Endocytosis is a cellular process in which substances are brought into the cell. Which of the following substances is most likely to be brought into a cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis?

The spontaneous loss of amino groups from cytosine (C) results in uracil (U), an uncommon base, opposite guanine in DNA. What combination of enzymes could repair such damage?

Below are two ways to demonstrate pluripotency:

Cancer is often the result of activation of ____ to ____ and the inactivation of ____ genes.

Vitamins often function as co-enzyme in a reaction. Which vitamin is essential for the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase to properly function and its deficiency causes disease called beri-beri?

Which of the following definitions is NOT properly matched with the respective proteins?

In 2012, Prof. Yamanaka from Kyoto University was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for the development of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPS cells. This discovery has been a promise for an unlimited source of pluripotent cells, although there are pros and cons. What is the disadvantage of iPS cells?

Two broad classes of genes - proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes - play a key role in cancer induction. Of the many known oncogenes, all but a few are derived from normal cellular genes (i.e., proto-oncogenes) whose products participate in cellular growth-controlling pathways. Proto-oncogenes can be transformed to oncogenes by all of the following mechanisms except:

Which of the following statements about the synthesis of fatty acids is correct?

Each of us has enough DNA to reach from here to the sun and back, more than 300 times. Certain proteins compact chromosomal DNA into the microscopic space of the eukaryotic nucleus. What proteins are integral part of human chromosome?

Ni Luh Andini (PBL Week 7) was just diagnosed with an aggressive form of breast cancer. The histopathology is interpreted as showing a poorly differentiated carcinoma with negative estrogen-receptor status and HER2-positive. The cancer started because

The heart functions as the motor of the circulatory system, which consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood. A cell from heart muscle would have an unusually high proportion of these organelles:

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) is a ligand that will stimulate the cell proliferation and differentiation when it is attached to its receptor on cell membrane. FGF receptor is a type of enzyme-linked receptor. Which of following is not the criteria of enzyme-linked receptor?

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deciency is an inherited disorder that may cause lung disease and liver disease. Individuals with S allele of the gene have moderately low levels, and individuals with Z allele have very little alpha-1 antitrypsin protein in their serum. Individuals with SZ allele have an increased risk of developing lung diseases (such as emphysema), particularly if they smoke. This type of inheritance is also called:

Which of following statements is TRUE for glucagon?

Which of the following enzyme groups can catalyse oxidation reactions?

A woman's body undergoes many transformations during the nine months of pregnancy. Some of these physical changes are visible, such as an expanding belly and weight gain, while others are well known, such as an enlarged uterus. The enlarged uterus of a pregnant woman is an example of which adaptive behavior?

Pentasomy 49, XXXXY incidence is around 1/85000 male births. Signs and symptoms of 49, XXXXY syndrome can vary but may include learning difficulties or intellectual disability; low muscle tone; infertility; delayed growth; distinctive facial features; and a variety of birth defects that may affect the heart, bones, brain and/or kidneys. A 49, XXXXY karyotype is thought to arise from

One of challenges in stem cell technology is to produce embryonic stem cells without the creation of embryo. A variation in stem cell technology where cdx2 gene (a gene to form placenta) is turned off in patient’s nucleus before it is transferred to donor egg called as...

Insulin is a protein that is produced by certain pancreatic cells and secreted into the bloodstream. Which of the following choices best describes the route of insulin from its production in the rough ER to its exit from the cell?

Which of the following is not stem cell characteristics?

One of the cells responses against viral infection is by the secretion of antiviral cytokine. Cytokines may affect the cell itself and its surrounding. Cytokine receptor is usually associated with

Which of the following statements about the TCA cycle is true?

Gene therapy is an experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease. In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's cells instead of using drugs or surgery. In order for a gene therapy to work, it needs to be delivered to the affected tissue using:

Structural abnormalities in chromosomes could occur when chromosomes break and reunite in an abnormal way. Which of the following structural abnormalities involve two chromosomes:

A tumor is any abnormal proliferation of cells, which may be either benign or malignant. How do the cells of benign and malignant tumors differ?

