An 18-year-old male complains of abdominal pain and diarrhea. He tells you he has a history of cystic fibrosis. You auscultate rhonchi in his lower lungs. His vital signs are P 88, R 22, BP 126/78, and SpO2 is 93% on room air. You should:

A 24-year-old female complains of right-sided chest pain and trouble breathing. She tells you she felt a pop in her chest while coughing before the pain and difficulty breathing started. Her lungs are clear to auscultation. Her vital signs are P 82, R 20, BP 108/72, and SpO2 is 97% on room air. You should suspect:

An unresponsive 94-year-old female was found by her husband in bed. He tells you that she has a history of diabetes. You do not observe chest rise or air movement, but she has a pulse. You should first:

A 66-year-old male complains of difficulty breathing. He tells you that his asthma attack began 20 minutes ago, and his inhaler isn't helping. You auscultate wheezes in all lung fields and good chest rise with accessory muscle use. His vital signs are P 96, R 24, BP 146/88, and SpO2 is 93% on room air. You should suspect his minute ventilation is:

An unresponsive 45-year-old male was found lying on the ground outside. You do not see any obvious signs of trauma. He has snoring respirations and a carotid pulse. After opening his airway, you should next:

A 57-year-old male complains of difficulty breathing after a non-stop flight from Asia. He has a history of asthma. He tells you that he started to cough up bloody sputum after his flight landed. His skin is pale and diaphoretic. You auscultate rales on the left side of his chest. His vital signs are P 108, R 28, BP 112/60, and SpO2 is 90% on room air. You should:

An unresponsive 55-year-old female who has a history of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is lying in bed. Her husband tells you she has progressively been having more difficulty breathing and now he cannot wake her. She is tachypneic with shallow respirations. You should first:

A 63-year-old male complains of shortness of breath. His skin is cyanotic, and you auscultate wheezes in all lung fields. His vital signs are P 72, R 26, BP 142/88, and SpO2 is 92% on room air. You should suspect:

A 20-year-old male is coughing after inhaling chlorine gas. He was moved outside to fresh air by coworkers. His only complaints are that his throat is burning, and it is hard to catch his breath because of the coughing. You should first:

A 73-year-old female complains about night sweats and a recent unexplained weight loss. She denies any past medical problems, other than recently coughing up a little blood. Her vitals are P 92, R 18, BP 140/68, and SpO2 is 93% on room air. After donning the proper PPE, you should:

The serum concentration of which of the following gases increases during respiratory failure?

A 34-year-old female who is in her third trimester, complains of a sudden onset of feeling light-headed and short of breath. She tells you she has had pain in her left leg for two days. You observe it is swollen and tender to palpation. She tells you she has been on bed rest for the last month for a high-risk pregnancy. Her lungs are clear to auscultation. Her vital signs are P 96, R 20, BP 116/74, and SpO2 is 96% on room air. You should:

A 55-year-old male complains of difficulty breathing and a cold for a week. His skin is diaphoretic. His temperature is 102 degrees F. He has a nonproductive cough. You auscultate rhonchi over his left axilla in the fifth intercostal space. His vital signs are P 104, P 22, BP 128/88, and SpO2 is 89% on room air. You should first administer:

A 76-year-old male complains of a severe headache that feels like a band around his head. He tells you he has been cooking with his grill in the garage because it is raining. His vital signs are P 88, R 14, BP 142/68, and SpO2 is 99% on room air. You should administer:

A confused 57-year-old male has difficulty breathing. His wife tells you he has been coughing up rust-colored sputum and recently lost weight. His lung sounds are diminished in the bases, and you auscultate fine and coarse crackles over his left upper chest. His vital signs are P 86, R 24 and shallow, BP 136/72, and SpO2 is 88% on room air. You should:

A 5-year-old female who has a history of asthma complains of trouble breathing. She is exhaling through pursed lips, and you auscultate wheezes. Her vital signs are P 110, R 32, BP 106/68, and SpO2 is 89% on room air. After administering oxygen, you should next:

What causes the prolonged expiratory phase of the respiratory cycle in a patient who is having an asthma attack?

