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Endocrine glands

Total questions: 96

Worksheet time: 48mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Which gland is located in the brain and is responsible for regulating many bodily functions?

a)

Pituitary gland

b)

Thyroid gland

c)

Adrenal gland

d)

Pancreas

2.

Which gland is found behind the stomach?

a)

Pancreas

b)

Thyroid

c)

Adrenal

d)

Pituitary

3.

Which gland is located in the neck region?

a)

Thyroid gland

b)

Adrenal gland

c)

Pituitary gland

d)

Pancreas

4.

Which gland is responsible for producing hormones that regulate sleep-wake cycles?

a)

Pineal gland

b)

Pituitary gland

c)

Thyroid gland

d)

Adrenal gland

5.

Which glands are located above the kidneys?

a)

Adrenal glands

b)

Pituitary glands

c)

Thyroid glands

d)

Salivary glands

6.

Which gland is found in the lower abdomen and is different in males and females?

a)

Ovaries (in females) or Testes (in males)

b)

Pituitary gland

c)

Thyroid gland

d)

Pineal gland

7.

Which type of regulation involves signaling molecules traveling through the bloodstream to reach target cells?

a)

Endocrine regulation

b)

Paracrine regulation

c)

Autocrine regulation

8.

Which type of regulation involves signaling molecules affecting nearby cells?

a)

Endocrine regulation

b)

Paracrine regulation

c)

Autocrine regulation

9.

Refer to the diagram titled 'Types of Intercellular Signaling'. ________ regulation occurs when a cell releases signaling molecules that act on itself.

a)

Autocrine

b)

Paracrine

c)

Endocrine

d)

Juxtacrine

10.

Fill in the blank: __________ signaling involves chemical messengers (hormones) released from endocrine glands into the bloodstream, traveling long distances to reach target cells in different tissues or organs.

a)

Endocrine

b)

Paracrine

c)

Autocrine

d)

Synaptic

11.

Fill in the blank: __________ signaling occurs when a cell secretes a signal (ligand) that diffuses through the extracellular fluid to bind to and affect neighboring cells.

a)

Paracrine

b)

Autocrine

c)

Endocrine

d)

Juxtacrine

12.

Fill in the blank: __________ signaling is when a cell releases a substance (a signal molecule) that then binds to its own receptors on the same cell.

a)

Autocrine

b)

Paracrine

c)

Endocrine

d)

Synaptic

13.

Which of the following is NOT a main way the hypothalamus functions?

a)

A) Via control of the pituitary

b)

B) Via control of the autonomic nervous system

c)

C) Via control of behaviour

d)

D) Via control of the spinal cord

14.

The hypothalamus controls puberty, ovulation, parturition, lactation, and testicular function via control of the _________.

a)

pituitary

b)

thyroid

c)

adrenal gland

d)

pancreas

15.

Which of the following is regulated by the hypothalamus via control of the autonomic nervous system?

a)

Eating

b)

BP (blood pressure)

c)

Ovulation

d)

Growth

16.

The hypothalamus influences eating, drinking, salt appetite, and aspects of fear/flight/fight behaviour via control of ________.

a)

behaviour

b)

temperature

c)

hormones

d)

reflexes

17.

Which of the following is NOT listed as a function controlled by the hypothalamus via the pituitary?

a)

Basal metabolic rate

b)

Cardiac output

c)

Energy metabolism

d)

Growth

18.

Refer to the diagram of the hypothalamus-anterior pituitary relationship. Which of the following neurones is responsible for releasing dopamine?

a)

Cholinergic neurone

b)

Adrenergic neurone

c)

Dopaminergic neurone

d)

Other neurones

19.

Refer to the diagram of the hypothalamus-anterior pituitary relationship. The hypothalamic hormone is ______ before being released into the primary capillary plexus.

a)

transported

b)

degraded

c)

stored

d)

oxidized

20.

Which structure releases the hypothalamic hormone into the anterior pituitary?

a)

Sinuses

b)

Primary capillary plexus

c)

Neural pathways

d)

Artery

21.

Refer to the diagram of the hypothalamus-anterior pituitary relationship. The hypothalamic hormone is first synthesised in the ______.

a)

Hypothalamic 'centre'

b)

Anterior pituitary gland

c)

Posterior pituitary gland

d)

Pineal gland

22.

Fill in the blank: Chemoreceptors in the hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary as part of long loop feedback. They are specific for ________, androgen, cortisol and thyroxine.

a)

estrogen

b)

insulin

c)

glucagon

d)

prolactin

23.

