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Semester Final Exam for Foundations of Biology Study Guide

Total questions: 100

Worksheet time: 2hrs 50mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Who is credited with naming cells?

a)

Robert Hooke

b)

Rosalind Franklin

c)

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

d)

Hershey and Chase

2.

Who took x-ray crystallographic photographs of DNA that were used to help discover its structure?

a)

Robert Hooke

b)

Rosalind Franklin

c)

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

d)

Hershey and Chase

3.

Who discovered that DNA is the genetic material?

a)

Robert Hooke

b)

Rosalind Franklin

c)

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

d)

Hershey and Chase

4.

Who discovered that DNA is double helix structure?

a)

Watson and Crick

b)

Schleiden/Shwann/Virchow

c)

Gregor Mendel

d)

Charles Darwin

5.

Who formed ideas that became the cell theory?

a)

Watson and Crick

b)

Schleiden/Shwann/Virchow

c)

Gregor Mendel

d)

Charles Darwin

6.

Who is known as the 'father of genetics'?

a)

Watson and Crick

b)

Schleiden/Shwann/Virchow

c)

Gregor Mendel

d)

Charles Darwin

7.

Who developed the theory of evolution called natural selection?

a)

Watson and Crick

b)

Schleiden/Shwann/Virchow

c)

Gregor Mendel

d)

Charles Darwin

8.

Who developed cures for rabies and anthrax, and made milk safer to drink?

a)

Antoine Lavoisier

b)

Michael Faraday

c)

Dmitri Mendeleev

d)

Louis Pasteur

9.

All living things are made up of one of more of the following:

a)

viruses

b)

cells

c)

paramecium

d)

cell walls

10.

Which organelle is the control center of a cell?

a)

mitochondria

b)

ribosomes

c)

nucleus

d)

chloroplast

11.

Which organelle is E?

a)

nucleus

b)

cell membrane

c)

vacuole

d)

cell wall

12.

Which type of cell is pictured?

a)

plant cell

b)

animal cell

13.

Which organelles store food and other materials needed by the cell?

a)

mitochondria

b)

chloroplasts

c)

ribosomes

d)

vacuoles

14.

What organelle is J?

a)

cell wall

b)

vacuole

c)

chloroplasts

d)

nucleus

15.

This organelle gives plants their green color and enables them to produce their own food.

a)

photosynthesis

b)

chloroplasts

c)

cell wall

d)

cytoplasm

16.

For what purpose does the cell membrane allow certain types of matter to pass into the cell?

a)

To allow the cell to gain new traits.

b)

To provide the cell with heat and light.

c)

To provide the cell with the materials it needs.

d)

To allow the cell to reproduce by fusing with another cell.

17.

Which of the following best describes the function of the mitochondria?

a)

They store energy from food molecules.

b)

They convert energy from food molecules into energy the cell can use.

c)

They store energy from sunlight.

d)

They produce nucleic acids that release energy.

18.

Which part of the cell controls what enters and leaves the cell?

a)

cell wall

b)

cell membrane

c)

chloroplasts

d)

mitochondria

19.

What organelle is B?

a)

nucleus

b)

cell membrane

c)

vacuole

d)

mitochondria

20.

Plant cells are able to convert the sun's light into food during the following process:

a)

photosynthesis

b)

respiration

c)

fermintation

d)

glycolysis

21.

Animal cells do not have the following structures:

a)

food vacuoles and mitochondria

b)

nucleus and food vacuoles

c)

cell wall and chloroplasts

d)

mitochondria and nucleus

22.

What do you call the jelly-like substance that flows throughout the cell?

a)

mitochondria

b)

vacuoles

c)

plasma

d)

cytoplasm

23.

Bacteria is what kind of cell?

a)

Eukaryotic

b)

Prokaryotic

24.

What type of cell has a nucleus?

a)

eukaryotic

b)

prokaryotic

25.

Which instrument is credited for helping scientists develop cell theory?

a)
b)
c)
d)
26.

