WorksheetsICT 11 Revision 1
Total questions: 129
Worksheet time: 1hrs 5mins
What is data?
Processed facts that have been given meaning.
Raw facts that do not have inherent meaning.
Information that has been analyzed and saved.
Results outputted in the form of graphs and charts.
What is information in the context of information technology?
Raw facts collected from various sources.
Data that has been given meaning.
Binary digits stored on a computer.
Data that has no inherent meaning.
What is the fundamental distinction between data and information?
Data is always numerical, while information is always textual.
Data has no inherent meaning, while information is data that has been given meaning.
Data is processed by humans, while information is processed by computers.
Data is stored in RAM, while information is stored on hard drives.
How is data fundamentally stored on a computer?
As a sequence of binary digits (bits).
As characters, symbols, and images.
As processed information in spreadsheets.
As physical documents and audio clips.
What is the main goal of data processing?
To encrypt data for security purposes.
To store data on fixed or removable media.
To transform raw data into usable information with meaning.
To collect data from various direct and indirect sources.
What is the primary difference between direct and indirect data?
Direct data is always numerical, while indirect data is always textual.
Direct data is collected for a specific purpose, while indirect data is obtained from a third party for a different purpose.
Direct data is stored on a computer, while indirect data is stored manually.
Direct data is used for scientific experiments, while indirect data is used for business.
Which method of direct data collection involves data collectors observing events as they happen?
Questionnaires
Interviews
Observation
Data logging
What is the core process involved in data logging?
Conducting formal meetings to gather information.
Distributing surveys to a large group of people.
Using computers and sensors to automatically collect data.
Analyzing historical data from third-party sources.
What type of data would a committee collect to persuade a bus company to change a bus route for a new housing development?
Data on the bus company's financial profits.
Data on the number of existing bus routes in the country.
Data on walking times to bus routes and passenger numbers.
Data on the historical weather patterns in the village.
Which of the following is an example of an indirect data source?
A survey conducted directly with customers.
A face-to-face interview with a local resident.
An electoral register containing voter information.
Data collected by sensors measuring river pollution.
What is a key advantage of using direct data?
It is always less expensive to collect.
Its origin is known, ensuring reliability.
It can be gathered quickly from large populations.
It is always of higher quality than other data types.
What is a potential disadvantage of collecting direct data?
It often includes irrelevant information that needs to be removed.
It may not be possible to gather specific data due to time of year.
The sample size might be small due to time and cash restraints.
It is difficult to ensure a representative cross-section of the group.
What is an advantage of using indirect data sources?
They allow for direct interaction with the data subjects.
They guarantee the original purpose of data collection is known.
They can provide larger sets of data, saving time and money.
They ensure all collected data is highly relevant to the current need.
What does the accuracy of information primarily depend on?
The speed at which the data was collected.
The number of people involved in data collection.
The accuracy of the collected data before it is processed.
The geographical location where the data was obtained.
Why is relevance considered an important factor in judging the quality of information?
It ensures the data is always up-to-date.
It guarantees the data is free from errors and mistakes.
It confirms the data is suitable for its intended purpose.
It allows for the collection of all available information.
What is a primary consequence of using outdated information?
It always leads to increased profits.
It can result in inaccurate decisions and financial losses.
It simplifies data management.
It has no impact on information quality.
Why might a loan application be inaccurately assessed if personal information in a database is not regularly updated?
The applicant's credit score would automatically improve.
The system might incorrectly view a married person with children as single with no dependents.
The database would delete the applicant's record.
The loan application process would become faster.
What is the main challenge when information contains too much detail?
It becomes easier to share with others.
It makes it difficult to extract the specific information needed.
It guarantees higher accuracy.
It reduces the need for conciseness.
What is a key characteristic of high-quality information regarding its completeness?
It should contain some gaps to encourage further research.
It must deal with all relevant parts of a problem.
It should only include data from the last six months.
It is always time-consuming to collect.
What is the primary risk associated with sending personal information across the internet without proper security?
The information might become too detailed.
It could be intercepted and used for identity theft or cyber-fraud.
It will automatically be deleted after a short period.
It will only be accessible to the sender.
What is the technical process of converting plaintext into ciphertext?
Data compression
Data scrambling
Data analysis
Data storage
What is used by a computer to encode data when sending a message using encryption?
