Traditionally, differences in behaviours between men and women were believed to be rooted in (Spell it the British way, with an S)

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In the Hassett study, each trial lasted [ ] minutes.

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[ ]% of males showed a preference for wheeled toys.

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[ ]% of females showed a preference for plush toys.

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On average, male monkeys interacted with wheeled toys more frequently than plush toys. This is a [ ]-sex result.

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The animals lived in a multi-male, multi-female social group of 135 animals at the [ ] National Primate Research Center at Emory University in Atlanta.

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The plush toys were Winnie-the-Pooh, Raggedy-Ann, a koala hand puppet, an armadillo, a teddy bear, a turtle, and [ ].

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The wheeled toys were a wagon, a truck, a car, a construction vehicle, a dump truck, and a [ ].

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Each social group took part in [ ] trials.

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[ ] toys were placed in the outdoor enclosure before a social group was released.

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The toys (one wheeled, one plush) were placed [ ] meters apart in the outdoor enclosure.

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The wheeled and plush toys were [ ] between the left and right locations each trial.

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In addition to recording how frequently each monkey interacted with each type of toy, observers also kept a record of [ ] of continuous activities.

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Aim: To investigate whether toy preferences in monkeys [ ] those in children.

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Aim: To investigate whether toy preferences in monkeys resemble those in children IN ORDER TO test whether sex differences in toy choice are [ ] determined by hormones.

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The final sample used in the results was [ ] females.

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The final sample used in the results was [ ] males.

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Rs excluded a group of 39 [ ] because they could not be consistently identified.

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Because not all individuals interacted with the toys, those with fewer than [ ] recorded behaviors were not used in the analysis.

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Hassett believed that toy choices might reflect innate preferences for certain activities, possibly influenced by [ ] environments.

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[ ] (#) animals lived in multi-sex groups at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center.

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The sample in the Hassett study was made up of [ ] monkeys. (What type?)

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Animal ethical guideline: [ ] - Whenever possible, use alternatives such as videos from previous studies or computer simulations

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Animal ethical guideline: [ ] - Use one least likely to suffer distress, while still serving the purpose of the experiment

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Animal ethical guideline: [ ] - Use only the minimum amount of animals needed to produce valid results

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Animal ethical guideline: [ ] - Sufficient space for exercise/roaming, appropriate to species (social vs. solitary)

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Animal ethical guideline: Use rewards to encourage behavior, rather than deprivation or [ ] (things the animal wants to avoid, like punishments)

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Hassett used a structured observation, including very specific [ ] (such as carry in arm/hand/mouth, drag, mouth)

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Each trial was videotaped, with a [ ] pointed at each toy.

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Assumption of the biological approach: [ ], cognitions and emotions can be explained in terms of the working of the brain and the effect of hormones, genetics and evolution.

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Assumption of the biological approach: Behavior, cognitions and emotions can be explained in terms of the working of brain structures and the effect of [ ], genetics and evolution.

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People report more dream recall in REM sleep, which stands for

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The mean sleep cycle length is [ ] minutes.

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Rs in Dement used an EEG or electro-[ ]-graph.

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EEGs measure electrical activity in the brain, or brain [ ]

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Dement Aim 1: To investigate whether dream [ ] differs between REM and nREM sleep.

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Dement Aim 2: To investigate if there is a positive correlation between a P's [ ] of dream duration and length of the REM cycle

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Dement Aim 2: To investigate if there is a positive correlation between Ps' estimates of dream duration and length of [ ]

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Dement Aim 3: To investigate if eye movement patterns were related to [ ].

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Dement Aim 3: To investigate if [ ] were related to dream content.

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How many total Ps were used in the Dement study?

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The Dement sample was made up [ ] males.

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The Dement sample was made up [ ] females.

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How many participants were studied in detail in Dement?

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5 Ps were studied in detail, the other [ ] were used to confirm the results.

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In Dement, Ps were woken by a [ ].

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To measure the Ps perception of dream length, the Rs in Dement counted the number of [ ] in the dream narrative

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To measure P's perception of dream length, the Rs in Dement counted the number of words in the dream [ ].

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Ps woken from REM sleep reported a dream [ ]% of the time.

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Ps woken from nREM sleep reported a dream [ ]% of the time.

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Which participant was told that he would only be woken during REM, but was actually woken at random?

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Which P was an outlier in only accurately estimating his 15 min. cycles about 50% of the time?

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When Ps did not report dreams after being woken from REM sleep, it was usually [ ] in the night.

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Most dreams recalled during nREM sleep occurred in the first [ ] minutes after the REM cycle ended, suggesting Ps may have been remembering a dream from the previous REM cycle.

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When woken after 5 minutes in REM, Ps correctly estimated the duration [ ]% of the time.

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When woken after 15 minutes in REM, Ps correctly estimated the duration [ ]% of the time.

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In Dement, Rs found a significant positive correlation between REM cycle length and # of words in dream narrative, ranging from 0.4 to [ ].

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Reported dreams during vertical eye movement patterns include shooting and [ ] and climbing a series of ladders.

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A horizontal eye movement pattern corresponded with a dream about two participants [ ] at each other.

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The mean length of participants' REM cycles was [ ] minutes.

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The sleeping and dreaming behavior the Ps experienced in the artificial environment of the lab may be very different than at home. Thus, the Dement study may have lower [ ] validity.

