol should be consumed less than 8 hours prior to the specified reporting time for a flight duty period or the commencement of standby.
When consciously breathing fast or hyperventilating due to high arousal or overstress, the carbon dioxide level in the blood is lowered, resulting in:
a delay in the onset of hypoxia when flying at high altitudes.
the activation of the respiratory centre, which in turn causes hypoxia.
less oxygen to be diffused into the cells.
a poor saturation of oxygen in the blood.
The eye can fully adjust to:
high levels of illumination in 10 minutes and darkness in 1 hour.
high levels of illumination in 10 seconds and darkness in 30 minutes.
high levels of illumination in 30 minutes and darkness in 10 minutes.
high levels of illumination in 30 minutes and darkness in 10 seconds.
How should you scan for other traffic at night?
Scan the visual field very rapidly.
Look to the side of the object and scan rapidly.
Look to the side of the object and scan slowly.
Look above or below the object and scan rapidly.
What is a stroke?
A stroke occurs when blood supply to a certain part of the brain is cut off.
A stroke is a blood vessel rupture in the brain and internal bleeding will cause too high internal pressure.
A stroke is caused by angina to the heart.
A stroke occurs when blood supply to a certain part of an alveoli is cut off.
Colour vision is performed by three different classes of cones:
yellow, blue, red.
green, blue, yellow.
red, yellow, blue.
red, green, blue.
You fly VFR from your home base (runway width 27 m), to an international airport (runway width 45 m). On reaching your destination there is a risk of performing a:
high approach with overshoot.
high approach with undershoot.
low approach with overshoot.
low approach with undershoot.
What is astigmatism?
The inability to focus different meridians simultaneously (e.g. can not see vertical antenna and horizontal wires at the same time).
Can not see one or more colour.
Can not focus well on an object far away.
Reduced vision of only one eye.
When traveling in developing and tropical areas of the world, aircrew should avoid: 1) ice cubes in drinks 2) swimming in local lakes or rivers 3) eating unpeeled fruit 4) local ice cream and salads 5) wearing short clothing in the evenings
2, 3, 4, 5
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
1, 2, 3, 4
3, 4
If a crew is having a stop-over for less than 24 hrs before returning to their home base, what coping strategy should be used for jet lag?
Only have meals when it is daylight and sleep when it is dark, to ensure sufficient sleep credit.
Eat light meals only and have regular naps instead of proper sleep.
Change eating and sleeping cycle to stop-over (destination) time.
Maintain eating and sleeping cycle based on home time.
A shining light is fading out (i.e. when flying into fog, dust or haze). What kind of sensation could the pilot get?
The source of light moves away from him.
The light source will make the pilot believe, that he is climbing.
The source of light stands still.
The source of light is approaching him with increasing speed.
Myopia is commonly called:
farsightedness.
nearsightedness.
nutritional deficiency.
colour blindness.
Excessive intake of aspirin can cause:
memory impairment.
sensory loss.
fits.
gastric bleeding.
Which of the following gases is fundamentally responsible for decompression sickness?
O2
nitrogen
carbon dioxide
sodium
Which of the following statements is correct?
Hearing is the sense which collects most information in man.
70% of information processed by man enters via the visual channel.
40% of information processed by man enters via the visual channel.
The kinesthetic channel provides the most important information for flying.
What seem to be the main roles of orthodox (deep) sleep?
Via physical recovery, it is characterised by an alternation of dream phases and paradoxical phases.
It is confined to physical recuperation associated with fatigue.
Its main role is associated with activities of memory activities and restoration of attention capabilities.
It essentially allows for physical recovery.
When turning in IMC, head movements should be avoided as much as possible. This is a prevention against:
pressure vertigo.
autokinesis.
oculogyral illusion.
Coriolis illusion.
Including REM, how many stages of sleep are there?
Three
Five
Four
Two
What is the name of the functional connection between neurones?
Occlusion
By-pass
Interconnection
Synapse
The part of the eye that bends the light the most is:
fluid in the eye.
the iris.
the lens.
the cornea.
Out of the list of possible measures to counteract hyperventilation, the most effective measure is:
breathe into a plastic or paper bag.
hold breath.
avoid strenuous flight manoeuvres.
speak soothingly and get the person to breathe slowly.
Ozone:
consists of molecular oxygen.
consists of oxygen and nitrogen.
consists of atomic hydrogen.
consists of molecular hydrogen.
Which of the following statements are correct? 1) Scuba diving may be practised without restriction. 2) Many medicines have effects which are incompatible with flight safety. 3) An adequate amount of fluid should be drunk when flying. 4) Diet has no repercussion on health.