A 69-year-old male has severe difficulty breathing. He states, "Help, I...can't breathe!" He is sitting upright, and you see accessory muscle use. You auscultate wheezes in his upper chest, and no sounds in his lower chest. He denies a cough and indicates that this episode just started 30 minutes ago. You should suspect:

A 25-year-old female complains of difficulty breathing. She tells you she took her inhaler without relief. Her mucous membranes are pale. You auscultate decreased lung sounds in the bases and wheezes in her upper lungs. Her vital signs are P 86, R 24, BP 130/72, and SpO2 is 89% on room air. You should:

A 32-year-old male complains of difficulty breathing. He admits to smoking crack cocaine an hour before the problem started. You hear inspiratory stridor and observe drooling. His vital signs are P 108, R 18, BP 142/88, and SpO2 is 95% on room air. You should suspect:

Which process allows gas exchange between the alveoli and capillaries?

An 83-year-old female is in respiratory arrest. How should you ventilate her to reduce the impact on her cardiac output?

A 67-year-old female who has a history of emphysema has difficulty breathing. She is sitting leaning forward and exhaling with her lips pursed. You auscultate wheezes and rhonchi in all fields. Her vital signs are P 102, R 22, BP 134/86, and SpO2 is 95% on home oxygen 3 L/minute by nasal cannula. You should:

A 47-year-old male complains of a sore throat and drooling. He tells you that it is too painful to swallow. He has a history of cancer and is receiving chemotherapy. You auscultate stridor in his upper airway. When transporting him to the hospital, you should:

Which of the following may be a direct impact of positive pressure ventilation on perfusion when ventilating an infant?

A 70-year-old male has difficulty breathing. When assessing him, which of the following should influence your decision to assist his ventilation with a BVM?

A 52-year-old male complains of difficulty breathing. He tells you he has a history of asthma. He used his albuterol inhaler twice without relief. You auscultate wheezes in all fields. His vital signs are P 72, R 20, BP 142/78, and SpO2 is 90% on room air. You should administer oxygen and:

An 86-year-old female has difficulty breathing. She tells you she has lung cancer and she is receiving chemotherapy. Her skin is pale, and you auscultate clear lung sounds. Her vital signs are P 68, R 18, BP 126/86, and SpO2 is 92% on room air. Based on your findings, you should suspect:

Why are chronic smokers predisposed to spontaneous pneumothorax?

A 3-year-old female complains of pain in her chest. Her father tells you that she has mitral valve prolapse. Her skin is cyanotic. Her lungs are clear on auscultation. Her vital signs are P 136 and irregular, R 30, BP 94/64, and SpO2 is 93% on room air. You should administer:

A 54-year-old female complains of dizziness. She denies any past medical history and hasn't seen her doctor in years. Her face is slightly red, and her lungs are clear to auscultation. Her vital signs are P 72, R 16, BP 162/98, and SpO2 is 97% on room air. You should:

An unresponsive 55-year-old male is apneic and pulseless. While you are performing chest compressions, you observe him opening his eyes, blinking, and looking at you. You should suspect:

A 44-year-old female tells you she feels palpitations and is short of breath. She tells you she is taking medication to treat her atrial fibrillation. Her lungs are clear to auscultation. Her vital signs are P 106 and irregular, R 18, BP 146/84, and SpO2 is 95% on room air. You should:

An 86-year-old female is confused and is sitting leaning to the left in a chair. You hear snoring respirations. After you reposition her, the snoring stops, and you auscultate clear lung sounds. She tries to answer your questions, but her speech is garbled. Her vital signs are P 94, R 18, BP 138/82, and SpO2 is 91% on room air. Her blood glucose level is 74 mg/dL. You should:

As you arrive, an unresponsive 22-year-old male who is morbidly obese is being moved to the shallow end of a pool by rescuers. He is apneic and pulseless. You need to wait for additional responders to arrive before you can move him out of the water. While waiting for additional help, you should:

A 94-year-old female complains of increased fatigue for the past day. Her skin is cool and clammy. Her vital signs are P 104, R 18, BP 92/66, and SpO2 is 94% on room air. You should first:

A 52-year-old male is not able to speak or follow your directions. His wife tells you he had no complaints when he went to bed. When he woke up 30 minutes ago, he complained of a severe stiff neck and headache. His eyes are open and deviated to the left. His vital signs are P 62, R 12 and irregular, BP 168/74, and SpO2 is 96% on room air. You should suspect:

A 73-year-old female had a syncopal episode. She tells you that she is taking a new medication for her hypertension. Her vital signs are P 60, R 14, BP 94/72, and SpO2 is 93% on room air. You should:

An 84-year-old male complains of pain in his chest that started while he was watching TV. He describes the pain as squeezing and rates it 5 of 10. He tells you he has a history of heart disease. His lungs are clear to auscultation. His vital signs are P 102, R 16, BP 118/80, and SpO2 is 95% on room air. You should:

