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Research Methods Final Exam DAT3B

Total questions: 85

Worksheet time: 59mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

What is the definition of statistics?

a)

Science of collecting, organizing, summarizing, and analyzing information to draw conclusions

b)

Study of plants

c)

Art of painting

d)

Science of cooking

2.

According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, what are data?

a)

Factual information used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation

b)

Random guesses without basis

c)

Stories told by individuals

d)

Images stored on a computer

3.

In statistics, what does the term population refer to?

a)

The total group of individuals or observations under study

b)

A single person only

c)

A type of statistical graph

d)

A statistical software program

4.

What is a sample in statistical terms?

a)

A subset of the population

b)

The whole population

c)

A single data point

d)

A calculation method

5.

What does the word statistic mean?

a)

A numerical summary of a sample

b)

A law of nature

c)

A type of animal

d)

A meeting or conference

6.

In statistics, a parameter is:

a)

A numerical summary of a population

b)

The size of a sample

c)

A type of graph

d)

A hypothesis test

7.

Which type of statistics describes data through numerical summaries, tables, and graphs?

a)

Descriptive statistics

b)

Inferential statistics

c)

Predictive statistics

d)

Experimental statistics

8.

Which type of statistics uses results from a sample to make conclusions about a population?

a)

Inferential statistics

b)

Descriptive statistics

c)

Exploratory statistics

d)

Computational statistics

9.

Which of the following is a limitation of statistics?

a)

It does not study individuals

b)

It can predict the future perfectly

c)

It eliminates all uncertainty

d)

It replaces all experimental research

10.

In the PHP100 example, the 78% figure is an example of what?

a)

Descriptive statistic

b)

Inferential statistic

c)

Parameter

d)

Population

11.

What is the population in the teenage example?

a)

Teenagers 13 to 17 years of age who live in Antipolo City

b)

1,028 teenagers living in Antipolo City

c)

All teenagers in the Philippines

d)

Farmers growing soybeans

12.

How many soybean plants did the farmer randomly sample?

a)

100

b)

1,028

c)

50

d)

All plants in the field

13.

Which type of statistics is used to obtain an overview of data from a sample?

a)

Descriptive statistics

b)

Inferential statistics

c)

Predictive statistics

d)

Experimental statistics

14.

A car manufacturer testing 50 batteries to estimate average lifetime is using which kind of statistics?

a)

Inferential statistics

b)

Descriptive statistics

c)

Qualitative statistics

d)

Diagnostic statistics

15.

Haircolor is an example of which type of variable?

a)

Qualitative

b)

Quantitative

c)

Discrete

d)

Continuous

16.

Number of hamburgers sold is an example of which type of variable?

a)

Quantitative

b)

Qualitative

c)

Nominal

d)

Ordinal

17.

The number of heads obtained after flipping a coin five times is a ________ variable.

a)

Discrete

b)

Continuous

c)

Qualitative

d)

Ratio

18.

The distance a 2005 Toyota Prius can travel on a full tank is a ________ variable.

a)

Continuous

b)

Discrete

c)

Ordinal

d)

Nominal

19.

Method of payment (cash, check, debit card, credit card) is an example of which level of measurement?

a)

Nominal

b)

Ordinal

c)

Interval

d)

Ratio

20.

Temperature measured in Celsius belongs to which level of measurement?

a)

Interval

b)

Nominal

c)

Ordinal

d)

Ratio

21.

What level of measurement is Number of vehicles registered according to the text?

a)

Nominal

b)

Ordinal

c)

Ratio

d)

Interval

22.

In the polling organization example, who represents the population?

a)

All male university graduates with white-collar jobs

b)

The 2141 male university graduates contacted

c)

All female university graduates

d)

All workers in the Philippines

23.

Which of the following statements requires descriptive statistics?

a)

A teacher wants to know the attitudes of all students towards abortion

b)

A market analyst draws a chart showing sales figures for 2006-2007

c)

A forecaster predicts election results using votes from 15 barangays

d)

Men are better in math than women

24.

