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Unit 3

Total questions: 97

Worksheet time: 2hrs 37mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Which of the following best defines an infection?

a)

The process by which the immune system destroys all pathogens

b)

Pathogens reproducing to high numbers in the body

c)

The appearance of symptoms due to any illness

d)

The process of healing after illness

2.

Which term refers specifically to a condition where the body shows signs and symptoms due to tissue damage?

a)

Infection

b)

Disease

c)

Immunity

d)

Transmission

3.

Which of the following is an example of an infectious disease?

a)

Diabetes

b)

Influenza

c)

Hypertension

d)

Heart disease

4.

Which of the following is a non-infectious disease?

a)

Tuberculosis

b)

Measles

c)

Asthma

d)

Chickenpox

5.

Which of the following is a primary function of the immune system?

a)

Producing digestive enzymes

b)

Defending the body against pathogens

c)

Regulating blood sugar

d)

Absorbing nutrients

6.

What is the main source of human white blood cells? (Where do they come from?)

a)

Liver

b)

Bone marrow stem cells

c)

Spleen

d)

Lymph nodes

7.

Which of the following is a physical barrier that helps defend against infection?

a)

Skin

b)

Antibodies

c)

Red blood cells

d)

Hormones

8.

Which of the following is a human-made molecule made by virus infected cells to warn neighboring cells?

a)

Glucose

b)

Interferons

c)

Hemoglobin

d)

Insulin

9.

Which of the following is NOT a route of transmission for microbial pathogens?

a)

Airborne droplets

b)

Direct contact

c)

Photosynthesis

d)

Contaminated food

10.

What does the term "differentiation" refer to in the context of white blood cells?

a)

The process of cell division

b)

The process by which stem cells develop into specialized cells

c)

The process of cell death

d)

The process of infection

11.

Which of the following best describes the difference between infection and disease?

a)

Infection always leads to disease

b)

Infection is the entry and multiplication of pathogens; disease is the result of tissue damage and symptoms

c)

Disease occurs before infection

d)

Infection and disease are the same

12.

Which behavior can help reduce the number of infection cases transmitted via contaminated food?

a)

Washing hands before eating

b)

Exercising regularly

c)

Sleeping early

d)

Wearing sunglasses

13.

How do cilia and mucus work together to defend against infection?

a)

They produce antibodies to destroy pathogens

b)

They trap and move pathogens out of the respiratory tract

c)

They digest pathogens in the stomach

d)

They increase blood flow to infected areas

14.

Which of the following is an example of a route of transmission for microbial pathogens?

a)

Inhalation of airborne droplets

b)

Listening to loud music

c)

Reading a book

d)

Sunbathing

15.

How do acids in the stomach help prevent infection?

a)

By neutralizing all nutrients

b)

By destroying many ingested pathogens

c)

By increasing pathogen growth

d)

By absorbing toxins

16.

Which of the following best explains why human cells are not considered microorganisms?

a)

They are not alive

b)

They are not made of DNA

c)

They are part of a multicellular organism and have human DNA

d)

They are smaller than bacteria

17.

Which of the following is a possible outcome after contact with a potential pathogen?

a)

Asymptomatic infection

b)

Immediate death

c)

Guaranteed disease

d)

No immune response

18.

Which factor can influence the outcome after exposure to a pathogen?

a)

The host's immune system characteristics

b)

The color of the pathogen

c)

The time of day

d)

The host's favorite food

19.

Compare and contrast infection, disease, and infectious disease by selecting the most accurate statement.

a)

Infection and disease are unrelated; infectious disease is a genetic disorder

b)

Infection is the entry of pathogens, disease is the result of tissue damage, and infectious disease is a disease caused by pathogens

c)

Disease always occurs without infection

d)

Infection and disease are the same, infectious disease is a viral infection only

20.

A person is exposed to a virus but does not develop symptoms. Which reasoning best explains this outcome?

a)

The virus was not alive

b)

The person's immune system cleared the virus before it caused disease

c)

The person was not exposed to the virus

d)

The virus only infects animals

21.

Explain why having immunological defenses at portals of entry is strategically important for preventing infection.

a)

It allows pathogens to multiply faster

b)

It provides an immediate response to block pathogens before they spread

c)

It delays the immune response

d)

It increases the risk of disease

22.

A patient is exposed to a bacterial pathogen but does not develop disease. Which factors could have contributed to this outcome? Select the best explanation.

a)

The pathogen was not able to overcome the patient's immune defenses

b)

The patient did not breathe

c)

The pathogen was a virus

d)

The patient was not alive

23.

Describe how physical barriers and chemical defenses work together to prevent infection, and select the most accurate statement.

a)

Physical barriers trap pathogens, while chemical defenses destroy or inhibit them

b)

Both only trap pathogens

c)

Both only destroy pathogens

d)

Physical barriers and chemical defenses have no effect on pathogens

24.