Fill in the blank: Thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus perceive changes in body temperature, initiate shivering and sweating responses, metabolic rate, appetite and ________ changes.

a)

behavioral

b)

hormonal

c)

digestive

d)

respiratory

24.

Fill in the blank: Glucoreceptors in the hypothalamus respond to hypoglycemia and cause GH, ACTH and ________ release.

a)

norepinephrine

b)

insulin

c)

thyroxine

d)

prolactin

25.

Fill in the blank: Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus respond to changes in ________ of the blood.

a)

osmolality

b)

temperature

c)

pH

d)

pressure

26.

Fill in the blank: Baroreceptors in the hypothalamus respond to low blood volume and stimulate ________ release. Located in the thorax.

a)

ADH

b)

Insulin

c)

Aldosterone

d)

Glucagon

27.

What does positive feedback do in hormonal control?

a)

Reverses the direction of change

b)

Augments the direction of change

c)

Maintains physiologic normal

d)

Shuts down the gland

28.

If hormone level is high, what happens to the gland in positive feedback?

a)

The gland is shut down

b)

The gland is stimulated

c)

The gland is unaffected

d)

The hormone level drops

29.

Negative feedback ______ the direction of change back to physiologic normal.

a)

reverses

b)

accelerates

c)

ignores

d)

stabilizes

30.

If hormone level is too high, what happens to the gland in negative feedback?

a)

The gland is stimulated

b)

The gland is shut down

c)

The hormone level increases

d)

The hormone level remains the same

31.

Refer to the diagram of feedback control. Which feedback loop connects the target back to the hypothalamus?

a)

Ultra short loop feedback

b)

Short loop feedback

c)

Long loop feedback

d)

Direct feedback

32.

Which type of stimulus for hormone release is triggered by the direct change in the levels of ions or nutrients in the blood?

a)

Humoral Stimuli

b)

Hormonal Stimuli

c)

Neural Stimuli

33.

The parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone in response to low blood calcium levels. This is an example of which type of stimulus for hormone release?

a)

Humoral Stimuli

b)

Hormonal Stimuli

c)

Neural Stimuli

34.

Which type of stimulus for hormone release involves a hormone stimulating the release of another hormone from an endocrine gland?

a)

Humoral Stimuli

b)

Hormonal Stimuli

c)

Neural Stimuli

35.

The hypothalamus releases hormones that stimulate the pituitary gland to release its own hormones. This is an example of which type of stimulus for hormone release?

a)

Humoral Stimuli

b)

Hormonal Stimuli

c)

Neural Stimuli

36.

Which type of stimulus for hormone release involves nerve impulses directly stimulating the release of hormones from glands?

a)

Humoral Stimuli

b)

Hormonal Stimuli

c)

Neural Stimuli

37.

The sympathetic nervous system stimulates the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine during a "fight-or-flight" response. This is an example of which type of stimulus for hormone release?

a)

Humoral Stimuli

b)

Hormonal Stimuli

c)

Neural Stimuli

38.

Fill in the blank: The hormone produced by Somatotrophs in the anterior pituitary is _______.

a)

Growth hormone

b)

Prolactin

c)

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

d)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

39.

Fill in the blank: The hormone produced by Lactotrophs in the anterior pituitary is _______.

a)

Prolactin

b)

Growth hormone

c)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

d)

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

40.

Fill in the blank: The hormone produced by Thyrotropes in the anterior pituitary is _______.

a)

TSH (Thyrotropin)

b)

ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)

c)

GH (Growth Hormone)

d)

FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)

41.

Fill in the blank: The hormone produced by Corticotropes in the anterior pituitary is _______.

a)

ACTH (Corticotropin)

b)

TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)

c)

GH (Growth Hormone)

d)

FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)

42.

Fill in the blank: The hormones produced by Gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary are _______ and _______.

a)

FSH, LH

b)

TSH, ACTH

c)

GH, Prolactin

d)

MSH, Oxytocin

43.

Which of the following hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?

a)

ADH (arginine vasopressin)

b)

Oxytocin

c)

Both A and B

d)

None of the above

44.

ADH stands for ________ vasopressin.

a)

arginine

b)

adenine

c)

aspartic

d)

alanine

45.

Where are the hormones released by the posterior pituitary synthesized?

a)

In the posterior pituitary

b)

In the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

c)

In the anterior pituitary

d)

In the axoplasm

46.

What is the number of amino acids in the growth hormone polypeptide?

a)

150

b)

191

c)

200

d)

175

47.

Growth hormone is synthesized, stored, and secreted by ______ in the anterior pituitary.

a)

somatotrophs

b)

corticotrophs

c)

thyrotrophs

d)

gonadotrophs

48.

