Active listening

Give empathic remarks

Establish good rapport

Many close ended questions

Allow patient to talk excessively

Lithium

Haloperidol

Quetiapine

Sodium valproate

Carbamazepine

Appear aloof

Poor judgement

Appear eccentric

Rule breaking is typical

Believes in magical thinking

Late onset

Presented with mood symptoms

Family history of schizophrenia

Dominant position syndrome

Treatment resistant

The prognosis is generally poor

Patient voluntarily induce symptoms

It is more prevalent in male than female

Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure is an example

Likely associated with another neurological disorder

Infection is a risk factor if puerperal psychosis

Schizophrenia has a low risk of relapse

Bipolar disorder has a high risk of relapse

Relative infant dosage below 10% is safe to prescribe during pregnancy

Peripartum onset is during pregnancy and within 4 weeks after delivery

Psychotropic medication must be discontinued during pregnancy

The use of lithium in pregnancy increases the incidence of birth defects

Teratogenic risk of psychotropic drugs is the highest in the third trimester

A minimum number of psychotropic medications with the lowest effective dosage must be used

Person-centered therapy

Required to do homework/task

Encourage to teach patient to become their own therapist

Change of thought can lead to positive change of behaviour and emotions

Relate behaviour to emotion/unconscious feeling

Akathisia is one of the EPSE

Some of the acute dystonia can cause respiratory depression

Atypical antipsychotics does not cause EPSE

Stop medication directly in tardive dyskinesia

Anticholinergic can be used to treat parkinsonism EPSE

Running commentary

Thought block

Made affect

Delusional perception

Commanding auditory hallucination

Inner space

Ideological

Spontaneously

Vivid imaginary from true perception

Hypnopompic hallucination is subtype of pseudohallucination

Willing to receive treatment

Know the illnesses

Patients agree with all the doctor says

Know that it is related to psychological problems

Aware of the importance of treatment

Stroke

Hemophilia A

Hyperuricaemia

Intellectual disabilities

Rheumatoid arthritis

Initial dementia workup includes Vitamin B12 and folate

The symptom of Alzheimer’s disease is stepwise progression

Management of vascular dementia is by managing cardiovascular risk factor

MMSE is an assessment of all lobes of the brain

Pharmacotherapy is the first approach in the management of BPSD

Glasgow coma scale

Duration of retrograde amnesia

Duration of loss of consciousness

Duration of post-traumatic amnesia

Presence of subarachnoid hemorrhage

Depression

Acute dystonia

Peri-ictal psychosis

Inter-ictal psychosis

Neurocognitive impairment

It is not possible to be mindful at all times

Mindfulness is better than relaxation technique

Mindfulness trains one to multitask

Mindfulness means being present in the moment

Mindfulness can reduce pain

Absent checking with adult caregiver

History of extremes of insufficient care

Does not meet criteria for autism spectrum disorder

Culturally inappropriate, over-friendliness with relative strangers

Marked emotional inhibition and response to adult caregivers

Orgasm

Attraction

Excitation

Stimulation

Resolution

Lithium

Quetiapine

Sodium Valproate

Benzodiazepines

Haloperidol

Commonly feigns symptoms

Gain benefit of playing sick role

Excessive worry even with minimal symptoms of illness

Presence of altered voluntary motor and sensory function

Hypersomnia

Irritability

Thoughts of worthlessness

Decreased need for sleep

Recurrent thoughts of death

Hyperuricemia

Atrial fibrillation

Bronchial asthma

Knee osteoarthritis

Congestive heart failure

Unlearned

Repressed

Modified

Measured

Internalised

Intramuscular procyclidine is treatment for acute dystonia

Benzodiazepines is the first line medication in delirium tremens

Benzodiazepines can worsen delirium secondary to general medical conditions

PFA is conducted when encountering in person with distress and following crisis

It is important in obtaining detailed information before conducting PFA

Principle in PFA is look, listen and link

Mental health professional is main person to conduct PFA

Help others to solve problems is priority in PFA

Setting up

Strategy and summary

Showing empathy

Intervention

Invitations to share knowledge

Polycystic ovaries syndrome

Hyperthyroidism

Hypothyroidism

Hyperparathyroidism

Ischemic heart disease

Mood stabilizing antipsychotic is more preferable rather than mood stabiliser in continuation during pregnancy