A decryption key
A random number generator
An encryption key
A data compression algorithm
What is the process of decryption fundamentally?
Generating new data
Basically reversing the encryption
Compressing the data
Storing the data securely
What is the unreadable form of a message after it has been encrypted?
Plaintext
Ciphertext
Decryption key
Encryption algorithm
What are the two main types of encryption?
Public-key and Private-key
Symmetric and Asymmetric
Digital and Analog
Secure and Insecure
What is a key characteristic of symmetric encryption?
It uses two different keys for encryption and decryption
It is slower than asymmetric encryption
Both the sender and receiver use the same key
It is primarily used for public data distribution
What is a potential security problem associated with symmetric encryption?
The encryption process is too slow
The key can be easily guessed by attackers
The originator must securely send the encryption key to the recipient
It requires too much processing power
In asymmetric encryption, which key is distributed among many users to encrypt data?
Private key
Secret key
Public key
Master key
Which encryption protocol is used to enable remote logging and perform operations on a computer network securely?
IPsec
SSH
TLS
SSL
What is one of the main purposes of Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) or Transport Layer Security (TLS)?
To speed up internet browsing
To enable encryption to protect data
To allow unrestricted access to all websites
To reduce the cost of data transmission
What is the primary purpose of the SSL/TLS protocol?
To speed up internet browsing.
To verify the identity of the server.
To block unwanted advertisements.
To compress data for faster transfer.
What is the main responsibility of a Certificate Authority (CA) before issuing an SSL certificate?
To provide technical support for website development.
To ensure the website's content is appropriate.
To carry out checks on the applicant to ensure uniqueness.
To design the website's security features.
Why is it crucial to encrypt confidential data such as medical records and payroll details?
To reduce the file size for easier storage.
To prevent the data from becoming public knowledge.
To improve the speed of data processing.
To make the data compatible with various software.
How does hard-disk encryption typically work when a file is read from the disk?
The software automatically encrypts it.
The software automatically decrypts it.
The user manually decrypts the file.
The file is deleted after reading.
What is a primary benefit of encrypting email messages?
It allows for larger attachments to be sent.
It ensures the content cannot be read by unauthorized individuals.
It speeds up the email delivery process.
It automatically organizes emails into folders.
What visual indicator in a web browser typically signifies that a website is using HTTPS and is secure?
A blue background on the webpage.
A padlock icon next to the URL.
A flashing banner advertisement.
A large font size for the website name.
What is a potential drawback of using encryption, especially for large amounts of data?
It makes data incompatible with older software.
It can increase the time required to load data.
It requires constant internet connection.
It limits the number of users who can access the data.
What type of malicious software encrypts a user's data and demands payment for its release?
Spyware
Adware
Ransomware
Malware
What is the primary purpose of a range check in data validation?
To ensure data is of a specific type.
To verify the length of the data entered.
To confirm that data falls within a specified minimum and maximum value.
To check if data matches a predefined pattern.
Which type of data validation ensures that entered data belongs to a particular category or format, such as numeric or alphanumeric?
Length check
Type check
Range check
Consistency check
A length check is primarily performed on which type of data fields to ensure they have the correct number of characters?
Numeric fields
Alphanumeric fields
Boolean fields
Date fields
What is the purpose of a format check (or picture check) in data validation?
To ensure data is within a numerical range.
To verify the data's consistency across multiple fields.
To confirm that data adheres to a specific pattern or structure.
To check if the data has been entered twice correctly.
Which data validation method is used on numerical data to detect errors like transposition, often by calculating a final digit based on the preceding numbers?
Limit check
Lookup check
Check digit
Format check
When is a lookup check most efficiently used in data validation?
When comparing data across two different fields for consistency.
When the data needs to be entered twice for accuracy.
When there is a limited number of valid entries for a field.
When ensuring a numerical value is above a certain threshold.
What is the relationship between validation and verification in ensuring data accuracy?
Validation checks for accuracy, while verification checks for reasonableness.
Verification checks for accuracy, while validation checks for reasonableness.
Both validation and verification perform the same checks and are interchangeable.
Validation is performed by a computer, while verification is always done manually.
What is the primary purpose of a parity check in data transmission?
To encrypt data for security.
To compress data to save space.
To detect errors in transmitted data.
To convert data into a human-readable format.
