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WorksheetsUnit 2: Energy and Matter
Total questions: 93
Worksheet time: 47mins
In Van Helmont's willow tree experiment, what was the primary variable he measured?
Volume of water used
Mass of the tree and soil
Height of the tree
Number of leaves produced
Van Helmont's experiment disproved which hypothesis about plant growth?
Plants grow by absorbing sunlight
Plants grow by 'eating' soil
Plants grow by absorbing water
Plants grow by absorbing carbon dioxide
After 5 years in Van Helmont's experiment, the tree gained approximately how much mass?
2.3 kg
74.5 kg
90.8 kg
167.6 kg
What did Joseph Priestley discover when he placed a mouse with a mint plant in a sealed jar?
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Water vapor
Priestley called air that killed mice 'injured air.' What molecule was actually depleted?
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Water vapor
Jan Ingenhousz's experiment with underwater plants demonstrated that:
Plants produce oxygen only in darkness
Plants produce oxygen only in light
Plants consume oxygen in light
Plants don't affect oxygen levels
According to Nicolas de Saussure's experiments, plants gain mass primarily by:
Absorbing minerals from soil
Absorbing water from soil
Converting carbon dioxide to sugars
Storing nitrogen compounds
Where do oak trees get most of their 8-ton mass from?
Soil minerals
Water from roots
Carbon dioxide from air
Nitrogen from bacteria
The quote 'Food is simply sunlight in cold storage' refers to:
Refrigeration technology
Energy stored in chemical bonds
Solar panels
Photosynthetic bacteria
What percentage of a plant's mass typically comes from soil minerals?
Less than 1%
About 10%
About 25%
More than 50%
The complete chemical equation for photosynthesis is:
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
CO₂ + H₂O → CH₂O + O₂
6CO₂ + 12H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ + 6H₂O
Which wavelengths of light do plants primarily use for photosynthesis?
Green and yellow
Blue, orange, and red
Ultraviolet and infrared
All visible wavelengths equally
Why do plants appear green to our eyes?
They absorb green light most efficiently
They reflect green and yellow wavelengths
Chlorophyll is naturally green
They emit green light
The equation for cellular respiration is:
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
C₆H₁₂O₆ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
Which organisms perform cellular respiration?
Only animals
Only plants
Animals and fungi
All living organisms
In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide provides:
Energy only
Matter only
Both energy and matter
Neither energy nor matter
In photosynthesis, sunlight provides:
Energy only
Matter only
Both energy and matter
Neither energy nor matter
Which process releases oxygen as a byproduct?
Cellular respiration
Photosynthesis
Fermentation
Decomposition
Which process consumes oxygen?
Photosynthesis
Cellular respiration
Both a and b
Neither a nor b
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are:
Identical processes
Completely unrelated
Complementary processes
Only occur in different organisms
According to the First Law of Thermodynamics:
Energy can be created but not destroyed
Energy can be destroyed but not created
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
Energy can be both created and destroyed
According to the Second Law of Thermodynamics:
All energy transformations are 100% efficient
Some energy is lost as heat during transformations
Energy cannot change forms
Heat cannot be produced from other energy forms
The 10% rule states that:
10% of energy is lost at each trophic level
10% of energy is transferred to the next trophic level
10% of organisms survive to the next level
10% of biomass is transferred between levels
Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) represents:
Energy stored by producers after respiration
Total energy captured by producers from sunlight
Energy used by producers for respiration
Energy available to primary consumers
Net Primary Productivity (NPP) equals:
GPP + R
GPP - R
GPP × R
GPP ÷ R
If GPP = 39 billion kcal/year and R = 9 billion kcal/year, then NPP =:
48 billion kcal/year
30 billion kcal/year
351 billion kcal/year
4.3 billion kcal/year
In a food chain, which trophic level has the most available energy?
Primary consumers
Secondary consumers
Producers
Decomposers
Which trophic level would have the smallest population in a stable ecosystem?
Producers
Primary consumers
Secondary consumers
Tertiary consumers
Decomposers obtain energy from:
Sunlight only
Living producers only
Dead and decaying matter from all trophic levels
Primary consumers only
Energy flow in ecosystems is:
Cyclical like matter
Unidirectional from sun to heat
Bidirectional between trophic levels
Stored permanently in organisms
Which subatomic particle determines an element's identity?
Electrons
Neutrons
Protons
All of the above
Which subatomic particles determine an atom's mass?
