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WorksheetsChapter 14 (part 1)
Total questions: 68
Worksheet time: 34mins
What are pathogens?
Microbes that help the body fight disease
Microbes that cause disease
Non-living particles that clean the body
Beneficial bacteria found in the gut
What is pathology?
The study of bacteria and viruses
The scientific study of disease
The study of body structure
The study of how medicines work
What does etiology refer to?
The symptoms of a disease
The treatment of a disease
The cause of a disease
The prevention of a disease
What does pathogenesis describe?
How a disease develops
How to cure a disease
How to prevent a disease
How the immune system fights infection
What does the phrase “structural and functional changes brought about by disease and final effects on the body” describe?
How diseases are transmitted
How the body prevents infection
The effects diseases have on body structure and function
The ways diseases are classified
What is an infection?
The body’s response to injury
The invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic microbes
The process of developing immunity
The use of antibiotics to kill microbes
What is a disease?
Any invasion by microbes
A condition where infection results in a change from a normal state of health
The body’s normal response to stress
A temporary imbalance in body temperature
What is the human microbiome?
Microbes that cause disease in humans
Microbial communities that live in and on the human body
Only the bacteria found in the intestines
The body’s immune cells that fight infection
What are normal microbiota?
Microbes that are always harmful to the body
Microbes that normally live in or on the body without causing disease
Microbes that only live outside the human body
Microbes that appear only during infections
What are transient microbiota?
Microbes that permanently live in the body
Temporary microbes that may include potential pathogens
Microbes found only in the digestive system
Microbes that help produce vitamins
What are opportunistic microbes?
Microbes that cause disease only when the host is weakened or when they move to a new location in/on the body
Microbes that always cause disease
Microbes that help the immune system
Microbes that are only found in the environment
What is microbial antagonism?
When microbes cooperate to infect the host
When one microbe keeps the growth of another in check
When microbes mutate to become resistant to antibiotics
When microbes compete for oxygen in the environment
Which of the following is an example of microbial antagonism?
E. coli vs. Salmonella
E. coli vs. Lactobacillus
Candida albicans vs. C. diff
Salmonella vs. Streptococcus
Which normal microbe helps prevent Candida albicans (yeast infections) by microbial antagonism?
Lactobacillus
E. coli
Salmonella
C. diff
How do normal colon microbes protect against Clostridium difficile (C. diff)?
By increasing its growth rate
By keeping its growth in check through microbial antagonism
By producing toxins that help C. diff spread
By neutralizing antibiotics
What is symbiosis?
A close physical relationship between two different organisms
Competition between two microbes for nutrients
The destruction of one microbe by another
A temporary interaction between unrelated species
What is mutualism?
One organism benefits, and the other is harmed
Both organisms benefit from the relationship
One organism benefits, and the other is unaffected
Neither organism benefits
Which of the following is an example of mutualism?
E. coli in the human gut
Staphylococcus epidermidis on the skin
H1N1 virus infecting humans
C. diff infection after antibiotic use
What is commensalism?
One organism benefits while the other is unaffected
Both organisms benefit equally
One organism benefits while the other is harmed
Both organisms are harmed
Which of the following is an example of commensalism?
Staphylococcus epidermidis living on human skin
E. coli in the intestines
H1N1 virus infecting humans
Candida albicans overgrowth
What is parasitism?
Both organisms benefit
One organism benefits while the other is harmed
One organism benefits while the other is unaffected
Neither organism benefits
Which of the following is an example of parasitism?
H1N1 virus infecting humans
E. coli in the gut
Staphylococcus epidermidis on the skin
Normal flora in the intestines
️Koch’s Postulate #1
According to Koch’s postulates, what must be true for a pathogen to be the cause of a disease?
It must only be found in healthy individuals
The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
Koch’s Postulate #2
What does Koch’s second postulate require?