An 11-year-old male passed out while playing soccer. When you arrive, he is conscious and tells you he had dizziness and sharp chest pain before he passed out. He points to his mid-sternum when you ask him the location of the pain. He denies any pain currently. His vital signs are P 66, R 18, BP 114/72, and SpO2 is 95% on room air. You should:

An unresponsive 88-year-old female is apneic and pulseless. You are performing chest compressions. Your partner attaches the AED and analyzes her rhythm. The AED announces, "No shock advised." You should suspect:

A 51-year-old male had a near syncopal episode. He has a history of Marfan syndrome. His skin is pale and diaphoretic. His lungs are clear to auscultation. His vital signs are P 108 and irregular, R 20, BP 92/58, and SpO2 is 93% on room air. You should:

An unresponsive 14-year-old female was rescued from the bottom of a pool. Bystanders are performing high-quality CPR and tell you they do not know how long she was submerged. You should first:

A 56-year-old male complains of a sudden onset of difficulty breathing. He has a history of heart problems and high blood pressure. You auscultate fine crackles in the bases of his lungs. His vital signs are P 98, R 18, BP 154/88, and SpO2 is 95% on room air. You should suspect:

A 59-year-old male complains of dizziness and palpitations. He denies dyspnea. His vital signs are P 178, R 16, BP 92/56, and SpO2 is 94% on room air. You should:

You are resuscitating a 6-year-old male who is in cardiac arrest. After you analyze his rhythm, the AED announces, "No shock advised." You should immediately:

You are the only responder on the scene of a lightning strike where four people were injured. Based on your triage findings below, which patient should you treat first?

An unresponsive 8-year-old female was found outside on a cold night. She is apneic, pulseless, and her skin is cold. You begin chest compressions, attach the AED, and analyze her rhythm. The AED announces, "Shock advised." You should:

While resuscitating an unresponsive 69-year-old female, you achieve ROSC. Her vital signs are P 58 and R 14. You should next:

A 64-year-old male has exertional dyspnea. He tells you he has had swelling in his lower legs for the last week. You auscultate fine crackles in his lower lungs. His vital signs are P 88, R 22, BP 172/92, and SpO2 is 92% on room air. You should suspect:

Why would a 21-year-old female who has a regular pulse of greater than 160 have signs of cardiogenic shock?

A 52-year-old female complains of waking up light-headed. Her skin is pale and diaphoretic. You auscultate clear lung sounds. Her vital signs are P 46, R 16, BP 86/58, and SpO2 is unattainable. You should:

An unresponsive 24-year-old female is lying on the floor below an open electrical panel on the ceiling. Coworkers tell you that she was on a ladder working on the panel when she fell to the ground. She is not touching any source of electricity, there are no loose wires, and the ground is dry. You do not see any chest wall movement. You should:

The husband of a 56-year-old female called because she has left-sided weakness. When you arrive, her speech is slurred, and you observe a right-sided facial droop. As you transport her to the hospital, her speech becomes clear. Her weakness and facial droop also resolve. You should suspect a(n):

An unresponsive 25-year-old male was pulled out of a swimming pool by rescuers as you arrive. You should first:

A 50-year-old male has a new onset of palpitations in his chest. He denies pain or difficulty breathing. He has a history of smoking and hypertension. You auscultate coarse crackles scattered in his lower lungs. His vital signs are P 116 and irregular, R 14, BP 148/92, and SpO2 is 95% on room air. You should:

A 37-year-old male complains of a sudden onset of severe headache and blurred vision in his left eye. When he speaks, he uses the wrong words to describe his complaint. His pupils are equal and reactive to light. His vital signs are P 84, R 16, BP 148/90, and SpO2 is 95% on room air. You should suspect:

A 32-year-old male complains of nearly passing out and nausea. He tells you he feels a fluttering in his chest. He has a 26 pack-year smoking history. You auscultate scattered rhonchi in the bases of his lungs. His vital signs are P 168, R 14, BP 92/58, and SpO2 is 94% on room air. You should suspect:

A 49-year-old male complains of left-sided chest pain. He tells you it started an hour ago and it has been constantly 4 of 10. He denies any past medical history. He has a 38 pack-year smoking history. You auscultate fine crackles in his lower lungs. His vital signs are P 96, R 16, BP 154/96, and SpO2 is 96% on room air. You should suspect:

A confused 54-year-old female did not eat lunch but took her insulin. She has a history of diabetes and chronic back pain. She localizes to stimuli with both hands equally. Her vital signs are P 82, R 14, BP 170/110, and SpO2 is 97% on room air. You should suspect:

A 23-year-old female just delivered a full-term male infant. You should first:

A 39-week pregnant patient with dark red vaginal bleeding and pallor needs priority care during transport. What is the best immediate action?

