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WorksheetsIncarceration Nation Exam #4 Review Questions
Total questions: 76
Worksheet time: 1hrs 7mins
What is the most serious crime and the easiest to measure?
(a)
why is homicide the most serious crime and the easiest to measure?
its easy to report
often no debate on if a homicide has occurred (because there's a body)
proactive and reactive policing doesn't change reports of homicide
its the most widespread violent crime
What was the homicide rate in 1970 of the US in comparison to Japan? (a) %
What was the homicide rate in 1970 of the US in comparison to Scotland? (a) %
What was the homicide rate in 1970 of the US in comparison to England + Wales? (a) %
Despite overall homicide rates decreasing in 2008-2010, the U.S' homicide rate was still (a) than the rest of the developed world
For the prisoners per crime rate, the U.S. is significantly (a) than the rest of the developed world
For the prisoners per homicide rate, the U.S. is slightly (a) than the rest of the developed world
The relative cost of a homicide is (a) million dollars
Why does it matter that the relative cost of a homicide is about 8.6 million dollars?
the total social costs of homicide are much more than the costs of enforcement
it exacerbates the cycle of poverty in disadvantaged communities
it becomes expensive for local governments
it ends up increasing tax rates for already disadvantaged communities
Indirect costs of homicide...
children of homicide victims have more mental health and cognitive/behavior issues
children of homicide victims become more apt to commit crimes
local violence causes effect's to children's attention and impulse control
tax revenue is decreased
Crime victimization is distributed (a)
3 ways incarceration can affect crime:
deterrence
retribution
incapacitation
rehabilitation
certainty
discourages would-be criminals from breaking the law, split into three categories: certainty, severity, and temporal proximity
(a)
keeps people from breaking the law by locking them up and keeping them contained
(a)
focused on changing an offender's behavior so they can reenter society safely; focuses on skills, education, and treatment
(a)
how sure someone is that they will be caught for committing a crime
(a)
how soon someone thinks they will be caught for committing a crime
(a)
how bad someone thinks the punishment will be if they commit a crime
(a)
what is problematic about certainty and deterrence?
if the punishment is not worse than their life currently, they might think it's still worth it to do a crime
if they're under the influence or have acute mental illness they might not have the capacity to think about the consequences of a crime (impulsive crimes)
some people might not know the punishments for certain crimes
none of these
In Hawaii, people on probation would be randomly selected for a drug test. Anyone who failed the drug test would experience a short incarceration before being able to leave the test facility (dramatically decreased rates of recidivism in the short term).
(a)
some studies show that ___ exert a large deterrent effect on some criminal acts
swift, certain, and short incarcerations
increasing already long sentences
there is little evidence that (a) already long sentences works for deterrence
Crimes prevented is the average annual number of crimes
committed (λ) times the number of years incarcerated (τ )
(a)
problems with incapacitation theory?
it assumes people can't be replaced in crime (ex. drug cartels)
assumes no post-release effects of incarceration
λ (average annual number of crimes committed) is highly skewed to the right
τ (number of years incarcerated) overstates crimes averted long in the future
λ (average annual number of crimes committed) is highly skewed to the left
at relatively low rates of incarceration in a low level of aggregation (neighborhood, town, city) the crime fighting benefits of incarceration are huge; high rates of incarceration impede the neighborhoods capacity to function (creates more incarceration)
(a)
problems with coercive mobility hypothesis
hard to evaluate until the end of this course
creates imbalanced gender ratios in a community
many of the spillovers may or may not be causal
ignores the spillover effects
problems with estimating the incarceration-crime relationship (two things)
(a)
the same factors that lead someone to experience incarceration in the first place are also the cause of other poor outcomes they experience after incarceration (ex. poverty, living in a poor neighborhood, racially segregated neighborhood, mental health, addiction, race, unemployment, uneducated, labor market, etc.)