The pathogen must cause disease when injected into an animal
The pathogen must be isolated from a diseased host and grown in pure culture
The pathogen must spread naturally between hosts
The pathogen must mutate to survive
Koch’s Postulate #3
What must happen when the pathogen from a pure culture is introduced into a healthy, susceptible host?
The host should recover quickly
The host should develop a different disease
The host should develop the same disease
The pathogen should die immediately
Koch’s Postulate #4
What is the final step of Koch’s postulates?
The pathogen must be re-isolated from the newly infected host and shown to be identical to the original organism
The pathogen must mutate in the new host
The host must become immune
The pathogen must die after infection
Why was Legionella an exception to Koch’s postulates?
It couldn’t be grown on artificial media and required special conditions (like guinea pigs and chicken eggs) to culture
It only infects humans directly
It mutates too quickly for identification
It’s not visible under a microscope
Why can Koch’s postulates not always be applied to diseases like pneumonia?
They are caused by viruses only
They can have multiple possible sources or pathogens
They spread too slowly to study
They can’t infect animals
Why can Koch’s postulates not be ethically applied to some diseases, such as HIV?
The pathogen cannot survive outside the human body
It would be unethical to intentionally infect healthy humans
The virus can’t be seen under a microscope
It only infects animals
What is a symptom?
An objective indicator of disease visible to others
A subjective indicator of disease, felt only by the patient (like pain)
A laboratory test result
A visible rash or fever
What is a sign of disease?
A feeling of discomfort experienced by the patient
An objective indicator of disease that can be observed or measured (like rash or fever)
A psychological effect of illness
A symptom that appears only during recovery
What is a syndrome?
A single symptom of a disease
A specific group of signs and symptoms that occur together
A mild form of a disease
The final stage of infection
What is a communicable disease?
One that spreads from one host to another
One that is always deadly
One that can’t be transmitted at all
One that only affects animals
What is a non-communicable disease?
A disease spread through the air
A disease spread from one person to another
A disease that comes from the environment or microbes already in the body that move to new locations
A disease that only affects the skin
What does incidence measure?
The total number of cases (old and new)
The number of people who develop a disease during a specific time period
The number of deaths caused by a disease
The number of people immune to a disease
What does prevalence measure?
Only new cases of a disease
The number of people who currently have the disease (old + new cases)
The death rate from a disease
The spread of disease among animals
What does sporadic mean in epidemiology?
A disease that occurs frequently in a region
A disease that occurs only occasionally, like typhoid fever in the U.S.
A disease that spreads rapidly
A disease that affects animals only
What is an endemic disease?
A disease that is always present in a population at low levels (like the common cold)
A disease that appears suddenly and spreads quickly
A disease that disappears after one outbreak
A disease that affects animals only
What is an epidemic?
A few cases scattered randomly
A disease that spreads across continents
A large number of cases in a short time within one area
A disease that never spreads
What is a pandemic?
A disease that remains in one community
A disease that spreads across continents (like AIDS or COVID-19)
A disease caused by parasites
A short-lived local outbreak
What is an acute disease?
Develops rapidly and lasts a short time (like flu)
Develops slowly and lasts for years
Never shows symptoms
Reactivates after dormancy
What is a subacute disease?
Develops very quickly and resolves instantly
Develops between acute and chronic in speed and duration
Never causes symptoms
Only affects animals
What is an acute disease?
Develops rapidly and disappears quickly
Develops slowly but is not long-lasting (like subacute sclerosing panencephalitis)
Remains dormant for years
Causes immediate death
What is a chronic disease?
Develops slowly and lasts for a long period or recurs (like Hepatitis B, Mono, or TB)
Develops rapidly and ends quickly
Develops in animals only
Never shows symptoms
What is a latent disease?
One that causes symptoms right away
One where the infectious agent remains dormant and reactivates later (like shingles)
One that spreads quickly but is short-lived
One that affects only the skin
What is herd immunity?
Immunity passed from mother to child
When many people in a community are immune, reducing disease spread
Immunity caused by infection only
Immunity that affects only animals
What is a local infection?