This early cell theory scientist looked in a microscope and discovered "animalcules" in the gunk from his teeth and pond water.

a)

Schleiden

b)

Leeowenhoek

c)

Hooke

d)

Virchow

e)

Schwann

27.

Who discovered and named cells while looking at cork?

a)

Captain Hook

b)

Robert Hooke

c)

Matthais Schleiden

d)

Rudolf Virchow

28.

What was Schleiden convinced of?

a)

All plants are made of cells

b)

All animals are made of cells

c)

All cells are prokaryotic

d)

None of the above

29.

Who discovered that all cells come from other living cells and had research that lead to the last major principle of cell theory?

a)

Matthias Schleiden

b)

Theodore Schwann

c)

Robert Hooke

d)

Rudolf Virchow

30.

These three scientists together helped come up with the second part of the cell theory (all living things are made of one or more cells). CHOOSE 3 ANSWERS

a)

Schleiden

b)

Leeowenhoek

c)

Hooke

d)

Virchow

e)

Schwann

31.

Robert Hooke, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, Theodor Schwann, Rudolf Virchow, and Matthias Schliden were all responsible for what theory?

a)

The Theory of Gravity

b)

The Theory of Relativity

c)

The Cell Theory

d)

The Theory of Continental Drift

32.

All cells -----

a)

come from other dead cells

b)

come from other living cells

c)

crystallize out of the air

33.

Identical cells formed during cell division are called:

a)

daughter organelles

b)

daughter cycles

c)

daughter nucleus

d)

daughter cells

34.

A pair of similar chromosomes are called:

a)

homocycular

b)

homologous

c)

homocellular

d)

homonucleus

35.

The process by which a cell nucleus divides is called:

a)

interphase

b)

mitosis

c)

cytokinesis

d)

cell cycle

36.

Select all stages of interphase?

a)

G1

b)

S

c)

G2

d)

Mitosis

37.

In which stage of the cell cycle does the cell grow in size?

a)

G1

b)

S

c)

G2

d)

Mitosis

38.

_____ is the uncontrolled growth of cells, often resulting in a tumor or mass of abnormal cells

a)

Cancer

b)

Apoptosis

c)

Radiation

39.

What is the longest stage of the cell cycle called?

a)

Metaphase

b)

M phase

c)

Interphase

d)

G1 Phase

40.

Cells generally have reasons to divide.

Check ALL of the reasons that are true.

a)

To repair damaged tissues

b)

To replace old or damaged cells

c)

To grow the body larger

d)

To create new DNA

41.

What are the "X" shaped things in the drawing.

a)

Centrioles

b)

Chromosomes

c)

Nucleus

d)

Uncoiled loose DNA

42.

If one strand of DNA has the nitrogen base sequence

TACCAGAA what would be the comp,ementary (opposite) strand sequence?

a)

TACCAGAA

b)

AAGACCAT

c)

TTCTGGTA

d)

ATGGTCTT

43.

This process is the programmed death of a cell

a)

stem cell

b)

regulation

c)

apoptosis

d)

cytocide

44.
What is the yellow dot in the middle of this picture? 
a)
Chromatid
b)
Chromosome 
c)
Centromere
45.

Which organelle serves as an internal transport system, and can be either "rough" or "smooth"?

a)

Nucleus

b)

Mitochondria

c)

Cell Wall

d)

Endoplasmic Reticulum

46.

Which organelle stores DNA, and serves as the cell's control center?

a)

Ribosome

b)

Vacuole

c)

Nucleus

d)

Golgi Complex

47.
Location where photosynthesis takes place
a)
Chloroplast
b)
Cell wall
c)
Cell membrane
d)
mitochondria
48.
What are tiny organelles that convert glucose into ATP?
a)
Ribosomes
b)
Vesicles
c)
Cytoskeleton
d)
Mitochondria
49.

What role does sunlight play in photosynthesis?

a)

evaporation

b)

energy

c)

does not play a role

d)

warmth

50.

