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Worksheetsstupid cns
Total questions: 74
Worksheet time: 37mins
The somatosensory system is considered “afferent” because it:
Sends motor instructions to muscles
Controls voluntary movement patterns
Sends commands from cortex to spinal cord
Carries sensory information from the body to the CNS
The dorsal root of the spinal cord contains:
Incoming sensory fibers
Outgoing motor fibers
Only autonomic preganglionic neurons
No afferent pathways
A dermatome refers to a:
Muscle group activated by one cranial nerve
Subcortical cluster controlling reflexes
Skin region served by a single spinal nerve
Skin area controlled by multiple cortical lobes
Layer V of motor cortex is thick because it:
Receives strong sensory input
Has the largest number of interneurons
Sends high-precision sensory feedback
Sends major motor output to the spinal cord
ALS primarily affects which neural structure?
Upper visual pathway neurons
Cerebellar Purkinje cell projections
Dopamine-releasing midbrain neurons
Motor neurons responsible for voluntary movement
A BCI can use brain signals to:
Control computers or external devices
Deliver stimuli from computer to cortex
Provide direct muscle stimulation
Replace spinal interneurons
Newer BCIs have improved because of advances in:
Amygdala lesioning
Manual electrode calibration
AI-based signal processing
Reduction of sensory cortex activity
A major limitation of modern BCIs is that:
They never require maintenance
They provide fully natural proprioception
They can operate without brain activity
Their signals often require daily recalibration
Movement control is hierarchical because:
All motor actions are controlled at spinal levels
The brainstem initiates all voluntary movement
Sensory feedback determines every step
Higher regions (PFC) direct premotor → motor → spinal levels
Motor equivalence research shows that the motor cortex codes:
Abstract actions rather than specific body parts
Only movements involving hands
Movements determined purely by reflex arcs
Only spinal pattern generators
Lashley argued skilled behavior depends on:
Real-time sensory feedback
Postural reflexes
Pre-organized motor sequences
Random trial-and-error output
In Roland’s studies, maze tracing produced highest activation in:
Primary motor cortex
Somatosensory cortex
Cerebellar nuclei
Prefrontal cortex due to goal-directed planning
Hess’s stimulation experiments showed the brainstem can:
Only produce small twitches
Not generate complex actions
Only trigger reflex withdrawal
Produce species-typical behavior sequences
In cerebral palsy, many individuals have:
Motor impairment with preserved cognition
Progressive degeneration like ALS
Complete sensory loss
Damage restricted to the motor cortex only
After a spinal cord is fully severed, reflexes persist because:
The cortex reroutes movement through cranial nerves
Muscles regenerate new neural pathways
Spinal circuits remain functional below the lesion
Brainstem nuclei maintain full control
Nanoscaffolding helps spinal repair by:
Degenerating excess axons
Replacing Purkinje cells
Blocking immune activity
Forming molecular bridges that guide axon regrowth
Fritsch & Hitzig demonstrated that motor cortex stimulation causes:
Sensory illusions
Emotional vocalizations
Random cortical firing
Contralateral body movement
Penfield’s maps showed that the homunculus is:
A body-organized map with enlarged areas for fine control
A random layout with no organization
Based on muscle size
Fixed and unchangeable with experience
Action maps differ from body maps because they:
Represent only sensory information
Depend on spinal reflex circuits
Represent coordinated behaviors (e.g., grasping)
Are located only in the cerebellum
Graziano’s long-pulse stimulation revealed that motor cortex encodes:
Purely muscle contractions
Only conscious actions
Stress-related autonomic responses
Complex, ethologically meaningful movements
Evarts found that motor cortex neurons begin firing:
Only after movement ends
Only when sensory input arrives
Only during reflexive behavior
Before movement actually starts
In Evarts’ experiments, neurons increased firing when the monkey:
Pushed against a heavier load
Watched another monkey move
Received a reward
Rested between trials
Motor cortex “position-point theory” proposes that neurons code:
Muscle twitches
Joint angle velocity
The final position the limb should reach
Only the direction of force
Subthreshold activity in motor cortex represents:
Emotional arousal
Random noise in neuronal firing
Execution of involuntary reflexes