When performing a parity check, what is added to a byte if the number of '1's is odd?
A '0' bit to make it even.
A '1' bit to make it even.
A '0' bit to make it odd.
A '1' bit to make it odd.
How does a checksum primarily differ from a parity check in terms of data verification?
A checksum verifies data bit by bit, while a parity check verifies whole files.
A checksum is used for whole files of data, while a parity check is performed byte by byte.
A checksum can detect transposition errors, unlike a parity check.
A checksum is a simpler method for detecting errors than a parity check.
What is the main purpose of a hash total in data processing?
To encrypt sensitive data for secure transmission.
To verify that data has been transmitted correctly by comparing calculated totals.
To compress large files for efficient storage.
To convert alphanumeric data into numeric format.
What is a key characteristic that distinguishes a control total from a hash total?
A control total is calculated on alphanumeric fields, while a hash total is on numeric fields.
A control total is used for verification purposes, while a hash total is for data analysis.
A control total is calculated on numeric fields and has a meaningful use, unlike a hash total.
A control total is always larger than a hash total.
Which statement best describes batch processing?
Processing data immediately as it is entered by users.
Processing data in real-time with continuous human interaction.
Processing data in groups or "batches" when computing resources are not fully utilized.
Processing data by encrypting it before transmission.
What is the primary difference between a master file and a transaction file in data processing?
A master file contains data that changes frequently, while a transaction file contains static data.
A master file stores all important data that does not change often, while a transaction file contains data that changes each week.
A master file is used for payroll processing, while a transaction file is used for customer orders.
A master file is always stored on magnetic tapes, while a transaction file is on solid-state drives.
What is the primary characteristic of online processing?
It involves gathering data for later processing.
It requires direct communication with a central computer.
It uses sequential access to search databases.
It processes data only once every three months.
How does online processing typically access data compared to batch processing?
Online processing uses sequential access, while batch processing uses direct access.
Both online and batch processing use sequential access.
Online processing uses direct access, while batch processing uses sequential access.
Both online and batch processing use direct access.
What is a key feature of online processing when data is input into the system?
Processing occurs after a significant delay.
Transactions are processed in batches at the end of the day.
Processing takes place almost immediately with a short delay.
Users must wait for manual approval before processing begins.
What defines an Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT)?
It is a manual transfer of money between bank accounts.
It involves direct intervention from bank staff for every transaction.
It is an electronic transfer of money using computer-based systems.
It is only used for large business transactions.
What is a crucial requirement for real-time processing systems?
They must process data in large batches.
They require inputs to be stored before processing.
The response time of the computer must be immediate.
They are primarily used for payroll applications.
In a real-time system, what is the relationship between output and input?
Output is independent of input.
Output affects the input.
Input is always delayed by the output.
Input and output are processed sequentially without interaction.
Which statement accurately describes a difference between real-time and batch processing?
Real-time processing has significant delays, while batch processing is immediate.
Batch processing information is always up-to-date, unlike real-time processing.
Real-time processing requires the CPU constantly, making it expensive, while batch processing uses the CPU at less busy times.
Batch processing collects data instantaneously, while real-time processing takes a long time.
Which of the following topics is NOT listed as a lesson objective?
The characteristics and uses of mainframe computers and supercomputers.
The history of computer programming languages.
The types and uses of system software.
The use of custom-written software and off-the-shelf software.
What is a primary application for mainframe computers?
Personal gaming and entertainment.
Bulk data-processing applications like censuses and transaction processing.
Graphic design and video editing.
Basic word processing and spreadsheet management.
Which of the following accurately describes a mainframe computer?
They are primarily used by individuals for everyday tasks.
They are smaller and less powerful than personal computers.
They are multitasking, multi-user computers designed for many people to work on different problems simultaneously.
They are inexpensive and easy to maintain.
How do modern personal computer processors typically differ from older ones?
Modern processors usually have a single core.
Modern processors tend to have multiple cores, allowing for parallel processing.
Older processors were designed for multitasking, while modern ones are not.
Older processors had more processing power than modern ones.
What is the primary advantage of a CPU having multiple cores?
It reduces the overall cost of the computer.
It enables the computer to perform parallel processing, handling multiple tasks simultaneously.
It simplifies the user interface for easier navigation.
It allows for only serial processing of tasks.
What is the primary characteristic of parallel processing?
