Font size
WorksheetsSemester Exam Review Units 1-3
Total questions: 148
Worksheet time: 1hrs 14mins
Which theory best explains how the earliest humans reached North America during the last Ice Age?
Island hopping across the Pacific
Crossing Beringia land bridge from Asia
Sailing across the Atlantic Ocean
Walking through Central American rainforests
Teleportation through unknown natural portals
What primary activity defined Paleo-Indians before the Agricultural Revolution?
Temple construction for priestly rites
Urban trading in coastal markets
Maritime fishing from large boats
Settled farming of maize fields
Nomadic hunting of large mammals
Which development most transformed societies from nomadic bands into complex civilizations?
Agricultural Revolution with crop cultivation
Invention of bronze weapons
Discovery of gold-rich river valleys
Adoption of horse domestication
Creation of long-distance seafaring
Match each civilization with a defining feature or location.
Olmec
Early Mesoamerican civilization with pyramids
Maya
Yucatan Peninsula with advanced calendars
Aztec
Central Mexico with Tenochtitlan
Which statements are accurate about the Olmec civilization? Select all that apply.
Capital city was Tenochtitlan
Dominated the Yucatan until A.D. 900s
Built complex villages and pyramids
First large city in America was Teotihuacan
Emerged in Mesoamerica between 1500–1200 B.C.
What was a notable scientific achievement of the Maya?
Developed accurate solar calendars
Designed steam-powered engines
Built wooden longships for warfare
Invented iron smelting furnaces
Perfected paper-making from papyrus
Which description best identifies the Aztec civilization around the 1200s?
Located in Central Mexico, built Tenochtitlan
Spread across Yucatan, abandoned cities by 900s
First great empire in the Americas, Olmec
Nomadic hunters crossing Beringia
Maritime traders on Pacific islands
Arrange these developments in a logical sequence of early American history.
Nomadic hunters migrate via Beringia
Maya develop complex calendars
Aztecs build Tenochtitlan
Agricultural Revolution spreads technologies
Which feature best characterizes Anasazi settlements in the American Southwest?
Cliffside pueblos with canyon water management
River floodplain cities with flat-top mounds
Large coastal towns focused on sea fishing
Nomadic teepee camps following buffalo herds
Adena and Hopewell peoples in the Ohio River Valley are most known for which achievement?
Geometric earthworks for ceremonies and burials
Domed stone temples for seasonal rituals
Longhouse villages for clan governance
Terraced fields for maize and bean farming
Which statement about the Mississippian culture is accurate?
They primarily relied on coastal lumber for canoe building
Their main cities were cliff dwellings in canyons
Rich floodplain soils supported intensive agriculture
Cahokia included over 100 flat-topped mounds
Match each region or tribe with a defining practice or feature.
Navajo
Adopted farming and lived in dispersed settlements
Sioux (Lakota)
Became renowned mounted hunters after horse adoption
Pacific Northwest groups
Created elaborate art, masks, and totem poles
Inuit
Invented devices like kayaks, harpoons, and snow goggles
Which development changed life on the Great Plains around the 1500s?
Introduction of horses by the Spanish
Adoption of maize farming by Inuit
Construction of coastal totem poles
Building cliffside pueblos by Apache
Which pairing correctly links a Northeast tribe group with a noted activity?
Iroquois — villages in forest clearings
Mohawk — specialized in woodworking
Huron — relied on polar bear hunting
Oneida — invented snow goggles
Southwestern tribes like the Pueblo are best associated with which staple crops?
Potato, maize, and quinoa fields
Wheat, oats, and rye cultivation
Rice, millet, and barley farming
Corn, beans, and squash agriculture
Which description fits the Great Plains tribes during periods of war or drought?
Abandoned villages and became nomads
Expanded coastal logging settlements
Built canal systems for irrigated rice
Established cliff palaces inside canyons
Which statement best explains why trade was central to Native American tribal contact?