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REM cycles were were longer [ ] in the night.

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Assumption of the bio approach: Behaviour, cognition, and emotions can be explained in terms of [ ] structures, hormones, genetics, and evolution.

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EEG stands for [ ]-encephalograph.

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Rs placed 2-3 [ ] next to P's eyes and on their scalp.

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To be counted as a dream, a report had to have specific [ ], not just vague or fragmentary impressions.

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Because Rs woke Ps up from both REM and nREM sleep (and after 5 and 15 minutes), that part was a [ ] measures experiment.

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After being woken by a loud doorbell sound, Ps were instructed to speak their dream aloud into a [ ].

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Participant IR was woken at the [ ] of the experimenter.

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Conclusion 3: Our eye movements are NOT [ ], but do seem to correspond to dream content.

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Not telling Ps whether they were being woken from REM or nREM helped to reduce [ ], so they didn't try to give the "right" answer.

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The dream narratives were examples of [ ] (descriptive, detailed) data.

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Some people may have just been more talkative than others, a [ ] variable which might have affected the validity of their dream narratives.

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Sleeping in a lab while hooked up to wires and being observed is a task with low [ ], which may compromise the ecological validity of the results.

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The psychology being investigated in the Dement study was sleep, dreams, and [ ] rhythms, or those which repeat more often than every 24 hours.

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Out of 160 nREM awakenings, Ps only reported [ ] dreams.

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• Most dreams recalled during an nREM cycle were at the beginning of the nREM cycle - within [ ] minutes of REM ending. 

Dement Conclusion 3: Eye movements are not [ ], but seem to correspond to the content of a dream.

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Sleepy Ps may have self-reported dreams that would have later embarrassed them, or that they would have preferred not to share in their right mind, which could compromise the ethical guideline of [ ].

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During the EEG, electrodes were placed next to the [ ].

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During the EEG, electrodes were placed next to the eyes and on the [ ].

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[Holzel] The main psychology being investigated in the Holzel study is the [ ] of function, or the idea that particular brain activities are responsible for different activities.

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[Holzel] The main psychology being investigated in the Holzel study is the localisation of function, or the idea that particular brain regions are responsible for different [ ] or behaviors.

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[Holzel] The Rs were particularly interested in the role of the [ ] in meditation because of its known connection to emotional regulation and memory.

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[Holzel] The Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction course lasted [ ] weeks.

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[Holzel] Each week Ps took part in a [ ] hour session.

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[Holzel] Ps also attended a full-day session in the [ ]th week.

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The Holzel experimental sample was [ ] females.

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The Holzel experimental sample was [ ] males.

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[Holzel] Both the experimental and control groups included [ ] Caucasians.

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[Holzel] The Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire has [ ] items.

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[Holzel] Each item on the FFMQ is scored on a [ ] scale.

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[Holzel] The mean gap between the pre- and post- MRIs for the experimental group was [ ] days.

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[Holzel] The MSBR Ps spent an average of [ ] minutes per day on mindfulness homework.

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[Holzel] The mean age of the experimental group was [ ] years old.

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Ps in the Holzel study had limited experience with meditation, including none in the past 6 months and no more than [ ] classes in their lifetime.

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[Holzel] Grey matter increases were found in the left [ ]-parietal junction, which is associated with self-referential processing.

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[Holzel] Grey matter increases were found in the left temporo-[ ] junction, which is associated with self-referential processing.

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[Holzel] Ps took part in 3 types of homework, including mindful yoga, sitting meditation, and [ ].

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MRI stands for [ ] resonance imaging.

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MRI stands for magnetic [ ] imaging.

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Holzel also found increased gray matter concentration in the [ ], which regulates the appropriateness of emotional and cognitive processes.

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[Holzel] The two pre-determined "regions of interest" were the hippocampus and the [ ], which is responsible for awareness.

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Two key facets of mindfulness are being non-judgmental and non-[ ] about one's thoughts and feelings.

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The key to mindfulness is [ ].

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[Holzel] A limitation of previous studies is that they were [ ], comparing experienced meditators (like Buddhist monks) to non-meditators.

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[Holzel] The experimental group took part in the 8 week [ ] program at the Center for Mindfulness at UMass Medical School.

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[Holzel] The control group was [ ] participants.

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Crucially, the Holzel study was the first to use a [ ] design, comparing the Ps pre- and post- mindfulness course.

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Biological assumption #1: Behavior, [ ], and emotions can be explained by the workings of brain structures, hormones, genetics, and evolution.

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Biological assumption #1: Behavior, cognitions, and [ ] can be explained by the workings of brain structures, hormones, genetics, and evolution.

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Biological assumption #1: Behavior, cognitions, and emotions can be explained by the workings of brain structures, [ ], genetics, and evolution.

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Biological assumption #1: Behavior, cognitions, and emotions can be explained by the workings of [ ], hormones, genetics, and evolution.

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Biological assumption #2: Similarities and differences between individuals can be explained by biological factors and their [ ] with other factors.

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One of the regions of interest for Holzel was the [ ] because of its known connection to emotional regulation and memory.

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[Holzel] Grey matter increases were found in the posterior [ ] cortex.

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The first two facets of mindfulness are observing and [ ].

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Other facets of mindfulness are being non-judgmental and non-[ ] towards one's thoughts and feelings.

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[Holzel] Grey matter increases were found in the TPJ, the PCC, and the [ ].

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