It performs tasks one after another.
It allows several tasks to be carried out simultaneously.
It focuses on processing large, single tasks.
It is primarily used in personal computers.
How does serial processing handle tasks?
It processes multiple tasks at once.
It allows tasks to be carried out in any order.
It performs tasks one at a time.
It prioritizes urgent tasks over others.
What is a key capability of a mainframe computer regarding task processing?
It can only process one task at a time, but very quickly.
It can have hundreds of processor cores and process a large number of small tasks simultaneously.
It is designed for single-user, single-task operations.
It primarily focuses on graphical processing for individual users.
Which of the following organizations commonly utilize mainframe computers for their operations?
Small businesses and individual users.
Large banking organizations, government departments, and insurance companies.
Educational institutions and research laboratories.
Gaming studios and multimedia production houses.
Which of the following best describes a supercomputer?
A computer designed for everyday personal use.
A computer that performs at or near the highest operational rate for computers.
A computer primarily used for word processing and basic tasks.
A computer with limited processing power for small businesses.
What is a common application for supercomputers?
Managing personal photo albums.
Running small office applications.
Weather forecasting and scientific research.
Browsing the internet and sending emails.
What characteristic allows mainframe computers to run continuously for very long periods, providing businesses with security through extensive encryption?
Serviceability
Longevity
Reliability
Availability
What does the acronym RAS stand for in the context of mainframe computers?
Rapid Access System
Reliability, Availability, Serviceability
Remote Administration Software
Real-time Analysis Solution
Which characteristic of mainframe computers refers to their processors' ability to check for errors and recover without undue effect on operations?
Longevity
Reliability
Availability
Serviceability
What does MTBF represent in the context of system reliability?
Maximum Time Before Failure
Mean Time Between Failures
Minimum Time Before Function
Mainframe Technical Benchmark Factor
Which characteristic of mainframe computers emphasizes the ability to identify the cause of a failure and replace components without significant disruption to operations?
Longevity
Reliability
Serviceability
Availability
What is considered the primary purpose of data security in mainframe computer systems?
Ensuring continuous operation without downtime.
Protecting data from intentional or accidental destruction, modification, or disclosure.
Allowing for quick recovery from hardware component failures.
Extending the lifespan of the computer system.
Which aspect of mainframe computer security ensures that a user's access to data is determined by their assigned security clearance?
Multi-factor authentication
Levels of access
Encryption of transmitted data
Secure operating systems
What is the primary unit of measurement for the speed of a mainframe's Central Processing Unit (CPU)?
Gigabytes per second (GB/s)
Millions of Instructions Per Second (MIPS)
Terabytes of storage (TB)
Clock speed in Gigahertz (GHz)
What is throughput in the context of mainframes?
The maximum processing power and speed of a computer.
The ability of a computer to continue operating even if components fail.
The large number of simultaneous transactions and extremely large volumes of input and output in a given period of time.
The specialized hardware that deals with input and output operations.
What is a key difference in processing capability between mainframe computers and personal computers?
Mainframes can only run one operating system, while PCs can run multiple.
Personal computers are designed for massive parallel processing, unlike mainframes.
Mainframes can perform multiple tasks simultaneously due to multiple processor cores, while PCs have limited multi-tasking.
Personal computers are more efficient than mainframes for handling large datasets.
Which of the following is a primary application for mainframe computers?
Personal gaming.
Small business accounting.
Population census data processing.
Graphic design workstations.
What is meant by a Graphical User Interface (GUI)?
The user has to type in specific commands to do things like moving and copying files.
The user communicates with the operating system using windows, icons, menu and pointers (WIMP) e.g. Windows.
What is meant by a Command Line Interface (CLI)?
The user has to type in specific commands to do things like moving and copying files.
The user communicates with the operating system using windows, icons, menu and pointers (WIMP) e.g. Windows.
What is meant by an operating system?
Includes operating system and utilities software. Tells computer hardware what to do and provides a user interface (OS). Maintains, optimises and cleans a computer (Utilities).
A set of programs that controls how the user interacts with the hardware and software of a computer.
What is information in the context of information technology?
Raw facts collected from various sources.
Data that has been given meaning.
Binary digits stored on a computer.
Data that has no inherent meaning.
How is data fundamentally stored on a computer?
As a sequence of binary digits (bits).