Trade created communication across villages and regions
Trade replaced warfare and ended tribal conflicts completely
Trade allowed tribes to claim ownership of shared land
Trade spread written laws among tribes across the continent
How did Native American land use differ from European practices during early contact?
Land was bought and sold for private profit
Land was not traded and used for key activities
Land was divided strictly by permanent borders
Land was owned by kings and leased to peasants
Match each Native American cultural feature with its description.
Religious beliefs
Natural world filled with spirits and Great Spirit
Social organization
Elders valued; labor divided by social roles
Trading networks
Most important factor in tribal communication
Land use
Land never traded; reserved for important activities
Which factor most enabled long-distance trade across the Sahara?
Camels withstand heat and travel long distances
Horses carry more weight than camels in deserts
Oxcarts moved faster across sandy terrain
Desert roads were paved by early empires
Which commodities drove the growth of West African empires?
Gold
Salt
Ivory
Furs
Which statement about the Songhai Empire is accurate?
Began as a Christian nation and banned desert trade
Comprised mostly farmers and remained a small kingdom
Formed in the 1200s and ruled by European traders
Centered at Timbuktu and expanded under Sunni Ali
Which description best characterizes Africa’s physical geography highlighted here?
Includes Sahara desert, tropical rain forest, savannah
Mostly mountains with few deserts or grasslands
Entirely tropical forest with scattered small deserts
Primarily tundra climates with seasonal snowfall
Which factor helped the Benin Kingdom remain safe from Songhai armies and thrive economically?
Control of trans-Sahara camel caravans
Protection by dense rain forest terrain
Alliance with Songhai military leaders
Isolation on islands in the Niger Delta
In the Kongo Kingdom, what feature of political organization distinguished its rise along the West African coast and Congo River?
Several small kingdoms under a single ruler
A council elected by village elders
A matrilineal confederation of clans
Independent city-states trading separately
Matrilineal societies in parts of Africa traced descent through which family line, and what social effect did marriage have on men?
Father’s line; man joined bride’s family
Mother’s line; man joined bride’s family
Father’s line; man kept birth family ties
Mother’s line; man joined groom’s clan
Match each item with its correct description or effect.
Mosque
Place of Muslim worship
Manikongo
Title of Kongo’s single ruler
European sugar demand
Increased need for plantation labor
Gold deposits in West Africa
Enabled coin-based trade and commerce
Which development linked Muslim influence in West Africa to European economic changes in the 1300s–1400s?
Decline of sugar cultivation in Europe
Spread of iron weapons to Europe
Adoption of gold coins across Europe
Conversion of Europe to Islam
Why did sugarcane plantations drive the rise of the transatlantic slave trade after Europeans learned about sugar?
Planters faced limited available land in Europe
Sugarcane required heavy manual labor
High European demand for sweetened foods
Employers paid extremely high wages for cutters
Which pathway sometimes allowed enslaved Africans within African societies to improve their status before Atlantic slavery expanded?
Joining trans-Saharan camel caravans
Purchasing freedom or marrying captor
Becoming Manikongo’s royal guards
Escaping to European plantations
What change occurred after the colonization of the Americas that accelerated slave trading from Africa?
New sugar plantations increased labor demand
Muslim invasions stopped completely
Gold supplies in Europe disappeared
African matrilineal customs ended
Which statement best describes serfs in the medieval manorial system?
Royal officials administering justice
Free tenants who paid cash rent
Legally bound to land they worked
Guild members with urban privileges
Match each medieval European group to its primary role in the social hierarchy.
Monarchs and nobles
Held most wealth and power
Middle group: merchants, artisans
Grew in influence over time
Peasants or serfs
Provided crops, livestock, military service
Which changes were negative aspects of the manorial system? Select all that apply.
Encouraged competition for land
Expanded freedoms for serfs
Eliminated noble control of fiefs
Replaced organized democratic systems
What was a key purpose of the Crusades for Europeans?
