police engagement (proactive or reactive) doesn’t change reports of a homicide

in 1970 U.S homicide rate was ___% that of Japan, ___% that of Scotland, ___% England+Wales

in ___ there was a decrease in homicide, but we still have the highest rate of homicide in the developed world

U.S. incarceration rate relative to total crimes is extremely high compared to other countries, but the incarceration rate relative to the total homicide rate looks ___ compared to other countries

someone who's 40 and commits a homicide loses ___ in productivity, as well as pain and suffering

each homicide costs society about ___

indirect costs of a homicide include:

serious crime victimization is unequally distributed; african americans ___ times more likely to be murdered

___ and ___ both occur disproportionately in the poorest neighborhoods

theories of the incarceration-crime relationship discussed this unit

subsections of deterrence:

people are most responsive to ___

people in probation and randomly selected who would get a drug test, anyone who failed a drug test would experience a short incarceration before being able to leave the test facility (dramatically decreased rates of recidivism in the short term)

crimes prevented is the ___

problems with the incapacitation theory (calculation) include:

at relatively low rates of incarceration in a low level of aggregation (neighborhood, town, city) the crime fighting benefits of incarceration are huge

Why does the corecive mobility hypothesis work?

problems with the coercive mobility theory:

two big problems estimating the incarceration-crime relationship:

previous empirical research shows that a 1% increase in the incarceration rate could only lead up to a ___% decrease in the crime rate

crime-fighting benefits of incarceration were ___ in the earlier period (1970-1990) than the newer period (1991-2004)

racialized systems of control make the effects of mass incarceration on crime a districation because of the ___, not crime

___% of imprisoned people go home; and ___% are on parole

go home 20-30% early from your sentence, but you’re still under control of the state, you have conditions and an officer to report to

conditions of parole examples:

almost exclusively used instead of going to prison/jail in the first place, most commonly used for misdemeanors, but increasingly more felonies, also have conditions you have to meet

most people who are on probation have not experienced incarceration before

probation violation rates are very ___

between the late 2000s and early 2010s, about ___ people were in a correctional facility in the U.S

around the peak of mass incarceration about ___ of the U.S. population were in some kind of a correctiomal facility

most people in the state system are on ___ release, whereas most people in the federal syatem are on ___ release

conditional release means ___

Why are most people in the federal system not on conditional release (parole)?

_ _ _ people are releasaed from state/federal prisons every year

the highest number of prisoners released each year come from

___ % of released prisoners go back within a year, and ___% go back within 9 years

_ _ _ of people released from prison will go back within the next ten years

most people sent back to prison after being released is because ___

over ___ people go from probation to incarceration

over ___ people go from parole to incarceration

only ___% of people will have been employed at all within 4 years after jail

under ___% of people will have been working within a year of release

60-70% of people spend less time with their ___ after release

___% of people just released only have a temporary residence or no residence at all

by the end of the first week of release, ___ people have a job lined up but about half are not involved in any type of programming

you never lose your right to vote while incarcerated in these states

virtually ___% of people come back from jail

about ___ million people per year will return from jail

number of people in a correctional facility could be close to ___

three mechanisms that effect human capital

the same factors that lead someone to experience incarceration in the first place are also the cause of other poor outcomes they experience after incarceration (ex. poverty, living in a poor neighborhood, racially segregated neighborhood, mental health, addiction, race, unemployment, uneducated, labor market, etc.)

incarceration changes the way people think and act and engage with others, could decrease their labor capital, as a result they do less well in the labor market, decreases the way people function autonomously (Shawshank Redemption, Clemmer, etc)

bias above and beyond actual differences because of incarceration (ex. someone has the same exact qualification but is not hired because of being incarcerated)

what are the different types of tests used for effstc son human capital

analyses of surveys/administrative data found that incarceration decreased earnings by ___

survey data almost always yields negative affects on earnings, administrative yields mixed results

issues with surveys/administrative data for effects on human capital

Pager found that:

Pager found that having a criminal record decreased white male entry-level position call backs by over ___

pros of Pager's effects on human capital study:

cons of Pager's research on effects on human capital:

who did the most qualitative research on effects on human capital that we focus on?