Infection limited to a small area of the body (e.g., Staphylococcus pustules)
Infection that spreads throughout the body
Infection found only in the blood
Infection that remains dormant
What is a systemic infection?
An infection that stays in one area
An infection that spreads throughout the body via blood or lymph (e.g., measles)
An infection that affects only the lungs
A mild infection without symptoms
What is a focal infection?
An infection that never leaves its original site
An infection where microbes spread via blood or lymph to other specific body parts where they remain confined
A skin infection that stays local
A viral infection spread through air
What is sepsis?
A mild skin infection
A toxic inflammatory condition caused by the spread of microbes or their toxins from a focus of infection
The presence of viruses in the blood
A fungal infection of the lungs
What is septicemia?
Blood poisoning caused by the multiplication of pathogens in the blood
Presence of bacteria in the blood without multiplication
Toxins circulating in the bloodstream
Viruses present in the lymphatic system
What is bacteremia?
Presence of bacteria in the blood without multiplication
Multiplication of bacteria in the blood
Toxins in the bloodstream
Viral infection of red blood cells
What is toxemia?
Presence of bacteria in the blood
Presence of toxins in the blood
Presence of viruses in the blood
Infection limited to the liver
What is viremia?
Presence of viruses in the blood
Presence of toxins in the blood
Multiplication of bacteria in the blood
Fungal infection of the skin
What is a primary infection?
A dormant infection
An acute infection that causes the initial illness
A disease caused by toxins in the blood
A mild, symptomless infection
What is a secondary infection?
An infection that follows and results from a weakened immune system after a primary infection (e.g., Pneumocystis after AIDS)
A second infection caused by the same pathogen
A mild infection that resolves quickly
A chronic infection with no symptoms
What is a subclinical (inapparent) infection?
An infection that produces obvious signs and symptoms
An infection that does not cause noticeable illness (e.g., Polio or Hepatitis A)
An infection that spreads rapidly through the bloodstream
An infection that stays local and mild
What is the reservoir of infection in the chain of disease development?
The place where pathogens live and multiply before infecting a host
The immune response of the body
The surface where antibiotics work
The method of transmission between hosts
For a disease to occur, the pathogen must be transmitted to a susceptible host. How can this happen?
Only through air
By direct or indirect contact, or by vectors
By eating only cooked food
Only through contaminated soil
What happens during the invasion stage of disease development?
The microbe is destroyed by immune cells
The microbe enters the host and multiplies
The host recovers from infection
The pathogen becomes dormant
During pathogenesis, how do microbes cause damage to the host?
Only by destroying tissues directly
By causing cell damage directly or through toxins they produce
Only by producing antibodies
By increasing blood flow to tissues
How does host resistance affect infectious disease?
It determines how easily the host can transmit infection
It influences whether infection occurs and how severe it becomes
It increases toxin production by microbes
It prevents microbes from entering the body
Which of the following are predisposing factors that make the body more susceptible to disease?
Only genetics and age
Gender, age, climate, nutrition, fatigue, habits, lifestyle, pre-existing illness, and more
Only exposure to toxins
Only emotional stress
What happens during the incubation period?
Microbes enter and multiply before symptoms appear
Early, mild symptoms develop
The disease is at its most severe point
The body recovers from illness
What is the prodromal period?
The time when infection first occurs
The period after incubation, when mild symptoms begin
The period when symptoms completely disappear
The time after full recovery
What occurs during the period of illness?
The disease is most severe with specific symptoms
Symptoms are mild and fading
Microbes are dormant and not multiplying
The body is fully recovered
What happens during the period of decline?
Signs and symptoms subside, but the patient is vulnerable to secondary infections
Symptoms first appear
The infection worsens rapidly
The body becomes immune to all future infections
What is the period of convalescence?
The stage where symptoms reappear
The recovery phase where the body returns to its pre-disease state
The time when the disease is at its most severe
The incubation stage before symptoms start