As characters, symbols, and images.
As processed information in spreadsheets.
As physical documents and audio clips.
What is the primary difference between direct and indirect data?
Direct data is always numerical, while indirect data is always textual.
Direct data is collected for a specific purpose, while indirect data is obtained from a third party for a different purpose.
Direct data is stored on a computer, while indirect data is stored manually.
Direct data is used for scientific experiments, while indirect data is used for business.
Which method of direct data collection involves data collectors observing events as they happen?
Questionnaires
Interviews
Observation
Data logging
What is the core process involved in data logging?
Conducting formal meetings to gather information.
Distributing surveys to a large group of people.
Using computers and sensors to automatically collect data.
Analyzing historical data from third-party sources.
What type of data would a committee collect to persuade a bus company to change a bus route for a new housing development?
Data on the bus company's financial profits.
Data on the number of existing bus routes in the country.
Data on walking times to bus routes and passenger numbers.
Data on the historical weather patterns in the village.
Which of the following is an example of an indirect data source?
A survey conducted directly with customers.
A face-to-face interview with a local resident.
An electoral register containing voter information.
Data collected by sensors measuring river pollution.
What is a potential disadvantage of collecting direct data?
It often includes irrelevant information that needs to be removed.
It may not be possible to gather specific data due to time of year.
The sample size might be small due to time and cash restraints.
It is difficult to ensure a representative cross-section of the group.
What is an advantage of using indirect data sources?
They allow for direct interaction with the data subjects.
They guarantee the original purpose of data collection is known.
They can provide larger sets of data, saving time and money.
They ensure all collected data is highly relevant to the current need.
What does the accuracy of information primarily depend on?
The speed at which the data was collected.
The number of people involved in data collection.
The accuracy of the collected data before it is processed.
The geographical location where the data was obtained.
Why is relevance considered an important factor in judging the quality of information?
It ensures the data is always up-to-date.
It guarantees the data is free from errors and mistakes.
It confirms the data is suitable for its intended purpose.
It allows for the collection of all available information.
What is a key characteristic of high-quality information regarding its completeness?
It should contain some gaps to encourage further research.
It must deal with all relevant parts of a problem.
It should only include data from the last six months.
It is always time-consuming to collect.
What is the technical process of converting plaintext into ciphertext?
Data compression
Data scrambling
Data analysis
Data storage
What is a potential security problem associated with symmetric encryption?
The encryption process is too slow
The key can be easily guessed by attackers
The originator must securely send the encryption key to the recipient
It requires too much processing power
Which encryption protocol is used to enable remote logging and perform operations on a computer network securely?
IPsec
SSH
TLS
SSL
What is the primary purpose of the SSL/TLS protocol?
To speed up internet browsing.
To verify the identity of the server.
To block unwanted advertisements.
To compress data for faster transfer.
How does hard-disk encryption typically work when a file is read from the disk?
The software automatically encrypts it.
The software automatically decrypts it.
The user manually decrypts the file.
The file is deleted after reading.
What is a potential drawback of using encryption, especially for large amounts of data?
It makes data incompatible with older software.
It can increase the time required to load data.
It requires constant internet connection.
It limits the number of users who can access the data.
Which type of data validation ensures that entered data belongs to a particular category or format, such as numeric or alphanumeric?
Length check
Type check
Range check
Consistency check
What is the purpose of a format check (or picture check) in data validation?
To ensure data is within a numerical range.
To verify the data's consistency across multiple fields.
To confirm that data adheres to a specific pattern or structure.
To check if the data has been entered twice correctly.
Which data validation method is used on numerical data to detect errors like transposition, often by calculating a final digit based on the preceding numbers?
Limit check
Lookup check
Check digit
Format check
When performing a parity check, what is added to a byte if the number of '1's is odd?
A '0' bit to make it even.
A '1' bit to make it even.
A '0' bit to make it odd.
A '1' bit to make it odd.
What is the main purpose of a hash total in data processing?
To encrypt sensitive data for secure transmission.
To verify that data has been transmitted correctly by comparing calculated totals.
To compress large files for efficient storage.
To convert alphanumeric data into numeric format.
What is a key characteristic that distinguishes a control total from a hash total?
A control total is calculated on alphanumeric fields, while a hash total is on numeric fields.
A control total is used for verification purposes, while a hash total is for data analysis.