A simple method to distinguish two types of bacteria is their ability in retaining the crystal violet dye (Gram staining). What is the characteristic of Gram positive bacteria?

What is the genotype of individual II-5?

The chemical bonds in DNA by which the sugar components of adjacent nucleotides are linked through the phosphate groups are called _____________ bonds.

During mitosis one cell divides once to form two identical cells. The major purpose of mitosis is for growth and to replace worn out cells. Meiosis is a more specific type of cell division, in which the daughter cells further divide and there are Meiosis I and Meiosis II. Meiosis II is similar to mitosis in that

A 21-year-old woman is presented to the Emergency Room with extreme muscle weakness, difculty in swallowing and breathing. Diagnosis of myasthenia gravis was made based on the history, examination and laboratory test. Myasthenia gravis is a condition of an improper functioning at the neuromuscular junction. What is blocked at neuromuscular junction in this case?

Blastocyst is the source of embryonic stem cell which consists of inner cell mass and trophoblast. Naturally, trophoblast will proliferate/differentiate into which type of cells?

Knowing what you know about phospholipid bilayers; if you wanted to build your own membrane protein, what would your amino acids need to have in order to stay in the membrane?

Cell cycle checkpoints are control mechanisms in eukaryotic cells which ensure proper division of the cell. At the center of the cell cycle control system is Cdk, a protein that

What is the basis for the difference in how the leading and lagging strands of DNA molecules are synthesized?

Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is an inherited form of vision loss. This inheritance applies to genes contained in mitochondrial DNA. Which of the following pedigree best describes the inheritance of LHON

In eukaryotes, there are three different RNA polymerases. The RNA polymerase responsible for synthesis of mRNA is ____

A 60 year-old woman suffer from cirrhosis of liver. Toxins such as ammonia are not properly metabolized by the liver and can damage the brain. Which of the following compounds should be in highest concentration in brain as a result of detoxification of ammonia?

The proteins that makeup the electron transport chain in animals are located____

Which of the following hormones is called “fight-or-flight” hormone and is secreted by the adrenal gland?

A patient has been detected to be homozygous for the mutation 39X in the gene coding for Beta-hemoglobin. Which of the following statements is TRUE.

Which type of bonding is responsible for the secondary structure of proteins?

The oxidative deamination of the amino acid alanine in muscle produces:

Glycolysis takes places in the __________ and produces __________, which in the presence of oxygen then enters the __________.

Protesting the government's policy, a 25-year-old man went on hunger strike. Which of the following metabolites are the most heavily elevated in his blood plasma after 3 days?

Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colon Cancer (HNPCC) patients have genes with microsatellite instability, in which many gene regions contain abnormal, small loops of unpaired DNA. These DNA loops are the result of a mutation affecting which of the following:

Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) has been a powerful cancer imaging tool for many decades. Of the many hallmarks of cancer that include biological capabilities acquired during the multistep development of human tumors; which one is put to use when imaging cancer using PET:

Among the common causes of cancer are infection by cancer-causing (oncogenic) viruses. The following statement is true for oncogenic viruses except:

In a globular protein the amino acid Valine is localized more likely within the interior of the molecule, because ________ Select one:

A researcher made an interesting observation about a protein that was translocated into the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) during its synthesis and eventually ending up in the plasma membrane. Significantly, the protein in the plasma membrane was found to be slightly larger than the related protein in the ER. The protein was probably changed in the _________

Tommy, a 58-year-old man had severe pain in his thoracic region when he was skiing (PBL Case Week 8). The spinal x-ray showed a compression fracture of T4. Tommy is diagnosed to have multiple myeloma (cancer of plasma cell) based on laboratory results i.e. 2-microglobulin of 1966.95 μmol/L, positive Bence-Jones proteins in urine, also high level calcium (12 mg/dL), urea (66 mg/dL) and creatinine (1.9 mg/dL) in serum. Tommy will receive chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplant for the management of the disease. Which of the following is not suitable as the source of hematopoietic stem cell for Tommy?