Movement planning or imagery that does not cause movement
Nudo’s lesion experiments showed that after digit-area injury, monkeys who did not use the impaired limb had:
Complete immediate recovery
Growth of new cortical layers
Shrinkage of digit representation in motor cortex
Strengthened connections to cerebellum instead
Constraint-induced therapy helps recovery because it:
Forces use of the impaired limb, preserving cortical representation
Completely blocks movement of all limbs
Silences primary motor cortex
Replaces damaged neurons with artificial ones
The corticobulbar tract primarily controls:
Leg and foot muscles
Trunk posture
Facial, jaw, and head movements
Sensory feedback from skin
The lateral corticospinal tract is responsible for:
Ipsilateral trunk movement
Eye movement control
Regulation of autonomic function
Contralateral limb control
Spinal interneurons are crucial because they:
Move muscles directly
Produce conscious decisions
Coordinate multi-joint actions like walking
Generate sensory transduction
Motor neurons are organized in the spinal cord according to:
A somatotopic body map
A reward hierarchy
Retinotopic mapping
A cerebellar-like timing system
Lateral motor neurons in the anterior horn control:
Trunk muscles
Eye muscles
Distal limb muscles like fingers and hands
Thoracic viscera
The spinal cord alone can generate rhythmic walking movements because of:
Motor cortex reflexes
Basal ganglia timing loops
Ascending thalamic pathways
Central pattern generators in interneuron networks
Hyperkinetic symptoms (e.g., Huntington’s) occur when:
Dopamine is depleted in substantia nigra
GP output becomes too low
Inhibitory striatal neurons degenerate
Cerebellum over-develops Purkinje cells
Parkinson disease results primarily from:
Loss of dopamine-producing neurons in substantia nigra
Excess dopamine in basal ganglia
Shrinkage of cerebellum
Increased sensory neuron firing
Volume control theory proposes that the globus pallidus:
Generates muscle activation
Encodes reflex patterns
Determines whether thalamus can activate motor cortex
Controls posture exclusively
Deep brain stimulation helps Parkinson’s symptoms because it:
Increases serotonin levels
Enhances dendritic branching
Activates M1 directly
Functionally reduces GP overactivity
The nucleus accumbens (ventral striatum) is heavily involved in:
Reflex withdrawal
Fine motor control
Reward motivation and cue evaluation
Spinal motor output
The cerebellum contributes to movement by:
Timing and coordinating actions
Selecting behavioral goals
Initiating voluntary behavior
Regenerating motor neurons
Cerebellar damage to lateral regions produces deficits mainly in:
Trunk posture
Eye movements
Arm, hand, and finger movements
Spinal reflexes
Cerebellar medial damage mainly affects:
Fine finger dexterity
Balance, posture, and walking
Visual processing
Emotional regulation
In prism adaptation, cerebellar-damaged individuals:
Adapt normally
Show increased accuracy over time
Fail to adjust to the shifted field
Develop improved timing
The efference copy sent to the cerebellum allows comparison of:
Intended vs. actual movement
Sensory vs. emotional state
Reflex vs. voluntary output
Basal ganglia vs. cortical firing
Predictive processing theory states that the brain constantly:
Avoids forming predictions
Suppresses sensory feedback
Compares predictions to actual outcomes
Uses only motor cortex for prediction
Reduced trial-and-error social behavior in ASD may lead to:
Increased adaptability
Higher correction rates
Stronger prediction updating
Fewer opportunities to adjust social models
The somatosensory system informs movement by providing:
Dopamine signals to basal ganglia
Visual maps of limb position
Cortical motor commands
Feedback about body position and contact
Sensory feedback during grasping helps the brain:
Adjust grip force accurately
Activate cerebellar Purkinje cells exclusively
Block spinal reflexes
Inhibit primary motor cortex
The basal ganglia contribute to grasp control by:
Sending sensory information to PFC
Directly activating motor neurons
Selecting appropriate movement force
Controlling eye movements during reach
The cerebellum contributes to grasping by:
Initiating the decision to grasp
Governing emotional valence of the object
Inhibiting movement start
Ensuring accurate timing and coordination
Hierarchical motor organization places the premotor cortex as the region that:
Executes final muscle activation
Processes tactile information
Organizes movement sequences
Controls posture reflexes
The primary motor cortex (M1) is especially crucial for:
