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WorksheetsExam #3 Skeletal and Muscles
Total questions: 102
Worksheet time: 5hrs 37mins
What are the two groups that bones can be divided into?
(a)
Where are osteogenic cells?
periosteum and endosteum
bone matrix
lacunae
external and internal bone surface
What is the function of an osteogenic cell?
secrete osteoids
they differentiate into osteoblasts or bone lining cells
maintain the matrix
break down the bone
what type of cell is an osteogenic cell?
stem cell
flat cell
bone building cell
mature bone cell
Where is osteoblasts?
lacunae
bone matrix
periosteum and endosteum
external and internal bone surface
what is the function of an osteoblast?
secretes osteiods
maintain the matrix
break done bone
differentiate into osteoblast or bone lining cells
what type of cell is an osteoblast?
bone building cell
flat cell
mature bone cell
multinucleated cell
Where is the osteocytes?
lacunae
bone matrix
periosteum
endosteum
what is the function of osteocytes?
maintain the matrix
break down bone
differentiate into osteoblast or bone lining cells
secrete osteoid
what type of cell is an osteocyte?
mature bone cell
flat cell
mature bone cell
stem cell
which cell is the communicator between osteoclasts and osteoblasts?
osteogenic cell
osteocyte
bone lining cell
osteon
where are bone lining cells?
external and internal bone surface
matrix
lacunae
periosteum
what is the function of a bone lining cell?
maintain the matrix
secrete osteoids
maintain the osteon
break down bone
what type of cell is a bone lining cell?
flat cell
stem cell
bone building cell
multinucleated cell
where are osteoclasts?
bone matrix
lacunae
inside and outside of bone surface
endosteum
what is the function of an osteoclast?
breakdown bone
bulid bone
secrete osteiods
maintain the matrix
what type of cell is an osteoclast?
multinucleated cell
stem cell
flat cell
bone building cell
which cell derives from hemopoietic stem cells?
osteoclast
osteoblast
osteocyte
osteon
what is an osteon?
(a)
what is the central canal?
(a)
what is the perforating canal?
(a)
what are interstitial lamellae?
(a)
what is a circumferential lamellae?
(a)
what are the two components of bone that are organic?
(a)
list the bone cells.
(a)
what are the inorganic components of bone and what is it responsible for?
(a)
how are bone tissues formed?
(a)
what is endochondral ossification?
hyaline cartilage model, forms all bones but skull and clavicles, begins at primary ossification center
responsible for hardness
forms skull and clavicles, fibrous tissues model using mesenchymal cells
growth at epiphysial plate
what is intramembranous ossification?
forms the skull and clavicles, fibrous connective tissue model using mesenchymal cells
does not form clavicles or skull, forms all other bones, hyaline cartilage model
responsible for hardness
grow in length
list the five zones of the epiphyseal plate.
(a)
what happens during the resting zone in the epiphyseal plate?
it is inactive
osteoblasts are rapidly dividing
epiphyseal plate is calcified
deteriorate cartilage leaves behind long sharp ctructures.
what is happening in the perforation zone?
it is inactive
osteocytes are rapidly dividing and lengthening the bones
it is the area where interconnective spaces occur from lacunae enlarging and eroding
leaves being long sharp structures
what is happening in the hypertrophic zone?
it is inactive
it is the area where interconnective spaces occur from lacunae enlarging and eroding
epiphyseal plate is calcified
leaves behind large sharp structures
what is happening in the calcification zone?
epiphyseal plate is calcified and chondrocytes will die and deteriorate
osteocytes are rapidly dividing
it is inactive
interconnective spaces occur from lacunae enlarging and eroding
what is happening in the ossification zone?
deteriorate cartilage leaves behind long sharp structures of calcified cartilage called spicules
it is inactive
osteoblasts are rapidly dividing
squirrels fly
what happens when humans stop growing?
(a)
how do bones grow in width?
(a)
what stimulates the epiphyseal plate during infancy and childhood to grow?
hormones
osteons
enzymes
connective tissue
which hormone regulates growth?
estrogen
testosterone
thyroid hormone
batman
which hormone causes growth spurts with puberty in males?
testosterone
estrogen
thyroid hormone
pikachu
which hormone causes growth spurts with puberty in females?
estrogen
testosterone
thyroid hormone
aloe vera
what is bone remodeling and how does it work?
(a)
what triggers bone deposit and which cell deposits the new bone?
osteoblast: stress, increase in calcium and phosphate ions, excess protein
osteoclast; stress, tension
osteocyte
osteon
explain what bone resorption is.
(a)
what happens when bone resorption is complete?
(a)
what are the 2 control loops that regulate bone remodeling?
hormones and mechanical stress
hormone and tension
mechanical stress and enzymes
stress and breakdown
where is the parathyroid hormone secreted from?
(a)
parathyroid hormone secretes in response to?
low calcium blood levels
high blood calcium levels
what cells will the parathyroid hormone stimulate?
osteoclasts
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteogenic cells
what are the effects on blood and bone with the parathyroid hormone?
calcium is released from bone into blood
calcium in the blood is released into the bone
where is calcitonin secreted from?