What type of measurement is "Degree of pain" listed as in the text?

a)

Nominal

b)

Ordinal

c)

Ratio

d)

Interval

25.

Which variable is quantitative and discrete?

a)

Temperature in Celsius degrees

b)

Number of missing teeth

c)

Volume of mineral water sold daily

d)

Duration of a seizure

26.

"Blood type" is an example of which level of measurement?

a)

Nominal

b)

Ordinal

c)

Ratio

d)

Interval

27.

According to the text, "ZIP code" is classified as what type of variable?

a)

Nominal

b)

Ordinal

c)

Ratio

d)

Interval

28.

Which example from the list uses inferential statistics?

a)

A market analyst draws a sales chart for 2006-2007

b)

A forecaster predicts election results using votes from 15 barangays

c)

Records show 75% of faculty are doctoral degree holders

d)

An account predicts accuracy rate of a client’s financial resources

29.

What is the highest level of measurement required for "Brands of soft drinks"?

a)

Nominal

b)

Ordinal

c)

Ratio

d)

Interval

30.

What are the two main categories of statistical data based on their sources?

a)

Primary Data and Secondary Data

b)

Qualitative and Quantitative Data

c)

Primary and Tertiary Data

d)

Internal and External Data

31.

Primary sources are considered to be __________.

a)

authoritative

b)

persuasive

c)

anecdotal

d)

biased

32.

Which data collection method involves the researcher having direct contact with the interviewee?

a)

Direct personal interviews

b)

Indirect/Questionnaire method

c)

Observation

d)

Experimental simulation

33.

If data collectors do not follow consistent data collection practices, what problem may arise?

a)

Data may have different units

b)

Data will be more accurate

c)

Data collection will be faster

d)

Sample size will increase automatically

34.

Which of the following is NOT listed as a consequence of improperly collected data?

a)

Inability to answer research questions accurately

b)

Compromising decisions for public policy

c)

Increased funding for the study

d)

Misleading other researchers

35.

According to the text, secondary data are less expensive because they are __________.

a)

collected by other sources

b)

always more accurate

c)

gathered using advanced technology

d)

required many respondents

36.

What type of question does not provide response categories for the respondent?

a)

Open-ended question

b)

Closed-ended question

c)

Multiple-choice question

d)

True/false question

37.

Which data collection technique involves systematically watching and recording behaviors?

a)

Observation

b)

Experiment

c)

Survey

d)

Interview

38.

According to the text, what should be done before taking the actual survey?

a)

Pre-test the questions

b)

Translate the questionnaire only

c)

Increase the sample size

d)

Use only closed-ended questions

39.

In a focus group, who guides the discussion?

a)

A facilitator

b)

The researcher only

c)

The participants themselves

d)

An observer

40.

What does a larger sample size generally increase in statistical estimates?

a)

Precision

b)

Bias

c)

Error

d)

Cost only

41.

Which of the following is an example of a closed-ended question from the text?

a)

Did you eat any of the following foods yesterday? (Yes/No)

b)

Can you describe what the traditional birth attendant did?

c)

What are your thoughts on the high drop-out rate?

d)

Explain your opinion on the topic.

42.

What is the formula for the sample standard deviation s?

a)

s=∑(x−xˉ)2ns = \sqrt{\frac{\sum (x - \bar{x})^2}{n}}

b)

s=∑(x−xˉ)2n−1s = \sqrt{\frac{\sum (x - \bar{x})^2}{n - 1}}

c)

s=∑(x−xˉ)2n−1s = \frac{\sum (x - \bar{x})^2}{n - 1}

d)

s=∑(x−xˉ)ns = \frac{\sum (x - \bar{x})}{n}

43.

In the soft drink machine example, what confidence level was required?

a)

90%

b)

95%

c)

99%

d)

80%

44.

When using the most conservative estimate for proportion, what value of p is substituted?

a)

0.25

b)

0.5

c)

0.75

d)

1.0

45.

What is the main purpose of Slovin’s formula?

a)

To calculate the margin of error for a given sample size

b)

To determine the population proportion p

c)

To compute the sample size n given population size and desired error

d)

To adjust the confidence level of a study

46.