Skilled movements of hands, arms, and mouth
Emotional decision-making
Sensory integration only
Brainstem reflex sequencing
A precision (pincer) grip involves:
Entire hand wrapping around an object
The palm pressing downward
Thumb opposing index finger for fine control
Wrist flexion only
A whole-hand (power) grip is used when:
Handling very small objects
Performing fine motor tasks
Writing or threading a needle
Holding large or heavy objects with the full hand
Infant motor development typically progresses from:
Fine finger control → gross hand movements
Precise grasping → uncoordinated grasping
Whole-hand grip → pincer grip
Bilateral coordination → reflexive movement
Damage to M1 commonly causes difficulty with:
Skilled hand and arm movements
Visual tracking
Sensory discrimination
Reward learning
Loss of M1 function can impair:
Emotional regulation
Language comprehension
Mouth movements required for articulation
Pain reception
Roland’s imaging studies showed that simple finger presses activate:
Prefrontal cortex
Cerebellar dentate nuclei
Amygdala and hippocampus
Primary motor + primary somatosensory areas
In Roland’s study, complex sequences of finger movements activated:
Only M1
Premotor cortex
Only visual cortex
Limbic reward systems
Maze tracing activated the prefrontal cortex because it required:
Goal-directed planning
Reflex-level control
Basic touch perception
Auditory timing
Hess’s stimulation experiments revealed that behavior triggered by brainstem stimulation depended on:
Limbic input only
Cerebellar output
Context and environment
Cardiac feedback
Brainstem stimulation produced grooming behavior sequences because:
Grooming maps are located in primary cortex
Grooming is a learned social behavior
Cerebral palsy is often linked to perinatal factors such as:
Excess sensory stimulation
Anoxia or birth complications
Genetic dopamine overproduction
Injury during adolescence
Despite severe motor impairment, individuals with CP may still show:
Normal cognitive functioning
No reflexes below the neck
Loss of cerebellar function
Inability to use any assistive devices
Secondary spinal cord injury damage can include:
Axon regrowth
Excess dopamine production
Cysts and scar tissue formation
Reconnection of severed tracts
Modern emergency care has improved spinal cord injury outcomes by:
Increasing M1 plasticity
Using BCI to bypass spinal lesions
Eliminating secondary degeneration entirely
Preventing fatal complications after high-level injuries
The spinal cord can generate stepping patterns because:
Motor cortex micromaps produce oscillatory inputs
Basal ganglia loops drive automatic cycling
Pattern generators exist in spinal interneurons
Reflex arcs bypass the spinal gray matter
66. The infant stepping reflex demonstrates that:
some motor behaviors are present at birth and are not learned
infants can walk independently from birth
the reflex is permanent throughout life
stepping reflex is unique to human infants
Humans are born with spinal locomotor programs
Humans are born with spinal locomotor programs
Sensory cortex is fully mature at birth
The cerebellum initiates walking
Motor cortex is responsible for newborn stepping
Prosthetic design aims to mimic spinal function by allowing the prosthetic limb to:
Rely entirely on brain signals for every detail
Operate only through conscious cortical control
Handle reflex-like adjustments automatically
Move without any sensory input
The scratch reflex in animals shows that:
The cortex modulates precise scratching direction
Motor learning is unnecessary for localization
Spinal circuits can precisely target a stimulus location
Scratching requires cerebellar prediction
Reflexes below a severed spinal cord persist but are often:
More precisely timed
Inhibited completely
Controlled voluntarily
Poorly timed due to loss of cortical modulation
Electrical stimulation of the spinal cord is used to:
Improve bladder and bowel reflex function
Replace motor cortex function
Eliminate muscle spasticity entirely
Regenerate cortical neurons
Nanotubes and nanoaxons help spinal recovery because they:
Destroy damaged cells
Block axon sprouting
Conduct signals and deliver drugs across lesion sites
Inhibit tissue bridging
Nanovesicles contribute to spinal healing by:
promoting tissue regeneration
causing inflammation
inhibiting cell growth
disrupting nerve signals
Which of the following is a method for promoting tissue repair?
Preventing any immune activity
Clearing all scar tissue instantly
Blocking synaptic transmission
Delivering growth factors, RNA, or stem cells