A newborn one minute after birth is pink with strong cry, blue extremities, and withdraws foot to tap; vitals P 168, R 56. What is the most appropriate assessment?

A 3‑month‑old male is inconsolable, not feeding, has diarrhea, sunken fontanel, no tears; vitals P 170, R 40, capillary refill 3 seconds. What should you suspect?

A 59‑year‑old male cut both wrists superficially, has minor bleeding, refuses hospital. What is the best EMS action?

A 66‑year‑old febrile female removed a tick; you see a 3 cm red circle with normal center. What should you do?

Why can a 4‑year‑old with sickle cell crisis experience chest pain?

A 21‑year‑old female has sudden left lower quadrant pain and vaginal bleeding; denies pregnancy, vitals show hypotension and SpO2 93%. What should you suspect?

What is the most common cause of adult seizures?

A drowsy 36‑year‑old female took 20 amitriptyline tablets and expresses suicidal intent but now wants to nap. What should you do?

A 36‑weeks pregnant patient reports severe headache, blurred vision, decreased fetal movement; vitals BP 138/90, SpO2 96%. How should you transport her?

A confused 74‑year‑old female with left‑sided weakness, glucose 52 mg/dL, SpO2 99%. What is the best next step?

A 59‑year‑old post‑kidney transplant male has abdominal pain worse on release after palpation, warm diaphoretic skin, vitals stable. What should you assess for?

A 38‑weeks pregnant female with severe abdominal pain and dark red bleeding is pale and diaphoretic; after oxygen, what is the next step?

A 68‑year‑old post‑menopausal female with pelvic pain and bloody discharge, vitals stable, denies other complaints. What is the best transport position?

An unresponsive 28‑year‑old female has hot clammy skin and foul‑smelling vaginal discharge; lungs clear, BP 86/58, SpO2 92%. What should you do first?

A 72‑year‑old male with dementia, confused, has several ecchymotic stripes on back; daughter says marks are shingles. What should you do?

Treating a 76‑year‑old morbidly obese female with chest pain and dyspnea (weight 430 lb). On stretcher, what must you ensure?

A 36‑year‑old female with palpitations and hyperthyroidism; warm moist skin, irregular pulse 108, BP 126/80, SpO2 97%. What should you do?

A 67‑year‑old female with crampy abdominal pain, diarrhea, mucus in stool; vitals BP 136/84, SpO2 96%. What is the best action?

A 48‑year‑old female with history of sickle cell anemia has fatigue and shortness of breath, lungs clear, vitals P 98, R 20, BP 148/84, SpO2 93%. What should you suspect?

A 16-year-old female reports pelvic pain and vaginal bleeding after being raped. She is holding a sanitary pad against her external genitalia with bright red blood running down her leg. What should you do first?

A febrile 32-year-old female complains of right-sided pelvic pain and abdominal heaviness. Vitals: P 78, R 18, BP 122/68, SpO2 96% on room air. What is the most appropriate next step?

You evaluate a 9-year-old who had episodes of staring into space and brief non-responsiveness during class, with amnesia afterward. What type of seizure should you suspect?

An 86-year-old bedridden female has a four-centimeter decubitus ulcer in the sacral area with wet bedding that smells like urine. What should you suspect?

A 67-year-old male with clonic seizure activity is lying near spilled pesticide powder with heavy nasal and oral secretions. After confirming proper PPE, what should you do next?

A 19-year-old female in the third trimester has blurred vision and headache. The baby is moving and she denies contractions. Vitals: P 84, R 16, BP 152/94, SpO2 97% on room air. What should you do?

A 1-month-old male has circumferential superficial burns from mid-calf to toes after hot-water immersion. What should you suspect?

A 95-year-old hospice patient fell and injured her hip with shortening and internal rotation. She only wants assistance back into bed and refuses hospital transport. What should you do?

Which strategy should be used to make responding to 9-1-1 calls safer for EMS?

After transporting a 29-year-old male with dyspnea, what should you do at the hospital at minimum before leaving?

Several days after a fatal pediatric crash call, your partner says he no longer wants to be an EMT. What should you do?

As the ambulance operator dispatched to a call, what should you ensure before leaving?

A 25-year-old male with a two-inch partial thickness laceration to his forearm refuses hospital care after bleeding control and bandaging. Which must happen before allowing refusal?