Which sampling technique assigns equal probabilities of selection to each possible sample?

a)

Systematic random sampling

b)

Stratified sampling

c)

Simple random sampling

d)

Cluster sampling

47.

What does sampling bias refer to?

a)

Choosing a sample that perfectly represents the population

b)

Errors that occur when the sample is not representative of the population

c)

Using a larger sample than necessary

d)

Selecting a sample based on random chance

48.

In systematic random sampling, what is chosen first after assigning serial numbers 1 to N?

a)

The sampling interval k

b)

A random number between 1 and k

c)

The total population size N

d)

The last element of the list

49.

When using proportional allocation in stratified sampling with N1=200, N2=300, N=500 and sample size n=50, how many units are taken from stratum A (N1)?

a)

10

b)

20

c)

30

d)

40

50.

Which of the following is listed as an advantage of systematic random sampling?

a)

It gives poor precision when periodicity is present

b)

It is easy to administer in the field

c)

It requires a detailed list of all strata

d)

It always produces a homogeneous sample

51.

What is a disadvantage of stratified random sampling mentioned in the text?

a)

Values of the stratification variable may not be easily available

b)

It is impossible to calculate sample sizes

c)

It never reduces sampling error

d)

It requires cluster formation

52.

In cluster sampling, after selecting the clusters, what constitutes the final sample?

a)

A random subset of elements from each selected cluster

b)

All elements within the selected clusters

c)

Only the first element of each selected cluster

d)

Elements chosen by systematic random sampling across all clusters

53.

One of the main benefits of multi-stage sampling is a reduction in what cost?

a)

Interviewer training cost

b)

Data analysis cost

c)

Transportation cost

d)

Printing cost

54.

What is convenience sampling?

a)

Picking people in the most convenient and fastest way to get reactions immediately

b)

Selecting participants according to an expert’s judgment

c)

Selecting participants based on specific criteria set by the researcher

d)

Selecting participants randomly from the entire population

55.

Which sampling method selects participants according to an expert’s judgment?

a)

Convenience sampling

b)

Purposive sampling

c)

Judgement sampling

d)

Simple random sampling

56.

Which of the following is an example of a non-sampling error?

a)

Using a small sample size

b)

Interviewer error

c)

Random selection error

d)

Coverage error

57.

A dictionary is an example of a __________ source.

a)

Primary

b)

Secondary

c)

Tertiary

d)

None of the above

58.

In the example where Southwest Airlines randomly selects 60 flights and surveys all passengers, what type of sampling is used?

a)

Convenience sampling

b)

Simple random sampling

c)

Stratified sampling

d)

Cluster sampling

59.

Which sampling method is based on certain criteria laid down by the researcher?

a)

Judgement sampling

b)

Purposive sampling

c)

Convenience sampling

d)

Systematic sampling

60.

In the four-part definition of statistics, which component specifically addresses the reporting of uncertainty?

a)

Collection of information

b)

Organization and summarization of information

c)

Analysis of information to draw conclusions

d)

Reporting results with a measure of confidence

61.

In the PHP100 study example, the 78% figure that describes the sample results is an example of which type of statistic?

a)

Parameter

b)

Inferential statistic

c)

Descriptive statistic

d)

Confidence interval

62.

Which of the following is listed as a limitation of statistics in the provided text?

a)

Statistics can predict exact outcomes for individuals

b)

Statistics does not study individuals

c)

Statistics is suitable for qualitative phenomena

d)

Statistical laws are always exact

63.

What term is used to describe a numerical summary of the entire population?

a)

Statistic

b)

Parameter

c)

Sample

d)

Variable

64.

Which branch of applied statistics is explicitly mentioned in the text?

a)

Cryptography

b)

Biostatistics

c)

Astrophysics

d)

Geophysics

65.

According to the text, which type of variable has a countable number of possible values?

a)

Continuous variable

b)

Categorical variable

c)

Discrete variable

d)

Ordinal variable

66.