Introduced eastern products like silk and spices
Secured permanent democratic institutions
Ended the manorial system across Europe
Unified Europe under a single monarch
How did the Renaissance and humanism connect to the Age of Exploration?
Stimulated curiosity and new trade routes
Focused solely on religious uniformity
Reinforced isolation from foreign lands
Restored serfdom to urban centers
Which innovation most directly improved a captain’s ability to determine latitude at sea during the Age of Discovery?
Detailed portolan charts
Caravel with lateen sails
Magnetic compass needle
Astrolabe for celestial sighting
Prince Henry the Navigator’s main contribution to exploration was to
Found a school for sailors
Conquer ports in East Africa
Lead voyages to India himself
Publish the first world map
Match each figure with the achievement.
Bartolomeu Dias
Rounded the Cape of Good Hope
Vasco da Gama
Reached India by sea
Prince Henry the Navigator
Patron of cartography and training
Which developments formed the technological toolkit that enabled extended Atlantic voyages?
Astrolabe for navigation
Magnetic compass
Caravel ship design
Gunpowder artillery
The Protestant Reformation influenced European exploration primarily by
Prompting migration for religious freedom
Funding Portuguese shipyards
Increasing demand for Asian spices
Creating unified Christian empires
Humanism during the Renaissance encouraged exploration by emphasizing
Military conquest in Europe
Strict adherence to tradition
Pursuit of adventure and learning
Isolation from foreign ideas
Why did Columbus underestimate the distance to Asia when sailing west?
Ignored the existence of Africa
Misread wind patterns entirely
Believed maps showed narrow oceans
Used a broken compass device
Which statement best distinguishes Portuguese achievements from Spanish during the late 1400s?
Portugal pioneered sea routes around Africa
Spain perfected cartography schooling
Portugal settled Caribbean islands first
Spain reached India before Portugal
Which best describes the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494?
Divided new lands between Spain and Portugal
Ended warfare among Caribbean peoples
Granted Spain control of all Atlantic trade
Created a naval alliance against England
Which statement about Christopher Columbus’s first voyage is accurate?
Named the Americas after himself
Reached Asia by water route
Sailed in 1502 from Lisbon
Funded by Spain after six years
Amerigo Vespucci is best known for which contribution?
Negotiated the Line of Demarcation
Discovered a water route to Asia
Led Spain’s first slave raids
Mapped New World lands extensively
What was a major reason Spain turned to African slaves?
Tordesillas banned Indian slavery
Caribbean gold mines collapsed
African navigators demanded trade
Native labor declined from disease
Which outcomes illustrate demographic change from colonization?
Africa lost about 12 million people
Caribbean Natives easily resisted Spain
Native American population fell sharply
European populations remained unchanged
Match each figure or term to its correct description.
Christopher Columbus
Voyages that reached the Bahamas
Amerigo Vespucci
Mapped Americas; namesake of continents
Treaty of Tordesillas
Divided new lands between Iberian powers
Columbian Exchange
Widespread transfer of goods and diseases
Which location did Columbus reach on his first voyage, making first contact with Native Americans?
The Bahamas islands
Japan’s southern islands
West African shoreline
Mainland China coast
Which statement best explains the Columbian Exchange?
African-exclusive trade in enslaved people
End of all trade between hemispheres
Spanish monopoly on Caribbean routes
Large-scale exchange of crops, species, diseases
Which item correctly pairs the Columbian Exchange direction with a good commonly moved that way?
Old World to New World: cotton
New World to Old World: wheat
Old World to New World: llamas
New World to Old World: sheep
Match each explorer with the achievement most associated with him.
Henry Hudson
Explored the Hudson River and Hudson Bay
Samuel de Champlain
Founded the settlement of Quebec
Dutch East India Company
Traded European goods for Asian luxuries
Which diseases were primarily introduced to the Americas from the Old World during the Columbian Exchange?