What are the inputs (reactants) of photosynthesis?

a)

carbon dioxide, water, sunlight

b)

oxygen and glucose

c)

soil and nutrients

d)

sugar and yeast

51.

Why are many plants green?

a)

plant cells are green

b)

plants absorb green light

c)

chlorophyll reflects green light

d)

rigid cell walls are green

52.
Plants need ________from the air for photosynthesis
a)
oxygen
b)
soil
c)
carbon dioxide
d)
sugar
53.
The products of photosynthesis are
a)
water and carbon dioxide
b)
oxygen and water
c)
sugar and cabon dioxide
d)
oxygen and sugar (glucose)
54.

The products of cellular respiration

a)

CO2

b)

CO2, H2O

c)

CO2, H2O, glucose

d)

CO2, H2O, ATP

55.
ATP is...
a)
A form of energy the cell can use that is produced by cellular respiration
b)
A kind of sugar produced in photosynthesis
c)
A battery
56.

Identify the phase of mitosis or cell cycle

a)
Anaphase
b)
Prophase
c)
Metaphase
d)
Interphase
57.
Meiosis occurs in the testes in men and the ___________ in women.
a)
uterus
b)
cervix
c)
ovaries
d)
stomach
58.
The process of crossing over occurs in what meiotic phase?
a)
anaphase 1
b)
prophase 1
c)
prophase 2
d)
telophase 1
59.

Meiosis would occur in which of these cells?

a)

skin cells

b)

liver cells

c)

brain cells

d)

sperm cells

60.

What is the correct order of the cell cycle?

a)
Mitosis, Interphase, Cytokinesis
b)
Cytokinesis, Mitosis, Interphase
c)
Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis
d)
Interphase, Cytokineses, Mitosis
61.

Identify the phase of mitosis or cell cycle

a)
Anaphase
b)
Prophase
c)
Metaphase
d)
Interphase
62.

Identify the phase of mitosis or cell cycle

a)
Anaphase
b)
Prophase
c)
Metaphase
d)
Interphase
63.

During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the middle of the dividing cell?

a)
Prophase
b)
Metaphase
c)
Anaphase
d)
Telophase
64.

A cell that has 23 chromosomes would have _______ daughter cells that each have _____ chromosomes after mitosis.

a)
1, 23
b)
2, 12
c)
1, 12
d)
2, 23
65.
Meiosis occurs in the testes in men and the ___________ in women.
a)
uterus
b)
cervix
c)
ovaries
d)
stomach
66.
The process of crossing over occurs in what meiotic phase?
a)
anaphase 1
b)
prophase 1
c)
prophase 2
d)
telophase 1
67.
Crossing over helps promote ?
a)
male genotype
b)
genetic variation
c)
DNA replication
d)
mitosis
68.

Chromosomes are found in the _______ of every cell.

a)

Ribosome

b)

Golgi Apparatus

c)

Medulla Oblongata

d)

Nucleus

69.

Humans have ____ pairs of chromosomes that make up their entire DNA.

a)

14

b)

46

c)

112

d)

10,252

70.

A _____ is a short section of a chromosome.

a)

DNA

b)

Chromosome

c)

Gene

d)

Trait

71.

Each gene codes for a specific _________.

a)

Protein

b)

Chromosome

c)

DNA

d)

Eye color

72.

Adenine pairs with:

a)

Cytosine

b)

Thymine

c)

Guanine

d)

Uracil

73.

Guanine pairs with:

a)

Adenine

b)

Cytosine

c)

Thymine

d)

Uracil

74.

DNA is short for:

a)

Dehydrated Ribose Nucleic Acid

b)

Dehydrated Newton Acetaminophen

c)

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

d)

Peas

75.

DNA is written in a 4 letter code... Those letters are:

a)

1,2,3,4

b)

A, B, C, D

c)

A, T, C, G

d)

M, D, N, A

76.