1, 3, 4
2, 3
1, 2, 3
2, 3, 4
What are the main effects of a lack of sleep on performance?
It increases fatigue and concentration difficulties, but facilitates stress management by muscular relaxation.
It increases fatigue, reduces concentration and increases the risk of sensory illusions and mood disorders.
It causes muscular spasms.
It reduces concentration and fatigue only with sleep loss greater than 48 hours.
Which of the following statements is/are correct? 1) REM-sleep becomes shorter with any repeated sleep cycle during the night. 2) REM-sleep is more important for the regeneration of mental functions than all the other sleep stages are.
1 is correct 2 is not correct.
1 and 2 are false.
1 is not correct 2 is correct.
1 and 2 are both correct.
The chemical substance responsible for addiction to tobacco is:
carbon monoxide.
tar.
the combination of nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide.
nicotine.
Which statement is correct? 1) Smokers have a greater chance of suffering from coronary heart disease. 2) Smoking tobacco will raise the individuals physiological altitude during flight. 3) Smokers have a greater chance for lung cancer.
2 and 3 are correct, 1 is false.
1 and 2 are correct, 3 is false.
1 and 3 are correct, 2 is false.
1, 2 and 3 are correct.
Colour Blindness:
affects acuity.
may be subtle and only detected using specialised tests.
is more common in first born males.
may be treated by laser surgery.
Coriolis illusion, causing spatial disorientation is the result of:
undergoing positive G.
simultaneous head movements during aircraft manoeuvres.
gazing in the direction of a flashing light.
normal deterioration of the semicircular canals with age.
Carbon dioxide:
is increased in the blood and the brain during hyperventilation.
is a normal product of internal respiration.
may reach toxic levels in the flight deck due to incomplete fuel combustion.
is approximately 13% of ambient air at Flight Level 180.
During flight all crew members have one or more of the following symptoms: 1) blue lips. 2) mental disturbances. 3) tingling sensations in arms and/or legs. 4) reduction of peripheral vision. Which is the possible cause?
Hypothermia.
Glaucoma.
Hypoxia.
Hypoglycaemia.
In tropical zones, it is recommended that:
one eats raw vegetables.
one uses ice cubes in cold drinks.
cold drinks be taken from sealed containers.
one eats fruit without peeling them, to ensure a supply of vitamins.
What is a true statement regarding cosmic radiation?
it is mainly an alpha-type radiation.
it is of highest intensity at high latitudes.
it is mainly emitted by the sun.
its intensity increases as your altitude decreases.
What is meant by metabolism?
Information exchange.
The generation and utilisation of energy by the body's cells and tissues.
Transfer of chemical messages.
Exchange of substances between the lung and the blood.
Sleeplessness or the disruption of sleeping patterns: 1) can lead to symptoms of drowsiness, irritability and lack of concentration. 2) will make an individual more prone to make errors.
1 and 2 are both correct.
1 is not correct, 2 is correct.
1 is correct, 2 is not correct.
1 and 2 are both not correct.
Which symptom of hypoxia is the most dangerous for conducting safe flight?
Dizziness.
The interference of reasoning and perceptive functions.
Lack of adaptation.
Lack of accommodation.
After scuba diving (more than 30 feet of depth) you have to wait a period of time before flying again. This period is at least:
48 hours.
12 hours.
6 hours.
24 hours.
Alcohol, when taken simultaneously with drugs, may:
intensify the effects of the drugs.
compensate for side effects of drugs.
show undesired effects only during night flights.
increase the rate of alcohol elimination from the blood.
Which is correct? 1) Paradoxic (REM) sleep refreshes the brain, memory and body. 2) Paradoxic (REM) sleep decreases during the night.
1, 2
1
2
Neither
Which one of the following statements is correct regarding REM sleep?
REM sleep primarily re-vitalises your body, not your brain.
REM sleep re-vitalises your brain after strenuous mental activity.
REM sleep consists of four stages.
REM sleep creates a high degree of muscular activity in your body.
The mechanism of accommodation is controlled by:
the functioning of the muscles of the eye.
the elasticity of the optic nerves.
the functioning of the ciliary muscle around the lens.
the diameter of the pupil.
The human performance is generally:
always better in the evening than in the morning.
better very early in the morning.
better when relaxed, independent of the period of day.
constant throughout the day.
An altitude where the pressure is half of that at sea level a person will have to:
breathe pure oxygen.
breathe pressurized oxygen.
use supplementary oxygen.
breathe slow to avoid hypoxia.