(a)
calcitonin secretes in response to?
low blood calcium levels
high blood calcium levels
what cells will the calcitonin stimulate?
parafollicular cells
multinucleate cells
osteoblasts
osteoclasts
what effects on the blood and bone will calcitonin have?
calcium in the blood is released into the bone
calcium is released from the bone into the blood
Wolfe's law
(a)
what are the 3 fracture classifications?
(a)
what are the two classifications of a position of bone ends fracture?
(a)
what are the two classifications of a skin penetration fracture?
(a)
what are the two classifications of completeness of break fractures?
(a)
what are the 4 stages of repair?
(a)
what are the three types of joints?
(a)
what are the 3 types of fibrous joints?
(a)
what are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?
(a)
what are the 6 types of synovial joints?
articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid
reinforcing ligaments and nerves and blood vessles
what are the characteristics of muscle tissue?
(a)
what are the 4 muscle functions?
(a)
what is a muscle fiber plasm membrane?
(a)
what is a muscle fiber cytoplasm?
(a)
what do glycosomes do?
(a)
what does myoglobin do?
(a)
what are long chains of sarcomeres?
(a)
what are the 2 myofilaments?
(a)
what is actin?
thin filament, troponin and tropomyosin block myosin, globular actin subunit
thick filament, heavy chain forms myosin tail, 2 heavy and 4 light chains
what is myosin?
thin filament, troponin and tropomyosin block myosin, globular actin subunit
thick filament, heavy chain forms myosin tail, 2 heavy and 4 light chains
what makes up sarcomeres to contract?
(a)
what is the smallest contractile unit that has an A band and 1/2 I band?
sarcomere
t tubule
actin
myosin
what stores and releases calcium and has a network of tubules surrounding each myofilament?
sarcomere
sarcoplasmic reticulum
t tubules
actin
what allows electrical nerve transmission to reach interior of muscle fibers?
t tubules
sarcomere
sarcoplasm
sarcolemma
why are muscles striated?
(a)
what is membrane potential?
electrical potential energy across plasma membrane
resting state of all cells have voltage across membrane
electrical charge in cell
returning to original charge state
what is resting membrane poteintial?
electrical charge in a cell
resting state of all cells have voltage across membrane
returning to original charge state
electrical potential energy across plasma membrane
what is depolarization?
electrical charge in a cell
returning to original charge state
stimulate skeletal muscle
resting state of all cells
what is repolarization?
returning to the original charge state
depolarization is conducted along membrane
resting state in all cells
electrical potential energy across plasma membrane
what is action potential?
depolarization is conducted along membrane
resting state of all cells
electrical charge in a cell
returning to original charge state
what are the 4 general steps of a contraction?
nerve stimulation, action potential in sarcolemma, action potential is spread along sarcolemma, calcium is released causing intracellular calcium to rise
calcium released causing intracellular calcium to rise, action potential is spread along sarcolemma, action potential in sarcolemma, nerve stimulation
nerve stimulation, action potential in sarcolemma, calcium is released causing intracellular calcium to rise, action potential is spread along sarcolemma
calcium released causing intracellular calcium to rise, nerve stimulation, action potential in sarcolemma, action potential is spread along sarcolemma
where do steps 1 and 2 of a contraction occur?
neuromuscular junction
excitation contraction coupling
muscles
heart
where do steps 3 and 4 in a contraction occur?
neuromuscular junction
excitation contraction coupling
muscles
heart
what stimulates skeletal muscle?
somatic motor neuron
axon
synaptic cleft
junctional folds
what is the extension of motor neuron that goes to muscle?
somatic motor neuron
axon
axon terminal
junctional folds
what is the end of an axon?
axon
axon terminal
junctional folds
synaptic vessels
what is the gel filled space between axon terminal and muscle fibers
synaptic cleft
synaptic vesicles
junctional folds
ach
what contains neurotransmitter (ACh)?
synaptic cleft
synaptic vesicles
ACh
Junctional folds
what is the neurotransmitter?
ACh
axon
axon terminal
somatic motor neuron
what are the infoldings of sarcolemma that contains ACh receptors?
junctional folds
axon
axon terminal
synaptic cleft
what does the nerve impulse cause?
ACh to release into synaptic cleft
bind to the ACh receptors on the sarcolemma
action potential is generated
your mom
after ACh has crossed the synaptic cleft what does it do?
ACh to release into synaptic cleft
bind to the ACh receptors on the sarcolemma
action potential is generated
your mom
once ACh binds to receptors what is generated?
ACh to release into synaptic cleft
bind to the ACh receptors on the sarcolemma
action potential is generated
your mom
what are the three steps of action potential across sarcolemma?
(a)
ACh is _____from the _____and binds with the _____on sarcolemma
(a)
what are the four steps of cross bridge cycling?
(a)
glycolysis and lactic formation are (a) pathways
What are the functions of the bones?
(a)