A person with a weakened immune system is more likely to develop disease after pathogen exposure. Which reasoning best explains this?

a)

Their immune system cannot effectively eliminate the pathogen

b)

They are exposed to fewer pathogens

c)

Their skin is thicker

d)

They have more white blood cells

25.

Explain how the process of differentiation in bone marrow stem cells is essential for immune defense.

a)

It produces specialized white blood cells needed to fight infections

b)

It creates more red blood cells only

c)

It stops the immune response

d)

It produces only platelets

26.

A person modifies their behavior by consistently using hand sanitizer after touching public surfaces. Which route of transmission is this most likely to reduce, and why?

a)

Airborne, because sanitizer cleans the air

b)

Direct contact, because it kills pathogens on the hands before they enter the body

c)

Waterborne, because it purifies water

d)

Foodborne, because it cooks food

27.
What is the key material in live, attenuated vaccines that triggers antigen-specific immunity?
a)
Inactivated toxin
b)
Whole, weakened pathogen
c)
Isolated viral protein
d)
Genetic material only
28.
What is a main advantage (PRO) of live, attenuated vaccines?
a)
They require frequent boosters
b)
They mimic a natural infection, producing strong immunity
c)
They cannot induce cellular immunity
d)
They do not produce memory cells
29.
What is a main disadvantage (CON) of live, attenuated vaccines?
a)
They never cause side effects
b)

They can potentially cause symptoms in immunocompromised people

c)
They don’t stimulate the immune system
d)
They contain no antigens
30.
In toxoid vaccines, what material is responsible for generating antigen-specific immunity?
a)
Inactivated bacterial toxin
b)
Whole live bacteria
c)
Viral RNA
d)
Adjuvants
31.
What is the major benefit (PRO) of toxoid or protein-based vaccines?
a)

They contain no real toxin

b)
They can cause the disease
c)
They always provide lifelong immunity after one dose
d)
They require no refrigeration
32.
What is a major drawback (CON) of toxoid or structural protein vaccines?
a)
They may require booster shots to maintain immunity
b)
They often cause severe illness
c)
They have a high mutation rate
d)
They always induce cellular immunity
33.
What is the key material in mRNA COVID-19 vaccines that helps trigger immunity?
a)
Whole, live virus
b)
Messenger RNA encoding the spike protein
c)
DNA from the virus
d)
Inactivated virus particles
34.
How do mRNA vaccines make human cells produce SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins?
a)
They insert viral DNA into the nucleus
b)
They deliver mRNA that is read by ribosomes to make spike proteins
c)
They infect cells directly with live virus
d)
They use bacterial enzymes to produce proteins
35.
Why does production of spike proteins in human cells help protect against severe COVID-19?
a)
It causes infection
b)