Cholera and typhoid
Tuberculosis only
Yellow fever and malaria
Smallpox and measles
Which statement best describes the motivations of Spanish conquistadors summarized by the 'Three G’s'?
Seeking bullion, raw materials, and cash crops
Spreading democracy, science, and free trade
Avoiding conflict, promoting peace, and neutrality
Building alliances, sharing power, and local autonomy
Which New World product traveled to the Old World and later became a major cash crop linked to profit?
Wheat
Sheep
Barley
Tobacco
Which empire did Hernando Cortes defeat to gain control of Tenochtitlan?
Maya city-states in Yucatan
Aztec Empire in Mexico
Inca Empire in Peru
Tlaxcalan Confederation nearby
Match each conquistador to the region or empire they targeted.
Hernando Cortes
Aztec Empire, central Mexico
Francisco Pizarro
Inca Empire, Andes region
Hernando de Soto
Expeditions across South America
Which factors motivated Spanish conquistadors during the Age of Exploration?
Glory and fame through conquest
Eliminating European rivals in Asia
Seeking high-ranking colonial positions
Spreading Christianity to natives
What role did smallpox play during Cortes’s campaign against the Aztecs?
It only affected Spanish soldiers in camps
It caused Montezuma to ally with Spain
It weakened native populations before sieges
It spread after the city surrendered
Which statement best describes Francisco Pizarro’s conquest?
He overthrew the Aztec ruler Montezuma
He captured Atahualpa of the Inca Empire
He invaded Cuba for Spanish settlement
He explored Florida and the Mississippi
During the capture of Tenochtitlan, how did Cortes’s men try to alter Aztec religious practices?
Adopted Aztec priestly hairstyles
Restored temples to native gods
Encouraged more human sacrifice
Replaced idols with crosses and images
Which action is linked to Hernando de Soto’s career?
Converted Atahualpa to Christianity
Became viceroy of New Spain
Founded Mexico City after Tenochtitlan fell
Led expeditions under Pizarro in South America
Which combination of goals and actions aligns with conquistador motives?
Promoting religious toleration for Puritans
Discovering routes like the Northwest Passage
Seeking wealth from American empires
Obtaining leadership roles in colonies
Which explorer named Florida in honor of Easter and called it “pascua florida,” or “feast of flowers”?
Juan Ponce de Leon
Pedro Menendez de Aviles
Cabeza de Vaca
Francisco Coronado
Which expedition searched the southwestern region of present-day United States for the Seven Golden Cities but found none?
Francisco Coronado’s journey
Ponce de Leon’s voyage
De Soto’s river mission
Cabeza de Vaca’s trek
Cabeza de Vaca is best known for which achievement?
Defeated the French pirates
Founder of St. Augustine
First to map the Mississippi
First to traverse North America
Match each figure or term with the correct description.
Juan Ponce de Leon
Named Florida and explored it
Francisco Coronado
Searched Southwest for Seven Cities
Cabeza de Vaca
Traveled across North America
Pedro Menendez de Aviles
Drove French from Florida
What was a primary purpose of Spanish missions in North America?
Religious sanctuaries to spread Christianity
Trading posts for Spanish merchants
Military forts to guard silver routes
Courts to enforce royal taxes
Which statement about the Encomienda system is accurate?
It aimed to convert Native Americans
It protected Native labor from abuse
It began after Cortes defeated the Aztecs
Villagers owed a crop share to commissioners
Spanish commissioners controlled land and villages
What triggered Pope’s Rebellion in New Mexico?
Priests punished Pueblo religious practices
Spanish banned all trade with pueblos
Coronado seized Pueblo farmland
Missionaries ended tribute collection
Which consequence followed Spain initially abandoning Florida?
French pirates settled near Jacksonville
English colonists founded St. Augustine
Serra established missions in Florida
Coronado returned with Spanish settlers
Who established a chain of missions from San Diego to San Francisco known as El Camino Real?