Protons only
Neutrons only
Protons and neutrons
Electrons and protons
Which subatomic particles are involved in chemical bonding?
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Protons and neutrons
The atomic mass of hydrogen is approximately:
1 amu
8 amu
16 amu
32 amu
The atomic mass of oxygen is approximately:
1 amu
8 amu
16 amu
32 amu
Air is primarily composed of:
78% oxygen, 21% nitrogen
78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen
50% nitrogen, 50% oxygen
21% nitrogen, 78% oxygen
What percentage of air is carbon dioxide?
0.02%
0.03%
0.3%
3%
A molecule is defined as:
A single atom
Two or more atoms joined together
Only atoms of the same element
Subatomic particles in the nucleus
The chemical formula for oxygen gas is:
O
O₂
O₃
2O
Water molecules consist of:
1 hydrogen, 1 oxygen
2 hydrogen, 1 oxygen
1 hydrogen, 2 oxygen
2 hydrogen, 2 oxygen
Which type of electromagnetic radiation has the longest wavelength?
Gamma rays
X-rays
Radio waves
Ultraviolet
Which electromagnetic radiation can penetrate living tissue and damage DNA?
Radio waves
Visible light
Infrared
Ultraviolet
Cell phones operate at frequencies of 800-2400 MHz. This places them in which category?
Radio waves
Microwaves
Infrared
Visible light
Why do microwave ovens have metal grating on their doors?
To let visible light through
To prevent microwaves from escaping
To improve heating efficiency
For aesthetic purposes
The sun primarily releases which three types of electromagnetic radiation?
Radio, microwave, infrared
Ultraviolet, visible, infrared
X-ray, gamma, ultraviolet
Visible, infrared, radio
Which animals can see ultraviolet light?
Humans
Most mammals
Mainly insects
All vertebrates
Which animals can see infrared radiation?
All mammals
Bats, snakes, mosquitoes
Only insects
Only birds
Electromagnetic energy is a form of:
Potential energy
Kinetic energy
Chemical energy
Nuclear energy
Which electromagnetic radiation is associated with heat energy?
Ultraviolet
Visible light
Infrared
Radio waves
The claim that cell phones cause brain cancer is:
Definitely true
Definitely false
Not reasonable based on their electromagnetic frequency
Proven by scientific studies
The water cycle is considered a _______ system.
Open
Closed
Isolated
Dynamic
What is the only form of nitrogen that most plants can directly use?
Nitrogen gas (N₂)
Ammonia (NH₃)
Nitrates (NO₃⁻)
Ammonium (NH₄⁺)
The phosphorus cycle differs from other cycles because it lacks:
A soil component
An atmospheric component
Biological processes
Geological processes
Which process releases phosphorus from rocks?
Photosynthesis
Weathering
Respiration
Nitrogen fixation
Acid rain is primarily caused by:
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen compounds
Sulfur compounds
Phosphorus compounds
When a person loses 10 pounds through diet and exercise, where does the weight go?
It's converted to energy
It's exhaled as CO₂ and H₂O
It's eliminated as waste
It's stored as muscle
Eutrophication is caused by excess:
Carbon
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Which nutrient cycle is often the limiting factor in ecosystem productivity?
Carbon cycle
Nitrogen cycle
Phosphorus cycle
Water cycle
If a producer level contains 10,000 kcal of energy, approximately how much energy would be available to secondary consumers?
1,000 kcal
100 kcal
10 kcal
1 kcal
Which process in the nitrogen cycle converts nitrates back to nitrogen gas?
Nitrification
Nitrogen fixation
Denitrification
Ammonification
Legume plants (like beans and peas) have a special relationship with:
Nitrifying bacteria
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Denitrifying bacteria
Decomposer bacteria
In the sulfur cycle, what happens when SO₂ combines with water vapor in the atmosphere?
Forms sulfuric acid
Forms hydrogen sulfide
Forms sulfur dioxide
Forms elemental sulfur
Which biogeochemical cycle does NOT have a significant atmospheric component?
Carbon cycle
Nitrogen cycle
Phosphorus cycle
Water cycle
The process by which water moves through soil and rock layers is called:
Evaporation
Transpiration
Percolation
Precipitation
Which human activity most directly affects the phosphorus cycle?
Burning fossil fuels
Mining phosphate rock for fertilizers
Deforestation
Industrial emissions
In a food web, if the rabbit population decreases significantly, what would likely happen to the grass population?