Which hypothalamic hormone stimulates the release of growth hormone (GH)?

a)

Somatostatin

b)

GHRH

c)

Ghrelin

d)

Insulin

49.

Somatostatin stimulates GH release.

a)

True

b)

False

50.

Ghrelin, produced by the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and stomach, also stimulates ______ secretion.

a)

GH

b)

TSH

c)

ACTH

d)

FSH

51.

Which of the following is a factor that stimulates Growth Hormone (GH) secretion?

a)

Sleep

b)

Hyperglycaemia

c)

Hypothyroidism

d)

Glucocorticoids

52.

Which of the following is a factor that stimulates Growth Hormone (GH) secretion?

a)

Exercise

b)

Hyperglycaemia

c)

Hypothyroidism

d)

Glucocorticoids

53.

Which of the following is a factor that stimulates Growth Hormone (GH) secretion?

a)

A) Physical stress

b)

B) Hyperglycaemia

c)

C) Hypothyroidism

d)

D) Glucocorticoids

54.

Which of the following is a factor that stimulates Growth Hormone (GH) secretion?

a)

A) Trauma

b)

B) Hyperglycaemia

c)

C) Hypothyroidism

d)

D) Glucocorticoids

55.

Which of the following is a factor that stimulates Growth Hormone (GH) secretion?

a)

Acute illness

b)

Hyperglycaemia

c)

Hypothyroidism

d)

Glucocorticoids

56.

Which of the following is a factor that stimulates Growth Hormone (GH) secretion?

a)

Puberty

b)

Hyperglycaemia

c)

Hypothyroidism

d)

Glucocorticoids

57.

Which of the following is a factor that stimulates Growth Hormone (GH) secretion?

a)

Fasting

b)

Hyperglycaemia

c)

Hypothyroidism

d)

Glucocorticoids

58.

Which of the following is a factor that stimulates Growth Hormone (GH) secretion?

a)

Hypoglycemia

b)

Hyperglycaemia

c)

Hypothyroidism

d)

Glucocorticoids

59.

Which of the following is a factor that inhibits Growth Hormone (GH) release?

a)

A) Hyperglycaemia

b)

B) Sleep

c)

C) Exercise

d)

D) Trauma

60.

Which of the following is a factor that inhibits Growth Hormone (GH) release?

a)

Hypothyroidism

b)

Sleep

c)

Exercise

d)

Trauma

61.

Which of the following is a factor that inhibits Growth Hormone (GH) release?

a)

Glucocorticoids

b)

Sleep

c)

Exercise

d)

Trauma

62.

Which of the following is NOT an effect of GH (Growth Hormone)?

a)

A) Linear growth

b)

B) Bone thickness

c)

C) Decreased blood glucose

d)

D) Protein synthesis

63.

GH causes an increase in which of the following? (Select all that apply)

a)

Linear growth

b)

Bone thickness

c)

Soft tissue growth

d)

Protein synthesis

e)

Fatty acid release from adipose tissue

64.

Fill in the blank: GH causes an increase in ________ growth.

a)

Linear

b)

Circular

c)

Irregular

d)

Stunted

65.

GH deficiency can cause poor growth and short stature.

a)

True

b)

False

66.

Mitogenic action of GH is mediated through increased synthesis of which molecule produced by the liver?

a)

IGF-1 (somatomedin C)

b)

Insulin

c)

Glucagon

d)

Cortisol

67.

Fill in the blank: GH causes an increase in ________ release from adipose tissue.

a)

Fatty acid

b)

Glucose

c)

Amino acid

d)

Insulin

68.

GH causes a decrease in insulin resistance.

a)

True

b)

False

69.

Fill in the blank: GH causes an increase in ________ synthesis.

a)

Protein

b)

Lipid

c)

Carbohydrate

d)

Nucleic acid

70.

Mitogenic action of GH is mediated through increased synthesis of IGF-1 produced by the liver.

a)

True

b)

False

71.

What is prolactin?

a)

A) A steroid hormone made in the adrenal gland

b)

B) A 199 amino acid peptide made in anterior pituitary lactotrophs

c)

C) A neurotransmitter released by neurons

d)

D) An enzyme produced in the pancreas

72.

How is the regulation of prolactin unique?

a)

It is secreted only when stimulated by dopamine

b)

It is consistently secreted unless actively inhibited by dopamine

c)

It is regulated by thyroid hormones

d)

It is secreted only during pregnancy

73.

Fill in the blank: Serum levels of prolactin are increased by _________.

a)

Dopamine antagonists, states of primary hypothyroidism, administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), pituitary tumors

b)

Glucocorticoid therapy, hypercalcemia, dehydration, adrenal tumors

c)

Beta-blockers, hypoglycemia, vitamin D deficiency, liver cirrhosis

d)

Insulin resistance, hypernatremia, chronic kidney disease, pancreatic tumors

74.