The risk of relapse is higher if mood stabiliser is not given during pregnancy

The risk of relapse is low after delivery

Lithium is best avoided during pregnancy

Lamotrigine can cause Epstein anomaly to the fetus

De-escalation techniques is the initial step of management

Breakaway and restraint require formal training

Physical restraint can use without chemical tranquilisation

Benzodiazepine are used as tranquilisation if the suspect cause of aggression is alcohol intoxication

If stimulant withdrawal was the suspect cause of aggression, benzodiazepine is used as pharmacological agent for tranquilization

Roll with resistance

Anticipating abstinence

Develop dissociation

Express empathy

Support self-efficacy

Delusion

Hallucination

Phobia

Flight of ideas

Derailment

Transference

Genuineness

Empathy

Dream analysis

Unconditional positive regard

Primary gain present

Symptoms are deliberate

More common in woman

The presented symptoms are associated with CNS

La belle indifférence features

Male more common than female

Monozygotic twin > dizygotic twin

High risk to relapse in environment of high expressed emotional

High in low class

2% population

Can cause tardive dyskinesia for long-term usage

More likely causes more metabolic syndrome compared to olanzapine

Postural hypotension is a common side effect

Potentially cause prolactin elevation

Can reduce suicidality

Oral

Anal

Libido

Fixation

Latent

May present with mania or hypomania episode

A depressive symptom is necessary to diagnose Bipolar I disorder

A depressive symptom is necessary to diagnose Bipolar II disorder

Hospital admission is indicated in manic rather than hypomanic episode

Main difference between manic and hypomanic episodes is the duration of symptoms

Male are much more likely compared to female to be killed by suicide

Elderly have lower risk of dying from suicide compared to young people

Sudden calmness after distress is a warning sign

Borderline personality disorder is a risk factor

Lithium

Carbamazepine

Sodium Valproate

Clozapine

Olanzapine

Catatonia

Severe mania

Substance induced psychotic disorder

Antisocial personality disorder

MDD with high suicidal risk

It is also known as multiple personality disorder

Each identity might have its own name, age, gender, way of thinking, feelings and behaviour

Individuals tend to experience flashbacks of traumatic events as if they were recurring

There is persistent effort to avoid distressing memory associated with traumatic events

There are recurrent memory gaps of daily events that are inconsistent with ordinary memory loss

Apathy

Visual hallucinations

Delusion of reference

Agitation

Ambivalence

Cold emotion

Paranoid ideation

Weird magical thinking

Suicide threat

Disorientation

Decline in executive functioning

Word finding difficulty

Amnesia

Fluctuating attention

Focus on prevention and early intervention

Mainstay of treatment focus on pharmacology

Detect early relapse for hospital admission

Provide service in restricted setting

Acute in onset

Patients with the disease rarely are seen initially by a psychiatrist

The patients are preoccupied with fear about the seriousness of their symptoms

Frequent laboratory tests shall be performed to reassure the patients

Direct confrontation is an effective approach to reduce the patient’s distress

Job placement according to individual’s interest

On-the-job training

Provision of one-time job support

Collaboration of treatment team and employers

Immediate job placement in integrated mainstream work setting

To reduce pain

To relax

Focus on present moment

Can pay attention with flexibility

Identify cognitive error

A leading cause of death in youth

SAFE-T is not a reliable assessment

Difference between deliberate self-harm and suicide is the intention

Inpatient must monitor chart and remove dangerous objects

Malaysia Mental Health Act states that suicidal patient can be admitted to ward by sole signature of psychiatrist

Atypical antipsychotics cannot cause EPSE

Anticholinergic agent can be used to treat Parkinsonian EPSE

EPSE can be caused by antiemetic

Treatment involves immediate withdrawal of antipsychotic

Categories of EPSE include tardive dyskinesia, acute dystonia, and akathisia

Delirium can be reliably assessed by using the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM)

Pharmacological treatment of delirium involves the use of benzodiazepines

Delirium is unlikely in individual who has history of illicit substance intoxication

Delirium can be caused by medication that is used to treat medical condition

In a disoriented patient who is occasionally oriented to time, place, and person, delirium can be excluded