Which EMS public health activity maintains community relations?

An unresponsive 10-month-old female is apneic, pulseless, cold, with dependent lividity and rigor mortis. Father reports she was fine last night. What should you do?

While using lights and siren, the light in your travel direction turns red before an intersection. What should you do before entering?

Which action can significantly reduce cross-contamination risk from a patient exposed to toxic gas?

Which is a public health activity that an EMS agency can take to prepare the community for a mass shooting event?

Which of the following is a function of a prehospital care report?

A 52-year-old female was shot in the chest. She complains of pain and difficulty breathing. Her skin is pale and diaphoretic. When treating her, you should:

You have transferred care of a 51-year-old female who has a laceration with arterial bleeding to hospital staff. While cleaning the ambulance, you notice drops of dried blood on the ceiling. To properly sanitize the patient compartment, you should:

When approaching a helicopter with its main rotor turning, you should:

Which of the following is a method to maintain your competency as an EMT?

At the scene of a car crash at night on a rural limited access highway, you have been directed to set up a helicopter landing zone. You should ensure the landing zone is:

Which of the following influences a study when the outcomes are manipulated to fit an expected outcome instead of measured objectively against the hypothesis?

You responded to an explosion at an outside concert venue and were assigned to triage. While triaging patients, you should:

You suspect that a 72-year-old male that you transported to the hospital has been abused. You should:

Which of the following allows EMTs to give certain medications or perform certain procedures without speaking to a physician?

Which of the following techniques should be attempted first to access an unresponsive patient involved in a car crash?

Which of the following is a simple technique that should be used at the scene of all crashes where the vehicle is on its wheels to ensure the safety of the patient and rescuers?

Which of the following is a positive method to deal with the stress associated with working in EMS?

Which of the following is the most reliable type of evidence-based medical research?

You are at the hospital cleaning your ambulance after transporting a 62-year-old female from a car crash. The law enforcement officer who was on the scene of the crash asks you for the patient's name and date of birth. You should:

You are arriving on the scene of a car crash in the left lane of a three-lane limited access highway. A fire engine is parked diagonally across the middle and left lane 50 feet before the crash. Where should you park your ambulance?

If you are the first emergency vehicle to arrive on the scene of a car crash, you should position your ambulance:

You and your partner are preparing to lift a patient who weighs 200 pounds. You should:

An 82-year-old male stepped on a nail causing a small puncture wound with slight bleeding on his sock. What is the most appropriate immediate care?

A 7-year-old struck in the left chest by a baseball bat shows a large red mark, equal chest expansion, flat neck veins, and rales on the left chest. What is the most likely condition?

A 16-year-old female has a six-foot pole impaled in the fifth intercostal space one inch lateral to the midclavicular line on the right chest. What should be done first?

A 22-year-old male struck in the chest by a pipe has absent breath sounds on the right lower chest and oxygen saturation of 94% on room air. What is the best immediate action?

An 11-month-old female stabbed in the chest has a bubbling half-inch laceration to the right chest. What should be done immediately?

A 95-year-old male fell on an outstretched arm with midshaft forearm deformity. Which bones are most likely fractured?

A 78-year-old female fell from a bicycle and struck her head. She was initially unresponsive and becomes unresponsive during assessment. What should you suspect?

An unresponsive 61-year-old female run over by a low-speed train has a below-the-knee amputation with minor bleeding. While stabilizing the spine, what is the priority action?

During compensated hemorrhagic shock, why does the skin become pale and cool?

A 3-month-old female has evisceration after a glass injury with bowel protruding. What is the correct management?

An 81-year-old male with abdominal pain and dyspnea after being stabbed below the xiphoid has diminished left lung sounds and O2 sat 93% on room air. What should you do?

A 25-year-old male with a temporary cast and elastic bandage for a left tibia fracture reports worsening pain and pins-and-needles. What should you do?

A disoriented 19-year-old male struck in the right temple by a golf club has an expanding hematoma and clear fluid from the ear; BP 192/102, RR 14, SpO2 94%. What is the priority?

Which dressing is most appropriate for an open sucking chest wound with air bubbling from the injury?

What finding most supports pulmonary contusion after blunt chest trauma?

In managing an impaled object in the chest, what is the safest approach prehospital?

A proximal lower limb traumatic amputation with minimal bleeding and intact femoral pulse requires what immediate step?

For an abdominal evisceration with exposed bowel, which intervention is contraindicated?

A patient with suspected basilar skull fracture shows clear fluid drainage from the ear after head trauma. Which action is appropriate?