Which of the following increases serum levels of prolactin?

a)

Dopamine agonists

b)

Pituitary tumors

c)

Destruction of the pituitary

d)

None of the above

75.

Serum levels of prolactin are decreased by:

a)

Dopamine antagonists

b)

Administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

c)

Dopamine agonists

d)

States of primary hypothyroidism

76.

Fill in the blank: Destruction of the ________ decreases serum levels of prolactin.

a)

pituitary

b)

thyroid

c)

adrenal gland

d)

pancreas

77.

What is the primary physiological role of prolactin?

a)

Initiation and maintenance of lactation.

b)

Regulation of blood glucose levels.

c)

Stimulation of thyroid hormone production.

d)

Control of adrenal cortex activity.

78.

Prolactin prepares the breasts for lactation and stimulates milk production postpartum.

a)

True

b)

False

79.

During pregnancy, prolactin stimulates the development of the milk-secretory apparatus but lactation does not occur because of high levels of ______ and ______.

a)

estrogen and progesterone

b)

oxytocin and relaxin

c)

FSH and LH

d)

insulin and glucagon

80.

After delivery, when estrogen and progesterone drop, what signals prolactin release and initiates lactation?

a)

Suckling and nipple stimulation

b)

Increased cortisol levels

c)

Decreased oxytocin secretion

d)

Elevated thyroid hormone

81.

What are the two glycoprotein chains that make up Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)?

a)

A) Alpha and Gamma

b)

B) Alpha and Beta

c)

C) Beta and Gamma

d)

D) Alpha and Delta

82.

The alpha subunit of TSH is identical to which other glycoproteins?

a)

FSH, LH, and HCG

b)

T4, T3, and TRH

c)

Dopamine, Somatostatin, and Glucocorticoids

d)

Insulin, Glucagon, and Cortisol

83.

Fill in the blank: The beta subunit of TSH consists of ____ amino acids and is specific for TSH.

a)

112

b)

89

c)

130

d)

98

84.

TSH is stored in secretory granules and released into circulation in response to ______ from the hypothalamus.

a)

TRH

b)

CRH

c)

GnRH

d)

GHRH

85.

Which hormones are released from the thyroid gland in response to stimulation by TSH?

a)

Insulin and Glucagon

b)

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)

c)

Dopamine and Somatostatin

d)

Cortisol and Aldosterone

86.

TRH and TSH are inhibited by which of the following?

a)

Dopamine, Somatostatin, Glucocorticoids, and negative feedback inhibition by T3

b)

Insulin, Glucagon, and Cortisol

c)

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)

d)

FSH, LH, and HCG

87.

What is the result of deficiency of TSH in the thyroid gland?

a)

Hyperthyroidism

b)

Inactivity of the thyroid gland causing hypothyroidism

c)

Increased metabolic rate

d)

Increased protein synthesis

88.

Excess TSH results in hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the thyroid gland causing _________

a)

hyperthyroidism

b)

hypothyroidism

c)

goiter

d)

cretinism

89.

Which of the following is a function of thyroid hormones related to metabolism?

a)

Decrease oxygen consumption

b)

Increase oxygen consumption, metabolic rate and heat production

c)

Decrease metabolic rate

d)

Decrease heat production

90.

Thyroid hormones promote long bone growth and are critical for proper maturation and differentiation of brain cells.

a)

True

b)

False

91.

How do thyroid hormones affect cardiovascular function?

a)

Decrease heart rate

b)

Increase catecholamine effect, heart rate, contractility, and cardiac output, increasing blood flow and oxygen delivery to tissues

c)

Decrease cardiac output

d)

Decrease oxygen delivery to tissues

92.

Thyroid hormones influence protein synthesis, fat and carbohydrate utilisation, and overall cellular differentiation and function.

a)

True

b)

False

93.

ACTH is a ______ amino acid peptide derived from proopiomelanocortin.

a)

39

b)

21

c)

15

d)

45

94.

The secretion of ACTH is regulated by ______.

a)

corticotropin-releasing hormone

b)

thyrotropin-releasing hormone

c)

growth hormone-releasing hormone

d)

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

95.

ACTH is secreted in a diurnal pattern and acts on the adrenal cortex to stimulate ______ synthesis and secretion.

a)

cortisol

b)

insulin

c)

thyroxine

d)

glucagon

96.

ACTH and cortisol are highest in the ______ at the time of waking.

a)

morning

b)

afternoon

c)

evening

d)

midnight

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