Blood transfusion procedures require monitoring for patient reactions. What should be done if a patient experiences a harmful transfusion reaction?

In blood transfusion practice, what does crossmatching mean?

In blood processing techniques, which component is typically separated first after blood is collected from a donor?

The Indonesian Minister of Health Regulation No. 83 of 2014 governs the monitoring of blood quality. What is the primary purpose of this monitoring?

According to Ministry of Health Regulation No. 83 (2014), the Blood Transfusion Unit (UTD) must begin the blood management process with which stage?

Affinity is defined as…

A person with high antibody levels undergoes an agglutination test and obtains a false negative. The blood is then diluted and the result becomes positive. What is this phenomenon called?

Based on the definition of hematopoiesis, which term correctly refers to the formation of white blood cells?

A mature monocyte, when located within tissue, is referred to as which cell?

During prenatal hematopoiesis, at 2 to 7 months of fetal life, where does hematopoiesis occur?

Bone marrow, the site of hematopoiesis, consists of hematopoietic tissue and stromal cells. Which of the following is NOT a stromal cell type?

In thrombopoiesis, which cell gives rise to platelets?

Granulocyte maturation proceeds as follows: Myeloblast — Promyelocyte — ______ — Metamyelocyte — band — Neutrophil. Which cell should fill the blank?

A newborn is diagnosed with icterus neonatorum. The most common cause is hemolytic anemia in which erythrocytes easily rupture. Which enzyme test is used to detect the cause of this condition?

Which complication is most likely to be observed in a woman receiving hormone therapy for menopause?

Among mature cells, which has the highest proliferative capacity?

Which statement is correct?

Which of the following is a coagulation factor in the extrinsic pathway of the cascade?

A tall man with gynecomastia and infertility has karyotype 47,XXY. The diagnosis is:

A variant of chronic lymphocytic leukemia characterized by anemia, leukocytosis, and thrombocytopenia, with lymphocytes showing abundant cytoplasm and a single prominent nucleolus in the center of the cell, is:

A 70-year-old man has difficulty urinating. Digital rectal examination reveals an enlarged prostate, and transurethral resection of the prostate is performed. The histopathology image shows crowded, proliferative prostatic glands. Which adaptive abnormality is present?

A 49-year-old woman undergoes endometrial curettage for abnormal uterine bleeding. The tissue shows endometrial hyperplasia. Which underlying factor most commonly drives this pathologic condition?

A 32-year-old man presents with maculopapular and nodular skin lesions on the face, elbows, wrists, and knees. The lesions are associated with hypesthesia and anesthesia. Skin biopsy stained for acid-fast bacilli is positive. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 22-year-old woman has recurrent clear vesicles on the lip and oral mucosa that resolve spontaneously. A smear from a vesicle is examined microscopically at high power. Which cellular change is expected?

In hematology analysis using an automated hematology analyzer, blood cells are primarily differentiated based on which parameters?

In patients with acute leukemia, hematology findings often show the "acute leukemia triad." Which combination represents this triad?

In WHO classification for determining prognosis in hematologic malignancy, cytogenetic testing is used for what primary purpose?

Which clinical chemistry parameter can provide information about kidney function?

Bleeding disorders due to abnormal platelet counts can occur in which condition?

A 5-year-old child had contact with a grandmother with tuberculosis. One month later the tuberculin test is positive with fever and nonproductive cough. What chest radiology finding is expected?

In microcytic hypochromic anemia with normal iron status, the physician proceeds with hemoglobin electrophoresis. Which statement about this test is correct?

A 4-year-old girl presents with high fever and a rash for 3 days. The rash consists of red papules starting near the ears and spreading to the trunk and extremities. Oral examination shows ulcerative lesions near Stensen’s duct (Koplik spots). What is the cause?

Which is not part of the stromal (supporting) tissue?

Complete blood count shows Hb $$7$$ g/dL, WBC $$10{,}000$$ /mm $$^3$$ , platelets $$250{,}000$$ /mm $$^3$$ , MCV below normal, MCH below normal, and RDW increased. Which peripheral blood smear finding is most likely?

Which AML subtype is associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation?

Which term describes abnormal sperm morphology?

A couple brings their 3-day-old baby due to a red–blue bump on the scalp that keeps enlarging. The doctor considers a condition common in infants and children. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Testes are very small (atrophic) with mild intellectual disability. Karyotype is 47, XXY. What is the diagnosis?

Cell cycle control includes the G1–S checkpoint. Which gene plays a key role at that checkpoint?

What is the end product of fibrinolysis?

A 45-year-old man reports epigastric discomfort and pain. Endoscopy and esophageal biopsy are performed. Pathology diagnoses Barrett’s esophagus, with the esophageal lining changing from complex squamous epithelium to columnar intestinal epithelium. Which adaptive process underlies this change?

Cell count 10,000 cells/L, glucose 10 mg/dL, PMN 70%, protein 5 g/dL. On synovial fluid examination, these findings indicate what?

Where does extramedullary hematopoiesis occur?

Which growth factor is responsible for platelet production?

Based on the diagram of a mature sperm showing the head, midpiece with mitochondria, and tail, where is the genetic material located in sperm?

A 70-year-old man has voiding disturbances. Digital rectal examination reveals an enlarged prostate. He undergoes transurethral resection of the prostate; the anatomic pathology shows changes as described in the case. Which adaptive change is present in this patient?

A 50-year-old woman undergoes liver biopsy. On histopathology, the microscopic image shows multiple clear cytoplasmic vacuoles within hepatocytes consistent with fat accumulation. What is the diagnosis?