A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was six feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive. What proportion of their sons would be color-blind and of normal height?

The ribosome is a highly complex cellular machine, found within all living cells. Which of the following statements about ribosomes is true?

Mother of a mal nourished child has been instructed to include a complete protein in diet for her child, which out of the following proteins should be recommended?

Mutations can change the overall structure of proteins. Predict the outcome of a harmful mutation that modifies the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton of a white blood cell.

A 35-year-old Indonesian living in Europe came to his doctor with stomach cramps and diarrhea after drinking milk. What is the most likely cause for this man's problem?

The process of translation requires the presence of:

The sequence between 5’ methyl-guanosine cap (5’ cap) and start codon in eukaryotic mRNA is called_____

The nuclear envelope (NE) is a highly regulated membrane barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells. Which of the following statements does not apply to the nuclear envelope?

Tommy, a 58-year-old man had severe pain in his thoracic region when he was skiing (PBL Case Week 8). The spinal x-ray showed a compression fracture of T4. Tommy is diagnosed to have multiple myeloma (cancer of plasma cell) based on laboratory results i.e. 2-microglobulin of 1966.95 μmol/L, positive Bence-Jones proteins in urine, also high level calcium (12 mg/dL), urea (66 mg/dL) and creatinine (1.9 mg/dL) in serum. Tommy will receive chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplant for the management of the disease. Which of the following is not true about HSC transplantation?

Cells die through either of two distinct processes: necrosis or apoptosis. Necrosis is death due to unexpected and accidental cell damage. Apoptosis is also called programmed cell death. Which of the following events is NOT a change experienced by a typical cell committed to apoptosis?

In a nucleosome, the DNA is wrapped around…

The region of a gene located at -10 and -35 with respect to the start of transcription are termed :

Which type of chloride channel protein is defective in Cystic Fibrosis?

The synthesis of mRNA occurs in 3 stages. In Transcription, the RNA polymerase replicates the DNA sequence into a complementary sequence of mRNA. This process runs in… direction

In analyzing the number of different bases in a DNA sample, which result would be consistent with the base pairing rules?

There are 3 types of protein transport. One of it requires ATP as the energy. What is it?

Which one of the following statement that is true about DNA replication?

Daughter strands in a replication are always made of one strand of old DNA and one newly synthesized complementary strand. This nature of DNA replication is referred as :

UV radiation can cause DNA damage in form of thymine dimers formation. This DNA damage is usually repaired by the DNA repair mechanism of

Condition at which one or more nucleotides removed from the DNA strand is called

β-Thalassemia, common in Southeast Asia, is due to a point mutation in β-globin. What mutation causes it?

Which enzymes remove supercoiling during DNA replication ahead of the replication Fork?

Human Genome Project Objectives. Which of the following was (were) the objective(s) of the Human Genome Project?

Which enzymes remove supercoiling during DNA replication ahead of the replication fork?

A pluripotent stem cell is

Cells fall into one of two broad categories: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. The single-celled organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea are classified as prokaryotes. Animal cells, plant cells, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes. Which of the following is a feature found in BOTH prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Embryonic stem cells are self-renewal, immortal and have an almost unlimited differentiation potential. Those characteristics are results of inhibiting differentiation and apoptosis. Which of the following is the correct network for the regulation of embryonic stem cell self-renewal?

The pathway of a tRNA during polypeptide elongation on the ribosome is:

Which of the following statements about the role of the pentose phosphate pathway is correct?

p53 (also known as TP53) is a gene whose activation induces apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, or senescence in response to distinct stimuli, including DNA damage (senescence = the process by which cells irreversibly stop dividing and enter a state of permanent growth arrest without undergoing cell death). Which of the following best described the role of p53?