Pope
Junipero Serra
Pedro Menendez de Aviles
Hernan Cortes
Which group held the highest-ranking positions in Spanish colonies and was born in Spain?
Criollos born in the colonies
Native allies of missions
Mestizos of mixed heritage
Peninsulares born in Spain
Which description best fits Criollos within the colonial social hierarchy?
Upper class born in Spain
Middle class born in colonies
Lower class mixed ancestry
Unfree laborers from Africa
Who typically made up the lower class and provided much of the labor in New Spain’s farms, mines, and ranches?
Criollos with Spanish parents
Mestizos of mixed ancestry
Mission priests from Europe
Peninsulares with noble titles
Match each colonial region with its primary economic activity.
Mexico and Peru
Gold and silver mining
Caribbean Islands
Sugar plantations
St. Augustine, Florida
Spanish fort and mission
Which statement describes an effect of disease on Native populations after 1492?
Population fell by about ninety percent
Population doubled within a century
Diseases mainly affected Europeans
Only adults were impacted by illness
Which diseases were most commonly devastating to Native Americans during colonization?
Measles epidemics
Typhus infections
Smallpox outbreaks
Malaria waves
What happened to Native American land as Spanish settlements expanded?
Indians were robbed of lands
Land stayed largely untouched
Shared ownership increased widely
Tribes gained new territories
Which combination accurately identifies St. Augustine and Santa Fe during early settlements?
St. Augustine as a Spanish fort
St. Augustine as oldest city
Santa Fe founded by French
Santa Fe as New Mexico capital
Which best describes Europeanization among some Native American tribes in the 1600s?
Adopting European customs and trade goods
Conquering European settlements by force
Rejecting all foreign contact and trade
Migrating permanently to European cities
Which items were commonly introduced to Native American tribes through European trade?
Guns and horses
Printing presses and steam engines
Whiskey and metal tools
Rice and sugar plantations
In French colonial society, why was the fur trade central to their economy?
It supported gold mining expeditions
It provided primary income and market ties
It funded large plantation agriculture
It replaced all fishing along the coast
Who were the coureurs de bois in New France?
Independent French trappers living among tribes
Royal soldiers guarding coastal forts
Merchants running Atlantic shipping
Missionaries converting Native Americans
Match each colonial power or place with its characteristic.
France
Coureurs de bois and fur economy
Dutch West India Company
Exporting raw materials from New Netherland
New Amsterdam
Purchased Manhattan Island for trade hub
Mississippi River
Explored by Joliet and Marquette
Which statement about Dutch colonies in North America is accurate?
They offered land grants to attract settlers
They focused solely on gold extraction
They banned non-Dutch immigrants entirely
They settled only the Chesapeake region
Where was New Amsterdam located, and what was its significance?
Delaware River; slave-trading hub
Hudson Bay; inland farming base
Roanoke Island; military stronghold
Manhattan Island; valuable sea port
What was a key initial motivation for early British colonization?
Control of the Mississippi River
Alliance with Dutch West India Company
Religious conversion of French colonists
Economic opportunity for settlers
Which best explains how the enclosure movement influenced English colonization?
It reduced wool output and ended overseas trade
It displaced tenants, pushing migrants to new colonies
It made grain cheaper and stabilized rural villages
It expanded royal farms, decreasing private investment
What was a primary purpose of joint-stock companies in the era of early British colonization?
To replace royal charters with local councils
To manage prisons and transport convicts abroad
To regulate wool prices across rural markets
To fund exploration by pooling investor capital
Match each item to its description or significance.
Enclosure movement
Conversion of estates to sheep farming, evicting tenants
Joint-stock company
Investor-funded venture enabling overseas projects
Roanoke Colony
Late 16th-century "lost colony" off North Carolina
Jamestown
1607 first permanent English colony in North America
Which settlement is correctly paired with an outcome or feature?