Flight of ideas is an indication for mania

Hallucinations are abnormal thought content

It is done via observation and interviewing

Insight can be assessed using the burning-house scenario

Components of speech assessed are rate, tone and amount

Coldness

Paranoid ideation

Belief in psychic phenomenon

Aggressiveness and impulsivity

Self-destructive behaviour such as suicide threats

Pattern of thinking

Unconscious modes of perception

Process of knowing the world

Motivational approach in life

Behavioural

Headache is one of the symptoms of PTSD

Detachment from body is one of the dissociative symptoms of trauma

The diagnosis of PTSD is made immediately after exposure to traumatic event

Flashback memory is one of the intrusive symptoms of PTSD

The main difference between adjustment disorder and PTSD is the absence of traumatic event in adjustment disorder

Theory of Maslow

Cognitive learning theory

Behavioural learning theory

Theory of planned behaviour

Freud psychoanalysis theory

Anhedonia

Apathy

Alogia

Aphasia

Apraxia

Clozapine

Quetiapine

Fluvoxamine

Lithium

Diazepam

Regular team meeting

Frequent contact with client

Support for family and carers

Carry bigger caseloads for community

Emphasis on engagement and medication adherence

Old age and family history of Alzheimer’s increase the risk factor

Gradual deterioration is a characteristic of vascular dementia

The risk increases twofold every five years after age 60

Early non-cognitive changes in frontotemporal dementia include disinhibition, impulsivity, loss of empathy

Hypertension and past history of stroke increase risk for Alzheimer’s

Not important to know the subtypes of major NCD

Pharmacological intervention greatly improves quality of life

GI disturbances are common side effects

Once diagnosed, manage holistically

Pharmacological intervention is the initial management for major NCD

Validating patient’s difficulty taking medication

Convincing her that medication helps mood

Give an anti-anxiety medication before insulin

Give reassurance she can cope

Understanding coping strategies under stress

Lithium

Sodium valproate

Carbamazepine

Olanzapine

Lorazepam

20-year-old with severe intellectual disability

40-year-old with alcohol intoxication

80-year-old with Alzheimer’s

30-year-old with auditory hallucination and persecutory delusion

35-year-old Jehovah’s Witness refusing blood transfusion but understands consequences

Difficulty in organizing task and activities

Difficulty in non-verbal communication

Difficulty in socio-emotional reciprocity

Difficulty in waiting for turn in a queue

Difficulty in sustained concentration in class

Anxiety

Irritability

Mood lability

Delusion of guilt

Suicidal ideation

Teamwork

Unconditional positive regard

Co-dependency

Agreed upon goals

Time limited

Onset at 7 years old

Always seek comfort when distressed

Continuous pattern of inhibition

Overly familiar to strangers

Unexplained irritability or sadness

Pleasure

Imitation

Responsibility

Procreation

Object relation

Ask close-ended question

Produce a conducive environment

Let patient explain without interruption

Use lengthy explanation on why information needed

Use previous history to ask question

Use of atypical antipsychotic

Use of long-acting benzodiazepine

Adjustment to ward environment

Investigate underlying etiology

Manage dehydration and malnutrition

Focus service on population level

Service levels according to patient needs

Emphasis on treatment outside psychiatric institution

Service caters especially for medication needs

Comprehensive service caters for acute and long-term needs

Modelling

Flooding

Punishment

Transference

Systematic desensitization

One-time job support

On-the-job training

Collaboration between treatment team and employers

Arranged based on individual’s interest

Immediate job placement in integrated mainstream setting

Confabulation is a symptom

Confusion is a core feature

Head trauma can cause neurocognitive disorder

Bilingualism is a protective factor against Alzheimer’s

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor can reverse cognitive deficit