On effects on human capital, Goffman argues that the effects of the carceral state is not just about the incarceration, but about contact with the criminal justice system more broadly

post incarceration earnings are about $5,000-$20,000 meaning post-incarceration charges and legal fees make up ___ of their income

examples of transformation

little work done on parental criminal justice contact and criminal activity until the early 2000s, with a huge increase since ___

most of the early work on parental criminal activity effects was done by ___ in 1996 and 1997

_ _ _ black children experienced their father going to prison by the time they were 19, as of 1990

_ _ _ white children had their father go to prison by the time they were 19, as of 1990

_ _ _ black chldren, by the age of 14, had a parent who didn't finish high school go to prison

_ _ _ white children had a college educated parent go to prison by the time they wer 14 years old

_ _ _ incarceration is much more detrimental to children

Moms who have been incarcerated often struggled with _ _ _ even before incarceration, meaning it doesn't change much for children

paternal incarceration has been proven to lead to...

Wakefield and Wildeman found that paternal incarceration increases agression by ___% and mental health issues by ___% in children

Rates of child behavior and mental health issues caused by paternal incarceration vary widely based on if their parent completed college or not.

mass incarceration has pretty dramatically increased racial disparities among children

total behavior problems of children experiencing paternal incarceration increase around ___

on average family members spend about ___ of their monthly income for the person incarcerated (commissary, collect calls, amazon packages)

people that contribute the most to their incarcerated family members often have the most money to spend

paternal absence stigma: teachers rated kids who had a father incarcerated ___ higher on mental and behavioral problems, and 20-30% lower on learning and competency

after parental incarceration, maternal parenting behaviors could be degraded by virtue of increased economic strain

kids who have dads who experienced incarceration but is not engaged in crime have ___ effects than dads who are heavily involved in crime

which are examples of sticky stigma?

according to the Comfort article, ___% of people say incarceration helped their relationship

why do some women say that incarceration helped their relationship?

what are some gaps in the literature for effects on family?

_ _ _ men vs ___ women mortality in incarceration

_ _ _ incarcerated mortality is the highest

_ _ _ people die at higher rates in prison

highest cause of death in carceral facilities

_ _ _ of people who die while incarcerated have been incarcerated for at least 5 years

black males who are incarcerated die at a ___ rate than black males in the general population at every age (especially between 19-35 year old men)

standardized mortality ratio is slightly ___ for white men incarcerated in NC than in the general population

white men have ___ the mortality rate after release

Mortality rates are much higher right after release

___ is the key driver of mortality right after release

why is overdose is the key driver of mortality right after release

even though overdose is the most common cause of death, ___ and ___ are also big risk ratios coming out of incarceration

why are there lower mortality rates in prisons?

in prison, morbidity (illness) ___ functional limitations, poor mental health, and infectious/stress-related diseases

female inmates have ___ restrictive policies on smoking/drugs/alcohol so they experience more safety

The health of the infant born during incarceration ended up being healthier on all metrics than the birth of Ms A’s children outside of prison (less availability of drugs/alcohol, more restrictive smoking policies, less domestic abuse, etc)

mental health issues of mothers whose father of their child is incarcerated:

having a family member incarcerated is associated with increased risk factors for cardiovascular disease (dramatically increases obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and rating yourself in fair or poor health)

For men, having a family member incarcerated has a great effect on their mental health and financial responsibility

there is a(n) ___ AIDS/HIV rate for those predisposed to incarceration

there are multiple options for contraception during incarceration

homosexual behaviors increase in prison, thus ___ HIV transmission

communities that have very high rates of incarceration end up having very different sex ratios

in communities that have high rates of incarceration, there are higher rates of partner concurrency, meaning there is ___ rates of HIV/AIDS

incarceration almost eliminates the gap between ___ in HIV/AIDS rates

mass incarceration has decreased life expectancy by over ___ times since 2008