(a)
incarceration changes the way people think and act and engage with others, could decrease their labor capital, as a result they do less well in the labor market, decreases the way people function autonomously
(a)
bias above and beyond actual differences because of incarceration (ex. someone has the same exact qualifications but is not hired because of being incarcerated)
(a)
ways to test the mechanisms to effects on human capital
analysis of surveys administrative data
qualitative research
experimental/audit studies
employer surveys
quantitative surveys
analysis of survey & administrative data finds that incarceration (a) earnings by 10-30%
pros of analysis of surveys/administrative data
survey data almost always yield negative results on earnings
underestimates earnings
doesn't count off the books jobs
finds a causal effect
cons of analysis of surveys/administrative data
doesn't count off the book jobs
finds a causal effect
underestimates the negative effects on earnings
administrative data yields mixed results
outcomes of experimental/audit studies
white w/criminal record received more call backs than black w/ no criminal record
black w/ no criminal record received more call backs than white w / criminal record
black w/ criminal record received more call backs than white w/ no criminal record
Findings from Pager study
34% white w/ no criminal record received a call back
17% white w/ a criminal record received a call back
14% black w/ no criminal record received a call back
5% black w/ a criminal record received a call back
17% white w/ no criminal record received a call back
outcomes of qualitative research
white people with a criminal record are hired more than black people with no criminal record
causal relationship between incarceration and decrease in earnings
effects on human capital are not just about incarceration but about the justice system more broadly
try to make it hard to figure out where you’re going to stay, who you’re going to be with, what you’re going to be doing on any given day
(a)
mechanisms of qualitative research results?
cost of fines and fees
cultivating unpredictability
certainty
temporal proximity
1 in (a) black children in 1990 had their dad go to prison by the time they were 19
1 in (a) white children in 1990 had their dad go to prison by the time they were 19
1 in (a) black children had a no high school parent go to prison by age 14
1 in (a) white children had a college educated parent go to prison by age 14
_ _ _ incarceration is more detrimental to a child's well-being
(a)
why is paternal incarceration more detrimental to a child's well-being
moms who have been incarcerated struggled with housing instability, mental health issues, poverty, etc. even before incarceration meaning they weren’t greatly in the child’s life
paternal incarceration happens way more often
mother's are the emotional cornerstones for children
father's are often away working in a traditional family so it only changes a little of the child's home experience
outcomes of paternal incarceration
homelessness
foster care placement
child mortality
children are more prone to crime
_ _ _ contribute the most to incarceration costs within a family
(a)
_ _ _ % of monthly income is spent on incarcerated family members on average
(a)
which is true
wealthier families spend more on their incarcerated family member
poorer families spend more on their incarcerated family member
stigma of family incarceration rubs off on other people
(a)
_ _ _ are the leading cause of death among inmates (2 things)
(a)
older people die at (a) rates when incarcerated
most people who die while incarcerated have been incarcerated for a (a) time
black men who are incarcerated die at (a) rates than black men in the general population
white men who are incarcerated die at (a) rates than white men in the general population
most formed inmates die 1-2 (a) after release
most inmates who die after release die from (a)
National estimates suggest that state prison inmates have (a) education than the general population, which could be a factor in their increased mortality.
mortality rate in prison is affected by these 3 things
safety
lack of access to drugs and alcohol
increase in access to health care
less gang activity
what is the mortality rate affected by post-prison
difficult transition out of prison
diminished tolerance to drugs/alcohol
access to health care
access to gang activity
broader health affects after being in prison
increased functional limitations
increase in mental health issues
increase in infectious and stress-related illnesses
increase in violent activity
Ms. A's case highlighted how the child she gave birth to in prison was healthier than the children she gave birth to outside of prison.
true
false
how does incarceration affect the health of the family
abuse decreases if the offender is incarcerated
cheaper and unhealthy meals bought because money is tight
decrease in mental health
economic strain affects health and social life of the family
consequences for the mental health of mothers whose father of their child is incarcerated:
major depressive disorder
life dissatisfaction
anxiety
OCD
incarceration increases ___ in the community which increases the spread of AIDS/HIV
same-sex relationships
sexual intercourse
partner concurrency
incarceration almost eliminates the racial disparities in AIDS/HIV
true
false
studies show that incarceration (a) infant mortality
mass incarceration has decreased life expectancy by over (a) times since 2008
(a) % of prisoners go home
(a) % of prisoners are released on parole
at the peak of mass incarceration there were (a) million people incarcerated (late 2000s-early 2010s)
_ _ _ people released from state/federal prisons each year (the most in CA and TX)
(a)
over _ _ _ people go from probation to incarceration
(a)
_ _ _% of people employed within 4 yeas after jail
(a)
virtually (a) % of people in jail are released