Delusion

Pressure of speech

Thought withdrawal

Knight’s move thinking

Loosening of association

Anhedonia

Somatic passivity

Commanding voices

Thought block

Delusional perception

Appear eccentric

Appear cold and aloof

Believe in magical thinking

Active in social participation

Appreciate others’ compliment

Constipation

Tremor

Yawning

Lacrimation

Pupil dilation

Hyperphagia

Acute dystonia

Chronic diarrhoea

Metabolic syndrome

Decreased prolactin level

Presents with free-floating anxiety

Clomipramine is a recommended medication

Repetitive mental calculations is an example of obsession

6 months symptomatic required for DSM-V criteria

IPSRT is recommended

Guilt

Anger

Suppression

Detachment

Blaming

Often involve in physical fights

Often deliberately annoy others

Often argue with authority

Has been cruel to animals

Often lies to others for own favour

Male has higher risk of committing suicide than female

Early morning awakening is the strongest predictor of suicide

Those above 75 have lower risk than young

Borderline personality disorder has higher risk of committing suicide

Suddenly calm during depression may indicate impending suicide

There should be locking

Patient needs constant supervision

Vital signs monitored every 15 minutes

Doctors must document indication

Temporarily release one point to prevent neurovascular compromise

Self-exploration can lead to recovery

Therapist-client relationship not essential

Emotional awareness not essential part of therapy

Dream analysis is used

Every individual has ability to recover from mental illness

It has acute onset

Frequent lab tests reassure patient

Patient rarely seen by psychiatrist

Direct confrontation reduces distress

Patient preoccupied with fear about seriousness of symptoms

Anxiety

Irritability

Mood lability

Persecutory delusion

Recurrent thought of death

Antipsychotics recommended prophylaxis

IV benzodiazepine is treatment

May occur after 1 week of last drink

Occurs 24–72 hours after last drink

Delusion of control

Delusion of reference

Second person auditory hallucination

Thought broadcast

Somatic hallucination

Significant change in weight

Change in sleeping pattern

Increase in energy

Decrease concentration

Suicidal ideation

Parkinson disease

Left cerebral artery infarct

Cushing syndrome

Hyperthyroidism

Vitamin A deficiency

Recurrent depressive episode with manic episode

Recurrent depressive episode without manic episode

Current manic episode with history of depression

Current manic episode without affective disturbance

Several manic episodes without depression

Establish verbal contact

Stand close to patient to secure space

Follow whatever patient requests

Set clear limits

Call security guard immediately

Acute onset

Initially rarely seen by psychiatrist

Nervous and anxious about serious illness

Frequent investigations reduce distress

Direct confrontation is effective approach

Anhedonia

Fatigue

Weight loss

Feeling of worthlessness

Suicidal thought

For severe MDD with psychotic features, psychotic symptoms appear after MDD symptoms

Psychotic symptoms are considered mood congruent

These evidences are enough to diagnose schizoaffective disorder

Antipsychotic drugs should be considered

Orientation to time, place, person

Flight of ideas

Abstract thinking

Attention and concentration

Insight

Hyperprolactinemia

Tardive dyskinesia

Acute dystonia

Dry mouth

Akathisia

To understand patient's unique experiences

To facilitate communication between clinicians

To help clinicians discuss with each other

To help public fight stigma

To explain treatment to patients and families

Post-traumatic stress disorder

Adjustment disorder

Acute stress disorder

Disinhibited social engagement disorder

Reactive attachment disorder

There are 5 domains in PSR

Peer support is one of the domains

Supported employment is a vocational service

Social skills training is included in cognitive rehab

Enterprise is part of community resource development

IQ below 70

Prematurity is a risk factor

Social function is impaired

Supported employment is suitable management

Community mental health care is accepted under Mental Health Act 2001

Acute assertive care proven to reduce healthcare cost

Psychoeducation includes early warning signs

Focuses service on population level

Poor insight is inclusion for assertive care

Community training unnecessary for rehabilitation

Vocational rehab only possible in community

Inpatient management costs more than community

Social skills training in hospital is hard to transfer to community

Social skill training in hospital is costly

GAD characterized by excessive worry

Catastrophic thinking is common

Male:female ratio 1:1

Benzodiazepine has limited role post-trauma

SSRI is treatment for anxiety disorder

Some symptoms similar to bipolar disorder

Black-and-white thinking

Poor impulse regulation

Severe dissociative symptoms

Responsive to antidepressant

Echolalia

Psychological pillow

Waxy flexibility

Confabulation

Automatism

Acute onset

Sleep-wake cycle disrupted

Clouding of consciousness

Normal memory

Disorientation

Patient rarely complains of cognitive impairment

Often labile affect

Patient often communicates distress

Confabulation often present

“I don’t know” responses frequent

Labelling patient

Facilitating communication among professionals

Identifying mentally ill patients

Avoiding lawsuit

Research purpose

Asociality

Amnesia

Aphasia

Acalculia

Anhedonia

Sildenafil

Vacuum device

Relaxation therapy

Couple therapy

Exercise

Tangentiality

Poverty of thought

Persecutory delusion

Loosening of association

Obsession

Insomnia

Narrow repertoire

Seizures

Psychomotor agitation

Rapid reinstatement