On average most human adults require approximately how many hours sleep per night?
6 hrs
4 hrs
10 hrs
8 hrs
Illuminated anti-collision lights in IMC:
can cause colour-illusions.
will improve the pilot's depth perception.
will effect the pilot's binocular vision.
can cause disorientation.
Suppose you make an IMC go-around in a high-speed. Which of the following illusions are you likely to experience?
Nose down attitude.
Coriolis force.
Nose up attitude.
Autokinesis.
What is the major factor in the general population which predisposes an individual to heart attack?
Family history.
The amount of saturated fats in the diet.
High blood pressure.
Smoking.
What can a pilot do to avoid flicker vertigo when flying in the clouds?
Engage the autopilot until breaking the clouds.
Dim the cockpit lights to avoid reflections.
Switch strobe-lights off.
Fly straight and level and avoid head movements.
Sunglasses with variable filtration (phototrope glasses):
are ideal, as long as there are no polarisation effects.
are advantageous for pilots.
can have disadvantages when used in the cockpit due to their dependence on ultraviolet light which is screened by the cockpit glass.
are generally forbidden for pilots.
The requirement of good sunglasses is to:
eliminate distortion in aircraft windshields.
fit to the pilot's individual taste.
absorb enough visible light to eliminate glare without decreasing visual acuity, absorb UV radiation and absorb all colours equally.
increase the time for dark adaptation.
The blood in the pulmonary artery is:
lacking in oxygen and rich in carbon dioxide.
lacking in both oxygen and carbon dioxide.
rich in oxygen and lacking in carbon dioxide.
rich in both oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Barotrauma of the sinuses of the nose (aerosinusit is):
only occurs during flying and never during diving.
is an irritation of sinuses by abuse of nose sprays.
is only caused by colds and their effects.
is caused by differences in pressure between the sinus cavities and the outside air pressure.
Visual disturbances can be caused by: 1) hyperventilation 2) hypoxia 3) hypertension 4) fatigue
1, 2, 4
1, 2, 3, 4
1, 2, 3
2, 3, 4
A sloping cloud formation, an obscured horizon and a dark scene spread with ground lights and stars can create an illusion known as:
false horizon.
Coriolis illusion.
autokinesis.
elevator illusion.
Flying from Frankfurt to Moscow you will have a lay-over of 4 days. What time measure is relevant for your circadian rhythm on the 3rd day?
ZT (zonal time).
MEZ (middle european time).
LT (local time).
UTC (universal time coordinated).
The body loses water via: 1) the skin and the lungs. 2) the kidneys
both are false.
1 is correct and 2 is not correct.
1 is not correct and 2 is correct.
1 and 2 are correct.
The organ that transfers vibrations to nerve impulses in your ear is called:
the cochlea.
the ossicles.
the otolith organs.
the semicircular canals.
What is the maximum EASA blood/alcohol limit for flight and cabin crew?
20 milligrams per 100 milliliters of blood.
10 milligrams per 100 milliliters of blood.
80 milligrams per 100 milliliters of blood.
40 milligrams per 100 milliliters of blood.
Does noise (above 90 dB) improve performance?
Never.
Depends upon the awareness of the individual.
Sometimes.
Yes.
A pilot, climbing in a non-pressurised aircraft and without using supplemental oxygen will pass the "critical threshold" at approximately:
38 000 ft
12 000 ft
16 000 ft
20 000 ft
Breathing 100% oxygen at 40 000 ft is equivalent to breathing ambient air at:
14 000 ft
8 000 ft
10 000 ft
18 000 ft
Hypoglycaemia can be caused by:
excessive g forces.
not eating regularly or fasting.
excessive sugar in the blood.
otic barotraumas.
What should a pilot do to keep his night vision (scotopic vision)?
Avoid food containing high amounts of vitamin A.
Not smoke before start and during flight and avoid flash-blindness.
Wait at least 60 minutes to night-adapt before he takes off.
Select meals with high contents of vitamin B and C.
You fly VFR from your home base (runway width 45 m) to a small airfield (runway width 25 m). On reaching your destination there is a risk of performing a:
low approach with undershoot.
high approach with overshoot.
high approach with undershoot.
low approach with overshoot.
How much of our knowledge is acquired through sight?
85%
75%
50%
90%
Which one of the following statements is correct regarding the use of cockpit lighting for night flight?
Reducing the light intensity to a minimum level will eliminate blind spots.
Colouration shown on maps is least affected by the use of direct red lighting.
Cockpit lighting may only be used during short intervals to protect the light adaption.
The use of regular white light, such as flashlight, will impair night adaption.