A 7-year-old girl is suspected of having acute leukemia: hemoglobin 6 g/dL, leukocytes 90,000/mm³, platelets 6,000/mm³. Peripheral smear shows 85% blasts, and bone marrow findings support lymphoid lineage. Which confirmatory test best determines the malignant cell series?

A 2-month-old infant has pulmonary hypoplasia. The most appropriate term for this congenital anomaly is

A primigravid woman has enlargement of the uterus due to growth of uterine smooth muscle. This change is classified as

A response of vascularized tissue that brings cells and molecules of host defense from the circulation to the sites where they are needed to eliminate offending agents is the definition of

Preparation for a semen specimen includes

Which metabolic pathway is most related to activation of indirect carcinogens into potent carcinogens?

A male patient has a chronic, non-healing diabetic ulcer. Laboratory tests show elevated ESR and CRP. Which differential count finding is most likely?

A 40-year-old woman presents with fever, productive cough, and dyspnea. Her ESR is increased. An elevated ESR most commonly indicates

Polycythemia can be classified as absolute or relative. Which feature is characteristic of relative polycythemia?

Which test is most commonly used as an initial screening for systemic autoimmune disease?

After occupational exposure to potential HIV infection (such as a needlestick), which early detection procedure should be used?

A peripheral blood smear shows a population of erythrocytes with varied abnormal shapes. This condition is called

A 20-year-old woman is in her menstrual cycle. The functional layer of the endometrium undergoes periodic shedding each month. The cell death process occurring in this endometrial tissue is

A 19-year-old woman with short stature, webbed neck, and widely spaced nipples has which karyotype?

A 20-year-old woman is in her menstrual cycle. The functional endometrium sheds periodically each month. Which factor primarily mediates the cell death in this condition?

A 63-year-old man with a history of progressively worsening congestive heart failure has echocardiography showing mitral stenosis with left atrial dilation. A thrombus is seen in the left atrium. One month later, he reports right flank pain with hematuria. Laboratory tests show increased serum AST. What type of tissue necrosis most characteristically occurs in the heart?

A 5-year-old boy is examined and found to have underdeveloped testes, short stature with short limbs, and gynecomastia. Which diagnosis is most likely?

For the same 5-year-old boy with underdeveloped testes, short stature, and gynecomastia, which karyotype abnormality is most consistent with the suspected condition?

Which growth factor primarily stimulates erythrocyte production?

A 2-year-old girl has delayed motor development, hypotonia, and poor response to verbal and visual stimuli. Funduscopic examination reveals a cherry-red spot on the retina. Which disease does she most likely have?

A 4-year-old boy falls, injuring a fingernail and peeling the overlying skin; the wound is clean and sterile. What is the body's first response?

During erythropoiesis, what is the term for the enucleated cell with bluish cytoplasm present just before maturation into an erythrocyte?

Cellular swelling is a reaction to injury. Which biochemical change most directly causes the swelling?

Elevation of cytosolic calcium can lead to destruction of nuclear chromatin. Which enzyme is primarily responsible?

A 16-year-old boy presents with bilateral lens subluxation, tall stature, long extremities and fingers, kyphosis, and aortic dilation. Which diagnosis best fits this presentation?

Leukocytes can pass through the vessel wall to an inflamed site. Which mediator is involved in this process?

Given hematology results: low Ht, Hb, and RBC; MCV 60 (microcytic) and MCH 20 (hypochromic). What is the most likely diagnosis?

A patient has epicanthal folds, intellectual disability, and heart disease. Karyotype shows 47, XY, +21 (Trisomy 21). What is the most accurate diagnosis?

Which syndrome is caused by a mutation in the FMR1 gene?

A 78-year-old man with dementia undergoes a CT scan that shows his brain is smaller compared with the brain size of a healthy adult male. Which cellular adaptation underlies the reduced organ size in this patient?

A 31-year-old woman had a myocardial infarction last year. Her total serum cholesterol is 375 mg/dL (normal, less than $$200$$ mg/dL). She has numerous xanthelasma lesions on her face and premature atherosclerosis. Which diagnosis best fits this case?

Residents in a household show delayed psychomotor development. Inspection reveals a squalid home environment with poor ventilation and lead piping; the children are ill. Poisoning is most likely due to which substance?

In diagnosing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), ANA test results must always be interpreted within the clinical context. Why is this necessary?

When is ENA testing performed?

A woman with a 6-month history of depression and suicidal ideation ingests $$35\,$$ g of acetaminophen and becomes unconscious. Which antidote is appropriate for this patient?

In systemic lupus erythematosus, what happens to C4 and C3 in the complement system?

A 25-year-old pregnant woman is tested at term and found to have HBsAg positive and HBeAg negative. What does this result mean?

What is an advantage of C-reactive protein compared with erythrocyte sedimentation rate when evaluating inflammation in systemic lupus erythematosus?

A person is found unconscious after three days, arrives with respiratory difficulty, temperature $$39.6^\circ$$ C, pinpoint pupils, and needle marks in the antecubital fossa. Which substance is most consistent with this presentation?

A patient with a neoplasm (tumor) in the intestine undergoes biopsy and examination. Which microscopic criterion must be found in this neoplasm?

A woman presents with a single hypopigmented patch with sharp borders and loss of pain sensation. Biopsy shows few acid‑fast bacilli and dominant lymphocytes. Which immune system response is primarily involved in this condition?

Disruption of hematopoiesis in the bone marrow in a case of megaloblastic anemia occurs as a result of what underlying mechanism?

Which coagulation factor is part of the extrinsic pathway cascade?

A patient develops an allergic reaction after applying an ointment containing neomycin. The physician explains that the reaction would not occur because the molecule is too small unless it interacts with a specific carrier protein. What term best describes this condition?

A laboratory report shows IgM positive and IgG negative. What is the most accurate interpretation of this serologic pattern?