may be discovered first

histologically resemble primary neoplasm

______ survive even when primary tumor has been eradicated

Pathway of Metastatic Spread

"seeding"

spread throughout body fluids

typically within peritoneal area

concerning when surgically removing

Pathway of Metastatic Spread

most common route

for distant metastases

little mechanical resistance to penetrate

Pathway of Metastatic Spread

detach from node & enter efferent vessels

may growth into noticeable lump

Pathway of Metastatic Spread

rate of spread & growth of tumor is correlated with vascularity

Malignant cells are capable of

to successfully form secondary neoplasm, cancer cells must:

SATA

in metastatic distribution, majority of cancer cells are not able to metastasize because:

stimulates inappropriate growth / activity

only needs ONE mutation

prevents the arrest of the cell cycle

produce proteins that inhibit growth, enhance differentiation, promote DNA repair & apoptosis

BOTH Copies must be mutated

conveys growth factor signal to nucleus

single amino acid change

once activated, RAS always covey message to nucleus to divide

found in about 30% of human cancer

found in about more than 50% of human cancer

produce suppressor gene responsible in activating

DNA repair, growth inhibition, apoptosis

suppressor gene known to be mutated in breast cancer

most human cancer can ONLY arise because of prior exposure to carcinogens

which cells are inherited when mutated

Cancer Screening can be performed through:

In Cancer screening, which is an example of Tumour markers?

microscopic analysis of body secretion/ scrapings

removal of tissue specimen for microscopic study

use antibiotics to identify cell products or surface markers

In Gompertzian Growth Curve, growth plateau in 2 years is shown. What are the possible reasons for it:

what are the roles of surgery in caner management?

what's the difference between INCISIONAL and EXCISIONAL biopsy?

Aside from removing large tumours, Surgery can be an option to:

useful for 50-60% of all cancer patients

benefits & side effects limited to areas being treated

30+ doses use to minimize damage to healthy cells & chance of cell diciding

typically used:

in vital, inaccessible areas

with combination with surgery

used to treat forms of cancer that are:

-widespread

-rapidly growing

-high risk of micro-metastatic deposits

combined with drugs used for diff mechanisms

used for painful bone and soft tissue metastases

brain metastases

malignant spinal cord compression

airway obstruction, ulcerating, bleeding lesions

goal is to slow cancer growth by altering hormonal environment through hormone suppression/receptor changes

one of the issue for this treatment is, cancer become resistant later

attempt to increase body's own immune response to cancer

non-specific treatment with attenuated bacterial strains to stimulate immune system

transfer sensitized NK Cells, T CELLS, Cytokines,

transfer antibodies into patient

interferons are

chemo rounds and cycles kills the same ___ each time.

target vital cellular machinery

metabolic pathways required for cells

interferes with synthesis/ function of DNA

more toxic to proliferating cells

amount of drug required to kill cancer cells

effective dose vs. toxic dose

chemo has a ____ therapeutic index

most therapies target rapidly dividing cells except

what are examples of most targeted common dividing cells during therapy?