It triggers a primary immune response resulting in effectors and memory cells

c)
It replaces damaged lung cells
d)
It blocks viral RNA replication
36.
What is the overall goal of vaccination in a population?
a)
To treat diseases
b)
To create herd immunity and prevent pathogen spread
c)
To make people slightly ill
d)
To eliminate memory cells
37.
What does herd immunity achieve?
a)
Protects only vaccinated individuals
b)
Protects both vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals
c)
Weakens population immunity
d)
Increases infection spread
38.
Which of the following is a group that benefits from herd immunity?
a)
Healthy young adults
b)
Immunocompromised individuals
c)
Athletes
d)
Smokers
39.
Which of the following correctly describes herd immunity?
a)
It occurs when enough individuals are immune to stop disease transmission
b)
It happens when everyone gets sick at the same time
c)
It only applies to bacterial diseases
d)
It can be achieved without vaccination
40.
Which factor most challenges achieving herd immunity?
a)
High vaccination rates
b)
Vaccine misinformation and refusal
c)
Rapid pathogen elimination
41.
Another challenge to herd immunity is:
a)
Short duration of immunity for some vaccines
b)
Overproduction of antibodies
c)
Complete eradication of all diseases
42.
What is immunodeficiency?
a)
Overactive immune system
b)
Weak immune defenses, often involving white blood cells
c)
Increased antibody production
d)
Temporary fever after vaccination
43.
Why do immunodeficient individuals experience more severe infectious diseases?
a)
Their immune responses are slower and weaker
b)
They are exposed to fewer pathogens
c)
They overproduce cytokines
d)
They produce too many antibodies
44.
Which of the following best describes inherited immunodeficiencies?
a)
They are caused by viral infections
b)
They result from genetic mutations passed from parents
c)
They are temporary conditions
d)
They develop only in adulthood
45.
How can bone marrow stem cell transplants help cure some inherited immunodeficiencies?
a)
They replace defective immune cells with healthy ones
b)
They increase antibody levels temporarily
c)
They kill pathogens directly
d)
They stimulate fever response
46.
What virus causes AIDS, an acquired immunodeficiency?
a)
HPV
b)
HIV
c)
Influenza
d)
Hepatitis B
47.
How does HIV cause immunodeficiency?
a)
It destroys helper T cells, weakening the immune response
b)
It increases white blood cell production
c)
It targets red blood cells
d)
It blocks antibodies
48.
Why can chemotherapy treatments lead to immunodeficiency?
a)
They selectively boost immune activity
b)
They damage bone marrow, reducing white blood cell production
c)
They destroy only cancer cells
d)
They increase antibody formation
49.
How do anti-rejection drugs cause immunodeficiency?
a)
They suppress immune activity to prevent organ rejection
b)
They strengthen the immune system
c)
They target bacteria
d)
They increase T-cell production
50.
Why can drugs that treat autoimmune disorders cause immunodeficiency?
a)
They suppress immune function to reduce self-reactivity
b)
They stimulate antibody overproduction
c)
They kill bacteria directly
d)
They increase inflammation
51.
Which of the following people would be most at risk from live, attenuated vaccines?
a)
Healthy teenagers
b)
Immunocompromised individuals
c)
Pregnant women
d)
Athletes
52.
Why might booster shots be required for protein-based or toxoid vaccines?
a)
Immune memory may fade over time
b)
The vaccine becomes toxic
c)
The pathogen mutates every week
d)
The vaccine dose is too strong
53.
Which is an example of an acquired immunodeficiency caused by medical treatment?
a)
Bone marrow transplant
b)
Chemotherapy
c)
Cystic fibrosis
d)
Severe combined immunodeficiency
54.
Which statement best summarizes how vaccination benefits both individuals and communities?
a)
It prevents disease only in vaccinated individuals
b)
It strengthens personal and collective immunity against infectious diseases
c)
It causes mild infections for better protection
d)
It eliminates the need for hygiene practices
55.
Which of the following best describes why live, attenuated vaccines produce long-lasting immunity?
a)
They expose the immune system to inactive toxins only
b)
They replicate slightly in the body, mimicking a natural infection
c)
They contain only small protein fragments
d)
They stimulate only antibody responses, not cellular immunity
56.
Why are toxoid vaccines particularly effective against bacterial diseases like tetanus?
a)
They target the bacteria’s DNA
b)
They neutralize the toxin produced by the bacteria
c)
They destroy bacterial cell walls
d)
They enhance red blood cell production
57.
What part of the SARS-CoV-2 virus do mRNA vaccines teach cells to produce?
a)
Nucleocapsid protein
b)
Spike protein
c)
Envelope protein
d)
Entire virus particle
58.
What happens when herd immunity thresholds are not met in a population?
a)
Infection rates decrease naturally
b)
Disease outbreaks can occur even among vaccinated individuals
c)
Immunity becomes stronger
d)
Pathogens die out completely
59.
Why are bone marrow stem cells important for immune function?
a)
They produce antibodies directly
b)
They are the source of all new blood and immune cells
c)
They store antigens for long-term memory
d)
They kill pathogens
60.
Which of the following statements correctly compares acquired and inherited immunodeficiencies?
a)
Acquired immunodeficiencies are caused by gene mutations
b)
Inherited immunodeficiencies are present from birth, while acquired ones develop later
c)
Inherited immunodeficiencies develop after exposure to chemotherapy
d)
Both are caused by viral infections
61.
What is one way autoimmune disease treatments can inadvertently increase infection risk?
a)
By stimulating the production of autoantibodies
b)
By suppressing immune responses that normally fight pathogens
c)
By increasing T-cell activation
d)
By promoting inflammation
62.
Which of the following correctly matches the vaccine type with what it contains?
a)
Toxoid vaccine → weakened virus
b)
mRNA vaccine → genetic instructions to make viral protein
c)
Live, attenuated vaccine → purified protein subunits
d)
Structural protein vaccine → whole inactivated pathogen
63.
What is the main function of phagocytosis in the immune system?
a)
To engulf and destroy pathogens
b)
To produce antibodies
c)

to kill virus infected cells

d)
To create memory cells
64.
Which cell type performs phagocytosis?
a)

Red Blood Cells

b)
B-cells
c)
T-cells
d)