Carcinogenesis involved three steps: Initiation, Promotion and Progression. Chemical carcinogen can initiate cells through mutational inactivation of following pathways, except:

Cancer is unchecked cell growth. Mutations in certain genes can cause cancer by accelerating cell division rates. Any drug that blocks the process of cell replication has therefore potential as a treatment for cancer. Which one of the following would be a potential target drug for cancer treatment?

A father with type A blood and a mother with type B blood have three children with blood of type AB and type O. What is the explanation?

Which of the following is true of methyl groups' effect in the epigenetic mechanism?

Color blindness is a trait in which the eye fails to distinguish red and green colors. The color blindness is more likely to occur in males than in females because:

Below are clinical applications of somatic cell nuclear transfer except:

Which of the following statements is not true about cancer stem cells?

Which of the following statements about gluconeogenesis is correct?

What is the effect of a nonsense mutation in a gene?

Signal sequences are

A phenotypically normal woman with a translocation involving chromosomes 14 and 21 karyotype has a karyotypically normal husband. Among their liveborn offspring, which of the following karyotype is LEAST likely?

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a disease which causes mental retardation and reduced hair and skin pigmentation. It involves the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, which is encoded by the PAH gene in chromosome 12. This enzyme converts the amino acid phenylalanine to tyrosine. Depending on the mutation involved, conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine is reduced or stops entirely. Unconverted phenylalanine builds up in the bloodstream and can lead to levels that are toxic to the developing nervous system of newborn and infant children. Which variation to Mendelian Law best describes the phenotype of PKU?

a single pass transmembrane protein that acts a self-marker is:

Which one of the following statements describes NON-essential amino acids?

Aneuploidy is the second major category of chromosome mutations in which chromosome number is abnormal. Of the following human aneuploidies, which is the one that generally has the most severe impact on the health of the individual?

The effect of cell to cell communication may be broad to whole body or limited to certain part of body. Insulin secretion is an example of a way which acts at distance and influence the whole body, as know as

Tommy, a 58-year-old man had severe pain in his thoracic region when he was skiing (PBL Case Week 8). The spinal x-ray showed a compression fracture of T4. Tommy is diagnosed to have multiple myeloma (cancer of plasma cell) based on laboratory results i.e. β2-microglobulin of 1966.95 μmol/L, positive Bence-Jones proteins in urine, also high level calcium (12 mg/dL), urea (66 mg/dL) and creatinine (1.9 mg/dL) in serum. Tommy will receive chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplant for the management of the disease. HSC needs to be characterized before transplantation. Which of the following is a characteristic of HSC?

A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) refers to any position in the nuclear genome where there is at least one variant nucleotide that occurs at a frequency of 1% or more of within the population. A SNP may alter function of a protein due to

Alpha Antitrypsin (AAT) is a protease inhibitor encoded by SERPINA1 gene on chromosome 14. Over 100 genetic variants of the SERPINA1 gene have been described, although only several are associated with the disease. In the Z allele, the amino acid glutamine (G) in position 342 is substituted for a lysine (A) amino acid, resulting in an incorrectly folded protein. What is the effect of this mutant protein in the cell?

DNA differs from RNA in the following features

Robertsonian translocation is an unusual type of chromosome rearrangement caused by two acrocentric chromosomes joining together. Which of the following is not possible in the offspring of a translocation carrier (involving acrocentric chromosomes 14 and 21) and a normal individual.

Describe the mode of inheritance of the following pedigree and the genotype of individual 5 and 6.

In the nucleus of each cell, the DNA molecule is packaged into thread-like structures called chromosomes. Each chromosome is made up of DNA tightly coiled many times around proteins that support its structure. Which of the following is not part of a human chromosome in any phase?

Women who inherit one mutant BRCA1 gene have a 60% chance of developing breast cancer by the age of 50. The protein produced by the BRCA1 gene has been found to be involved in the DNA double-strand breaks repair. Which of the following processes is most likely to be negatively affected by a deficiency in the BRCA1 protein?