Decrease
Increase
Stay the same
Become extinct
The Eden Project experiment mentioned in the presentation is similar to Priestley's experiment because both demonstrate:
Plant growth requirements
The interdependence of plants and animals for gas exchange
Photosynthesis rates
Soil nutrient absorption
Which form of potential energy is stored in glucose molecules?
Gravitational potential energy
Elastic potential energy
Chemical potential energy
Nuclear potential energy
If 1300 Joules of solar energy reach a plant each minute, and only 1% is stored as biomass, how much energy is stored?
1.3 J/min
13 J/min
130 J/min
1300 J/min
The process of ammonification in the nitrogen cycle involves:
Converting N₂ to NH₄⁺
Converting NH₄⁺ to NO₃⁻
Converting dead organisms to NH₄⁺
Converting NO₃⁻ to N₂
Which statement about matter in ecosystems is correct?
Matter flows through ecosystems like energy
Matter cycles through ecosystems
Matter is constantly created and destroyed
Matter only moves in one direction
Large-scale deforestation would most likely:
Decrease atmospheric CO₂
Increase atmospheric CO₂
Have no effect on atmospheric CO₂
Only affect local CO₂ levels
The quote "all the water we've got right now has been used over and over again" illustrates that:
Water is constantly being created
The water cycle is a closed system
Water can be destroyed
New water enters Earth from space
Which process moves sulfur from the ocean to the atmosphere?
Acid precipitation
Sea spray and evaporation
Weathering
Decomposition
If nitrifying bacteria populations decreased significantly, what would accumulate in soil?
Nitrates
Nitrogen gas
Ammonium compounds
Phosphates
The primary source of energy for chemosynthetic bacteria is:
Sunlight
Chemical compounds
Organic matter
Heat from the Earth's core
In the carbon cycle, which reservoir stores carbon for the longest time?
Atmosphere
Living organisms
Fossil fuel deposits
Ocean surface
Which process would be most affected by a long-term drought?
Photosynthesis only
Cellular respiration only
Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Neither process would be affected
The term "carbon sink" refers to:
A source of carbon emissions
A reservoir that absorbs and stores carbon
The process of carbon cycling
Carbon in the atmosphere
Which factor would most likely limit primary productivity in a terrestrial ecosystem?
Available sunlight
Available nutrients
Temperature
Oxygen levels
The process that returns phosphorus to rock formations over geological time is:
Weathering
Erosion
Sedimentation
Mining
If a tertiary consumer population contains 10 individuals, approximately how many primary consumers would be needed to support them?
100 individuals
1,000 individuals
10,000 individuals
100,000 individuals
Which statement about the greenhouse effect is most accurate?
It is entirely harmful to Earth
It helps maintain Earth's temperature but can be enhanced by human activities
It only affects polar regions
It is caused only by water vapor
The process of leaching in nutrient cycles refers to:
Plants absorbing nutrients from soil
Nutrients being washed away by water
Bacteria fixing atmospheric nitrogen
Decomposition of organic matter
Which wavelength of electromagnetic radiation has the highest energy?
Radio waves
Visible light
Ultraviolet
Gamma rays
In an energy pyramid, the shape is always:
Rectangular
Inverted (upside-down triangle)
Triangular with producers at the base
Circular
The main difference between the carbon and nitrogen cycles is:
Carbon cycles faster than nitrogen
Nitrogen requires bacterial processes, carbon does not
Nitrogen has more atmospheric involvement
Carbon is more essential for life
Which human activity has the greatest impact on the water cycle?
Burning fossil fuels
Agriculture and irrigation
Mining
Manufacturing
The process that converts atmospheric nitrogen to a form plants can use is called:
Nitrification
Denitrification
Nitrogen fixation
Ammonification
If atmospheric CO₂ levels continue to increase, the most likely result would be:
Decreased global temperatures
Increased global temperatures
No change in global temperatures
More stable weather patterns
Which component of the phosphorus cycle is most affected by human activities?
Weathering of rocks
Plant uptake
Runoff from fertilized fields
Animal consumption
The relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration can best be described as:
Competitive
Independent
Complementary and cyclical
Identical
Which statement best explains why energy cannot be recycled in ecosystems like matter can?
Energy is too complex to recycle
Energy is converted to heat and lost from the system
Energy moves too quickly through ecosystems
Energy is stored permanently in organisms