A control total is calculated on numeric fields and has a meaningful use, unlike a hash total.
A control total is always larger than a hash total.
Which statement best describes batch processing?
Processing data immediately as it is entered by users.
Processing data in real-time with continuous human interaction.
Processing data in groups or "batches" when computing resources are not fully utilized.
Processing data by encrypting it before transmission.
What is the primary characteristic of online processing?
It involves gathering data for later processing.
It requires direct communication with a central computer.
It uses sequential access to search databases.
It processes data only once every three months.
How does online processing typically access data compared to batch processing?
Online processing uses sequential access, while batch processing uses direct access.
Both online and batch processing use sequential access.
Online processing uses direct access, while batch processing uses sequential access.
Both online and batch processing use direct access.
What is a key feature of online processing when data is input into the system?
Processing occurs after a significant delay.
Transactions are processed in batches at the end of the day.
Processing takes place almost immediately with a short delay.
Users must wait for manual approval before processing begins.
What is a primary application for mainframe computers?
Personal gaming and entertainment.
Bulk data-processing applications like censuses and transaction processing.
Graphic design and video editing.
Basic word processing and spreadsheet management.
How do modern personal computer processors typically differ from older ones?
Modern processors usually have a single core.
Modern processors tend to have multiple cores, allowing for parallel processing.
Older processors were designed for multitasking, while modern ones are not.
Older processors had more processing power than modern ones.
What is the primary advantage of a CPU having multiple cores?
It reduces the overall cost of the computer.
It enables the computer to perform parallel processing, handling multiple tasks simultaneously.
It simplifies the user interface for easier navigation.
It allows for only serial processing of tasks.
What is the primary characteristic of parallel processing?
It performs tasks one after another.
It allows several tasks to be carried out simultaneously.
It focuses on processing large, single tasks.
It is primarily used in personal computers.
How does serial processing handle tasks?
It processes multiple tasks at once.
It allows tasks to be carried out in any order.
It performs tasks one at a time.
It prioritizes urgent tasks over others.
Which of the following organizations commonly utilize mainframe computers for their operations?
Small businesses and individual users.
Large banking organizations, government departments, and insurance companies.
Educational institutions and research laboratories.
Gaming studios and multimedia production houses.
Which of the following best describes a supercomputer?
A computer designed for everyday personal use.
A computer that performs at or near the highest operational rate for computers.
A computer primarily used for word processing and basic tasks.
A computer with limited processing power for small businesses.
What is a common application for supercomputers?
Managing personal photo albums.
Running small office applications.
Weather forecasting and scientific research.
Browsing the internet and sending emails.
What characteristic allows mainframe computers to run continuously for very long periods, providing businesses with security through extensive encryption?
Serviceability
Longevity
Reliability
Availability
What does the acronym RAS stand for in the context of mainframe computers?
Rapid Access System
Reliability, Availability, Serviceability
Remote Administration Software
Real-time Analysis Solution
Which characteristic of mainframe computers refers to their processors' ability to check for errors and recover without undue effect on operations?
Longevity
Reliability
Availability
Serviceability
Which aspect of mainframe computer security ensures that a user's access to data is determined by their assigned security clearance?
Multi-factor authentication
Levels of access
Encryption of transmitted data
Secure operating systems
What is throughput in the context of mainframes?
The maximum processing power and speed of a computer.
The ability of a computer to continue operating even if components fail.
The large number of simultaneous transactions and extremely large volumes of input and output in a given period of time.
The specialized hardware that deals with input and output operations.
Which of the following is a primary application for mainframe computers?
Personal gaming.
Small business accounting.
Population census data processing.
Graphic design workstations.
What is meant by a Graphical User Interface (GUI)?
The user has to type in specific commands to do things like moving and copying files.
The user communicates with the operating system using windows, icons, menu and pointers (WIMP) e.g. Windows.
What is meant by a Command Line Interface (CLI)?
The user has to type in specific commands to do things like moving and copying files.
The user communicates with the operating system using windows, icons, menu and pointers (WIMP) e.g. Windows.
What is meant by an operating system?
Includes operating system and utilities software. Tells computer hardware what to do and provides a user interface (OS). Maintains, optimises and cleans a computer (Utilities).
A set of programs that controls how the user interacts with the hardware and software of a computer.