Phagocytes

65.
Phagocytosis is considered a ______ defense mechanism.
a)
Specific
b)
Adaptive
c)
Non-specific
d)
Acquired
66.
Lymphocytes are a type of:
a)
Red blood cell
b)
Platelet
c)
White blood cell
d)
Muscle cell
67.
Lymphocytes become active when they bind to:
a)

specific antibodies

b)

specific antigens

c)

hormones

d)

carbohydrates

68.
When activated, lymphocytes:
a)

Divide and produce effectors and memory cells

b)
Form scar tissue
c)
Break down red blood cells
d)
Release histamine
69.
What triggers lymphocyte division?
a)
Temperature change
b)

Binding to a specific foreign antigen

c)
Low oxygen levels
d)
Cytokine absence
70.
What is an antigen?
a)
A whole bacterium
b)
A toxin or molecule recognized by the immune system
c)
A white blood cell
d)
A type of antibody
71.
How is an antigen different from a pathogen?
a)
An antigen is the entire organism
b)

A pathogen is part of an antigen

c)

A pathogen contains or produces antigens

d)
They are identical
72.
Which best describes an antigen’s role?
a)
It triggers an immune response
b)
It digests pathogens
c)
It produces hormones
d)
It creates inflammation
73.
What occurs during a primary immune response?
a)
Immediate antibody production
b)

First exposure and slow effector buildup

c)
Rapid memory cell response
d)
No immune activity
74.
The secondary immune response is:
a)
Slower and weaker
b)
Faster and stronger
c)
Unchanged
d)
Absent
75.
Memory cells are created during:
a)
Primary response
b)
Secondary response
c)

Primary and Secondary response

d)
Phagocytosis
76.

During a response, antibodies are produced by:

a)

Phagocytes

b)

B-cells

c)

Cytotoxic T cells

d)
Neurons
77.
B-cells primarily function to:
a)
Engulf pathogens
b)
Produce antibodies
c)
Activate macrophages
d)
Release histamine
78.
B-cell activation requires:
a)
Antigen recognition
b)
T-cell suppression
c)
Inflammation
d)
Oxygen release
79.
Antibodies are made of:
a)
Proteins
b)
Lipids
c)
Carbohydrates
d)
DNA
80.
Antibodies bind specifically to:
a)
Any molecule
b)
Antigens
c)
Hormones
d)
Lipids
81.
Antibodies can neutralize pathogens by:
a)
Engulfing them
b)
Binding and blocking their active sites
c)
Destroying DNA
d)
Reducing fever
82.
Antibodies help phagocytes by:
a)
Making pathogens more recognizable
b)
Destroying lysosomes
c)
Decreasing inflammation
d)
Creating toxins
83.
One way antibodies prevent infection is by:
a)
Activating platelets
b)
Clumping pathogens together
c)
Reducing oxygen flow
d)
Blocking white blood cells
84.
Inflammation involves:
a)
Only one type of immune cell
b)
Collaboration of multiple immune defenses
c)
No immune cells
d)
Only antibodies
85.
The purpose of inflammation is to:
a)
Spread infection
b)
Attract immune cells to a site
c)
Lower body temperature
d)
Reduce circulation
86.
Inflammation increases immune efficiency by:
a)
Blocking immune cells
b)
Increasing blood flow and permeability
c)
Reducing temperature
d)
Decreasing cell activity
87.
More blood flow during inflammation means:
a)
Fewer immune cells arrive
b)
More immune cells reach the area
c)
Lower oxygen delivery
d)
No change
88.
Inflammation helps limit pathogen spread by:
a)
Sealing off the infected area
b)
Reducing immune activity
c)
Killing red blood cells
d)
Slowing cell division
89.
Which of these is NOT a benefit of inflammation?
a)
Faster healing
b)
Immune cell recruitment
c)
Pathogen trapping
d)
Nutrient starvation
90.
Which is NOT a classic sign of inflammation?
a)
Redness
b)
Swelling
c)
Coldness
d)
Pain
91.
Redness during inflammation is caused by:
a)

Blood vessel widening

b)
Low oxygen
c)
Reduced flow
d)
Bacterial toxins
92.
Swelling occurs because of:
a)
Fluid leakage into tissues
b)
Reduced immune activity
c)
Low pressure
d)
Bacterial toxins
93.
Pain during inflammation is due to:
a)

Nerve stimulation by chemicals and pressure

b)
Increased oxygen
c)
Muscle contraction
d)
Bone growth
94.
The goal of vaccination is to:
a)
Cause disease
b)
Stimulate immune memory
c)
Reduce antibody production
d)
Prevent immune activation
95.
Vaccines work by exposing the body to:
a)
Infectious pathogens
b)
Safe antigens
c)
Active infections
d)
White blood cells
96.
After vaccination, the immune system responds:
a)
Faster during future exposure
b)
Slower
c)
Not at all
d)
Irregularly
97.
Memory B- and T-cells allow:
a)
Weaker immune response
b)
Stronger secondary response
c)
Pathogen survival
d)
Delayed healing

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