Boston—first permanent English colony in North America
Plymouth—failed, leading colonists to return to England
Jamestown—first capital of the Virginia Colony
Roanoke—became a major trading port in New York
Which statements about Roanoke are accurate? Select all that apply.
Governor John White returned to find the colony deserted
Established in 1607 as the first permanent English colony
Second attempt sent 117 colonists including families
Founded under a charter granted to Sir Walter Raleigh
Why did merchants seek new markets during the enclosure era?
England produced surplus wool and prices fell
European tariffs banned wool imports entirely
Domestic wool demand exceeded supply at home
Farmers refused to sell wool to urban merchants
Which statement best describes the Virginia Company’s role in Jamestown’s founding?
It issued a royal decree to end colonization
It sponsored the voyage and settlement in 1607
It negotiated peace with Spain to protect ships
It relocated Roanoke colonists to Chesapeake Bay
Place the following in chronological understanding by earliest associated founding event to later: Roanoke attempt, Jamestown settlement, Plymouth success.
Jamestown, Roanoke, Plymouth
Roanoke, Jamestown, Plymouth
Roanoke, Plymouth, Jamestown
Plymouth, Jamestown, Roanoke
Which factor most contributed to Jamestown’s early food shortages during the first years of settlement?
Swampy location with disease and poor farming
Immediate success using fertile river valleys
Large imports of grain from England
Abundant local crops cultivated by colonists
During the 1609–1610 "starving time," colonists were forced to take extreme measures. Which description best reflects those conditions?
Exporting surplus corn to Europe
Forcing labor on Powhatan villagers
A period of plentiful harvests and trade
Eating dogs, rats, snakes, and corpses
What policy is most associated with John Smith’s leadership in Jamestown?
Guaranteed land grants for gentlemen
Military rule by the House of Burgesses
Tax-free tobacco cultivation policy
You don’t work, you don’t eat policy
Which development transformed Jamestown’s economy and helped the colony survive long-term?
Silver mining discoveries near James River
Trade monopolies with Spanish Florida
Profitable tobacco cultivation by John Rolfe
Large-scale wheat plantations by indentured servants
Indentured servants in early Virginia agreed to which typical arrangement?
Military service in exchange for wages
Two months of work for free land
Lifetime labor without legal rights
Seven years of work for Atlantic passage
Which statement best describes the House of Burgesses in early Virginia?
Tribal council of Powhatan leaders
Royal court directly controlled by the king
First democratic assembly in North America
Company board of London investors
In 1619, what combination of arrivals and legal status characterized labor in Virginia?
African arrivals were enslaved by statute
English law forbade enslaving Christians
Ninety women arrived to the colony
Twenty Africans arrived as Christian servants
Match each figure or group with the related Jamestown event or impact.
John Smith
Work-or-don’t-eat labor policy
John Rolfe
Profitable tobacco cultivation and marriage to Pocahontas
Powhatan Confederacy
Intermittent conflict; attacks killing colonists
Virginia Company
Sent troops and supplies; offered headrights
Who was the governor of Virginia during Bacon's Rebellion (1675–1676)?
Nathaniel Bacon
William Berkeley
Martin Luther
James I
Which best explains Nathaniel Bacon's role in the conflict?
Negotiated peace with the Susquehannock
Appointed Berkeley to expand voting rights
Led a militia against Indians and Jamestown
Raised taxes on Tidewater planters
Match each term to its correct description.
Tidewater
Fertile Virginia land near the coast
Piedmont
Rolling hills between coast and Appalachian Mountains
Susquehannock
Native group involved in frontier fighting
Paramilitary
Armed group not part of formal army
Which outcomes are associated with the significance of Bacon's Rebellion? Select all that apply.
Paramilitary uprising against authority
Expansion of slavery among wealthy planters
Immediate independence from Britain
Greater military support for backcountry settlers
Why did conflicts erupt between backcountry settlers and the Susquehannock?