In the described research process, what is the primary reason given for using a sample instead of the entire population?

a)

Samples are inherently more accurate than censuses

b)

Conducting research on an entire population is difficult and expensive

c)

Entire population data is always biased

d)

Samples avoid all ethical concerns

67.

How does the Merriam-Webster dictionary define “data” as cited in the text?

a)

Numerical values only

b)

"Factual information used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation"

c)

Subjective opinions

d)

Random guesses

68.

In the farmer's soybean study, which of the following best describes the population?

a)

All soybean plants in the farmer's field

b)

The 100 soybean plants that were randomly sampled

c)

The total weight of soybeans harvested from the sampled plants

d)

The average weight of soybeans per plant in the sample

69.

Which example correctly illustrates a quantitative continuous variable?

a)

Number of children in a family

b)

Zip code of a residence

c)

Distance a 2005 Toyota Prius can travel on a full tank

d)

Haircolor

70.

Regarding the classification of quantitative variables, which scenario exemplifies a discrete variable?

a)

Time a runner takes to finish one lap

b)

Number of heads obtained after flipping a coin five times

c)

Distance a car travels between two cities

d)

Temperature measured to the nearest tenth of a degree

71.

Which statement correctly identifies a scenario that uses inferential statistics?

a)

A badminton player calculates his average score from his last ten games

b)

A car manufacturer estimates the average lifetime of batteries by testing a sample of 50 batteries

c)

Janine determines the variability of her six algebra exam scores

d)

A politician tallies the exact number of votes his rival received from official returns

72.

Which of the following variables is best classified as qualitative (categorical)?

a)

Number of hamburgers sold in a day

b)

Temperature in Fahrenheit

c)

Degree of pain reported on a scale of 1 to 10

d)

Place of birth

73.

In the polling organization example, which description correctly identifies the population?

a)

All male university graduates with white-collar jobs in the country

b)

The 2,141 male university graduates contacted

c)

All employees who received a raise in the past four months

d)

Only female university graduates with white-collar jobs

74.

Which variable listed in the text is measured at the ordinal level of measurement?

a)

Degree of pain

b)

Number of vehicles registered

c)

Zip code

d)

Brands of soft drinks

75.

The analyst who draws a chart of sales figures for 2006-2007 is primarily using which type of statistics?

a)

Descriptive statistics

b)

Inferential statistics

c)

Predictive modeling

d)

Qualitative analysis

76.

The study comparing folate intake with hypertension risk in women most closely follows which sampling design?

a)

Convenience sampling

b)

Stratified random sampling

c)

Case-control design

d)

Cluster sampling

77.

From the list of variables, which one is best classified as continuous?

a)

Number of missing teeth

b)

Volume of mineral water sold daily

c)

Employee number

d)

Socioeconomic status

78.

The variable “Number of government officials” should be categorized as which type of quantitative variable?

a)

Discrete

b)

Continuous

c)

Ordinal

d)

Nominal

79.

Identify what kind of graph is in the given image.

a)

Vertical Graph

b)

Multiple Graph

c)

Bar Graph

d)

Histogram

80.

Identify what kind of graph is in the given image.

a)

Random Dots Graph

b)

Scatter Diagram

c)

Regression Diagram

d)

Histogram

81.

Identify what kind of graph is in the given image.

a)

Slope Diagram

b)

t-test Diagram

c)

Z Diagram

d)

Central Tendency

82.

It is actually the measure of outliers present in the distribution.

a)

Kurtosis

b)

Skewness

c)

Pearson r

d)

Regression

83.

Quantiles are statistics that describe various subdivisions of a frequency distribution into equal proportions. Which among the choices is not an example of quantiles?

a)

Quartiles

b)

Sextiles

c)

Deciles

d)

Percentiles

84.

Draw an object that will best describe your experience and journey in conducting research.

85.

ANOVA stand for

a)

ANalysis Of VAriables

b)

Analyzing Numerical Output Value Assumption

c)

ANalysis Of VAriance

d)

Algorithmic Navigation for Optimized VAriables

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