Which of the following factors can affect enzyme activity?

A 7-year old girl was brought to a pediatrician practice with enlarged spleen. As a medical geneticist, you analyze her DNA and find that she is homozygous for thalassemia. Assuming the disease is autosomal recessive, what can you conclude about the genotype of her parents?

The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers throughout the cells’ cytoplasm that helps the cell to maintain its shape and gives support to the cell. Which of the following is not the function of cytoskeleton?

In PBL Week 7, Ms. Wati’s doctor recommend a targeted therapy for her cancer. Targeted therapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs. Contrary to chemotherapy, targeted therapy works by targeting specific genes or proteins to help stop cancer from growing and spreading. In this case what would be the best treatment for her cancer?

All cells are broadly categorized into prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Examples for Prokaryotes are Bacteria; yeast and plant cells are examples for Eukaryotes. Which of the following statements concerning prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is not correct?

A famous example of variation in Mendelian inheritance is the co-dominance inheritance for ABO blood system. If one of your parents is blood type A while the other is blood type B, which of the following blood types would you likely be?

Cholesterol has many important functions, including its role in membrane permeability, and in metabolism. Cells obtain cholesterol from two sources. They can synthesize cholesterol from Acetyl Co-A and uptake from environment using:

Which is TRUE about membrane protein.

Metabolism is divided into 2 classes. __________ is the breakdown of macromolecules (proteins, carbohydrates, fats) to produce energy. This class is characterized by __________ reactions. __________ is the construction of biomolecules from smaller precursors. This requires energy input. This class is characterized by __________ reactions. The energy intermediate is __________.

What will happen when solute binds to its pump in active transport?

Which of the following statements about the TCA cycle is true?

What is the function of anti-Cholinesterase for Myasthenia gravis patient?

Nancy, five months pregnant, agrees to a routine genetic test that indicates she carries the mutation for the fatal disease, cystic fibrosis. She convinces her husband to get tested and discovers that he too is a carrier. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder due to a mutation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane protein (CFTR) gene. Which of the following is the correct characteristic of cystic fibrosis?

A 48-year-old woman has a malignant lymphoma involving lymph nodes near the aorta. She is treated with a chemotherapeutic agent which results in the loss of individual neoplastic cells through fragmentation of individual cell nuclei and cytoplasm. Over the next 2 months, the lymphoma decreases in size, as documented on abdominal CT scans. By which of the following mechanisms has her neoplasm primarily responded to therapy?

Metastasis is the movement or spreading of cancer cells from one part of the body/ organ or tissue to another. Cancer cells usually spread through the bloodstream or the lymph system. Which one of the following is the correct order of Metastasi

Biochemical mechanism responsible for "transmitting" extracellular signals inside the cell, which ultimately lead to the activation of target proteins that control metabolic pathways or regulate gene expression, called as

A 48-year-old male patient screened for diabetes at a clinic has a fasting plasma glucose level of more than 200 mg/dL. Patient has associated symptoms such as polyuria and polydipsia. Further test showed that patient's pancreas has a defect in glucose transport thus affects the insulin production and release process. Pancreas takes up glucose from blood through

A 57-year-old man receives radiation therapy for a squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Despite therapy, the tumor progressively increases in size, and he dies 6 months later. His tumor cells contain a point mutation in the p53 gene (TP53), leading to an inactive gene product. Based on this finding, the progressive tumor growth despite irradiation therapy is most likely to be related to a defect in cell cycle arrest in which of the following phases of the cell cycle?

DNA replication is discontinuous due to

One of the hallmarks of cancer is sustained Angiogenesis. Angiogenesis is a physiological process in which new blood vessel is formed from existing blood vessel. Which process does not happen in Angiogenesis?

A child with physical features suggestive of Down syndrome is born to a 39-year-old mother. A blood karyotype is performed and reveals a 47, XX, +21 chromosome pattern. What does this chromosome pattern likely indicate?