Trade disagreements with the French
Competition over land rights on the frontier
Disputes over royal succession in England
Debates about Anglican Church reforms
What policy stance did Governor Berkeley take that fueled backcountry anger?
Granted universal male suffrage
Outlawed indentured servitude
Provided militias to frontier settlers
Favored wealthy Tidewater planters
Which statement best describes the Puritans' religious goal in New England?
Join French allies to prevent colonization
Purify the Church of England of Catholic elements
Replace Anglicanism with Lutheran doctrines
Preserve Catholic traditions within Anglicanism
How did the Protestant Reformation reshape religion in England?
Led to alliances only with the Spanish
Ended all conflicts with Native Americans
Converted England into a fully Catholic nation
Created the Anglican Church under English rule
Which statement best explains why some Puritans left England for New England in the early 1600s?
Religious persecution pushed congregations to dissent
King James encouraged radical church reforms
Military draft forced families to emigrate
Economic gold rush promised quick riches
What was the primary purpose of the Mayflower Compact signed by Pilgrim leaders in 1620?
Establish trade monopoly with Wampanoag
Declare independence from England
Create a framework for self-government
Mandate Anglican worship in colonies
Match each figure or term with its correct description.
John Winthrop
Governor who envisioned a 'city on a hill'
Great Migration
Large influx of English settlers, 1620s–1640s
Squanto
Native ally who taught survival skills
Massachusetts Bay Company
Puritan stockholders receiving royal charter
Which developments characterized New England town life in the seventeenth century? Select all that apply.
Royal governors appointed all local leaders
Church congregations organized new towns
Men called selectmen managed local affairs
Town meetings let residents voice opinions
Military garrisons ran daily civil matters
Why did John Winthrop call Massachusetts Bay a “city on a hill”?
To justify harsh legal punishments
To warn rivals of military strength
To model godly society for the world
To attract investors for fur trade
Which event most directly connected Pilgrims and the Wampanoag after the first successful harvest?
Construction of Boston’s first fort
Shared ownership of Plymouth Rock
Signing a royal treaty in London
Three-day festival of thanksgiving
Identify the best explanation for James I’s conflict with Puritan separatists.
Puritans rejected bishops’ authority
Puritans promoted Catholic rituals
Puritans refused paying ship taxes
Puritans demanded serf emancipation
Which statement about the voyage of the Mayflower is accurate?
Voyage ended at Jamestown, Virginia
Ship carried nine hundred settlers
Journey lasted about sixty-five days
No passengers died during crossing
Which feature best defines a theocracy in Puritan New England?
Government chosen by landowners only
Government led by military generals
Government based on religious principles
Government ruled by merchant guilds
Under Puritan laws, which activity was explicitly required or restricted?
Gambling permitted
Only Church members can vote
Church attendance required
Public dancing encouraged
What was the General Court in Massachusetts Bay Colony?
Town meeting of all residents setting local taxes
Assembly of freemen making laws and choosing governor
Religious tribunal punishing blasphemy and adultery
Royal court enforcing English common law in colonies
Which statement most accurately characterizes the Salem Witch Trials of 1692–1693?
Military crackdown on foreign spies in Salem
Peaceful debates resolving theological disputes
Legal reforms expanding jury protections
Panic-driven hunts causing executions and arrests
Match each person with the key idea or action associated with them.
Roger Williams
Advocated separation of church from government authority
Anne Hutchinson
Challenged ministers by claiming direct revelation
General Court
Assembly of freemen who made colony laws
Providence
Town founded as a haven for tolerated beliefs
Why was Roger Williams banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony?
He refused to attend required church services
He organized witch hunts in Salem villages
He led a tax revolt against the General Court
He condemned Puritans for not breaking with Anglican Church
Which outcomes are linked to Anne Hutchinson’s dissent?
Founded the town of Portsmouth
Accused as heretic and banished
Claimed God spoke directly to her
Won immediate control of the General Court
What principle became central to Rhode Island’s colonial charter?