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine are all ________ bases.

a)

Nitrogen

b)

Ribose

c)

Phosphate

d)

Contra

77.
Any change in the sequence of DNA is...
a)
transgenic shift
b)
Single Genotype
c)
Monohybrid Trait
d)
Mutation
78.
DNA molecule segment is : TTACGCAAG
The mutated DNA segment is TTCGCAAG. This is an example of ___ mutation.
a)
Substitution
b)
Deletion
c)
Insertion
d)
Inversion
79.
Normal-
GAG-CTC-GAC-AGA
Mutant
GAG CTC-CAC-AGA
a)
no mutation
b)
substitution
c)
insertion
d)
deletion
80.
Are all mutations bad?
a)
Yes
b)
No
81.
What are the three types of mutation? 
a)
Insertion, Deletion, Subsitution
b)
Deletion, Newstion, Subsitution 
c)
Newstion, Deletion, Insertion 
d)
Insertion, Newstion, Substitution 
82.
Why is DNA important?
a)
it is very small and very complicated
b)
it's in everything
c)
it serves as the blueprint for traits of all living things
d)
because we eat it every day for energy
83.

What are the possible phenotype(s) of the offspring? (A-Brown hair; a-blond hair)

a)

50 % Brown Hair and 50% Blond Hair

b)

25 % Brown Hair and 75% Blond Hair

c)

75 % Brown Hair and 25% Blond Hair

d)

0% Brown Hair and 100% Blond Hair

84.

In pea plants: T=tall t=short

What ratio of the offspring could be short?

a)

0 in 4

b)

1 in 4

c)

2 in 4

d)

4 in 4

85.

What is the probability of heterozygous offspring?

a)

0%

b)

100%

c)

50%

d)

25%

86.
What allele combination should go in the missing box?
a)
AA
b)
Aa
c)
aa
d)
none of these
87.
Dominant alleles are represented by a:
a)
Male gene
b)
lowercase letter
c)
recessive trait
d)
capital letter
88.
Aa, DD, bB, yy are all examples of
a)
genotypes
b)
phenotypes
89.
In a heterozygous genotype, the ___________ allele takes over in the phenotype.
a)
recessive
b)
dominant
c)
lower case letter
d)
both 
90.
What you see, or the physical appearance.
a)
Genotype
b)
Phenotype
c)
Homozygous
d)
Heterozygous
91.
aa always shows up as
a)
dominant
b)
recessive
92.

Making imprints of objects in clay is most useful for learning about _____________________.

a)

weathering

b)

fossils

c)

renewable resources

d)

the rock cycle

93.

What can scientists most easily tell from a set of footprints that have become fossils?

a)

what the animal ate

b)

how many babies the animal had

c)

what kind of enemies the animal had

d)

how the animal moved

94.

What needs to happen for a bone to become a fossil?

a)

it must be buried

b)

it must rot

c)

it must be eaten

d)

it must be crushed

95.

A scientist finds shell fossils in a rock in the desert. What conclusion can the scientist make?

a)

Millions of years ago, the desert was an ocean.

b)

Millions of years ago, the desert was covered by ice.

c)

Millions of years ago, the desert was a rainforest.

d)

Millions of years ago, the desert was the top of a mountain.

96.

What can scientists learn about a particular dinosaur from studying its fossilized teeth?

a)

how big it was

b)

what its skin looked like

c)

what kind of food it ate

d)

how fast it would run

97.

Fossils can be found in:

a)

hardened tree sap

b)

sedimentary rock

c)

they can be petrified

d)

all of the above

98.

Scientist who studies fossils is called:

a)

doctors

b)

meteorologists

c)

paleontologists

d)

geologists

99.

Scientist study the ____________________ to learn about the history of life, past environments on Earth, and how different groups of organisms have changed over time.

a)

fossil record

b)

animal record

c)

historical record

d)

Earth record

100.

Where can the oldest layer of sedimentary rock be found?

a)

The top layer

b)

The middle layer

c)

They are all the same age

d)

The bottom layer

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