Total separation of church and state
Mandatory church attendance for voters
General Court oversight of all towns
Anglican bishops appointing colonial governors
Which leader founded Connecticut in 1636 seeking broader voting rights not limited to church membership?
Thomas Hooker of Hartford
John Mason of Portsmouth
John Winthrop of Massachusetts
Roger Williams of Providence
What was the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut best known for in colonial America?
First written constitution in the colonies
Earliest treaty with Wampanoag people
Primary law code of Massachusetts Bay
Initial royal charter from the Crown
Which principle did Connecticut’s government embody compared to Massachusetts?
Only property owners may vote in elections
Church elders appoint the General Court
Authority rests on consent of the governed
Royal governor controls all local councils
Match each New England figure or colony with the correct description.
Sir Ferdinando Gorges
Shared territory leadership with Mason
Captain John Mason
Took southern area named New Hampshire
New Hampshire
Became a royal colony under the Crown
Maine
Purchased by Massachusetts, remained part until 1820
What event most directly triggered the Pequot War?
Refusal to ally against Narragansett
Execution of three Wampanoag men
English ban on the fur trade routes
Killing of two traders in the valley
Select the statements that accurately describe King Philip’s War.
Metacomet led Native resistance until his death
War left few Native Americans in New England
Wampanoag attacks followed arrests and executions
Conflict began after alliance with Narragansett
Who did colonists call “King Philip,” and what role did he play in the war?
John Mason, commander of colonial militia
Gorges, broker of peace negotiations
Sassacus, Pequot chief and English ally
Metacomet, Wampanoag leader in battle
How did relations change before King Philip’s War according to the notes?
Continuous wars over Maine’s borders
Forty years of improving trade collapsed
Royal taxation ended colonial conflicts
Immediate hostility since Plymouth’s founding
Which statement best explains why the Dutch allowed diverse settlers in New Netherland before 1664?
To prepare for immediate British takeover
To restrict trade with rival European empires
To spread strict Dutch religion and laws
To increase population and land buyers quickly
After 1664, what major change occurred to New Netherland?
It was sold back to the Dutch
It merged with Pennsylvania colony
It became independent from Europe
It was seized and renamed New York
Match each colony or leader to the correct description.
New Jersey
Land separated from New York for advisers
William Penn
Quaker founder seeking a grant in 1680
Philadelphia
Capital known as City of Brotherly Love
Treaty of Shackamaxon
Agreement with Lenni Lenape for peace
Which features characterize Pennsylvania’s 'Holy Experiment'? Select all that apply.
Government taxation of church attendance
Mandatory military service for settlers
Voting rights tied to land ownership
Religious refuge for minority groups
Pacifism promoted by Quaker beliefs
Which statement about Quakers in Pennsylvania is accurate?
They required churches and formal ministers
They controlled politics for two centuries
They encouraged violent defense of faith
They later became a minority in the colony
Maryland’s founding under Lord Baltimore is best described as what type of colony?
Joint-stock colony with many investors
Penal colony for British debtors
Proprietary colony owned by one proprietor
Royal colony ruled directly by the crown
Which policy helped make Maryland famous in the early colonial period?
Religious toleration law by the assembly
Exclusive harbor tariffs for tobacco
Ban on Catholic settlement entirely
Mandatory Anglican church membership
Which economic or geographic challenge most limited North Carolina’s early growth?
Severe winters destroyed all crops
Failed gold mining near the coast
Poor harbor access hindered shipping
Overcrowded cities blocked farming
Which early development is correctly matched to South Carolina?
Main export was whale oil
Named after King George II
First town called Charles Town
Immediate success with sugar cane
Why did James Oglethorpe found Georgia in the 1730s?
To expand Quaker settlements northward
To replace Maryland as Catholic haven
To mine silver for the Spanish crown
To create a colony for imprisoned debtors
