Etiology: Radiation exposure, viruses, toxins, autoimmune disease, environmental toxins

Signs/Symptoms: Frothy, pink sputum, pulmonary congestion and orthopnea

Common causes of this disorder are atherosclerosis, trauma (particularly car accidents) or syphilis. Hypertension is present in half the patients diagnosed with this disorder.

Sudden chest pain occurs, which increases with coughing or deep breathing. Tachypnea, cough and dyspnea develops suddenly. Hypoxia stimulates a sympathetic response, with anxiety and restlessness, pallor, and tachycardia.

Vasodilation due to severe infection; often with gram negative bacteria.

This may develop from pain, fear, drugs, or loss of SNS stimuli with spinal cord injury. Metabolic dysfunction, such as hypoglycemia or insulin shock or severe acidosis, may also lead to this:

This is the most common genetic anemia. The child’s growth and development are impaired directly by the hypoxia and indirectly by the fatigue and inactivity. Blood transfusions are needed on long term basis.

Feeling of pressure, heaviness, or burning in the chest, especially with increased activity or sudden crushing pain radiating to jaw, left arm or sudden shortness of breath, sweating, weakness, fatigue, nausea, indigestion, anxiety or fear. These are clinical manifestations of:

Hyperinflation, air trapping, loss of elasticity and impaired expiration.

With left-sided congestive heart failure, backup of blood from the failing left ventricle causes high pressure in the pulmonary circulation leading to:

A rare- life threatening condition that involves both excessive bleeding and excessive clotting.

Chest wall rigidity is lost, resulting in the paradoxical (opposite) movement during inspiration and expiration

Genetic disorder of the exocrine glands, thick tenacious mucous, steatorrhea, frequent infections

Often seen in developing countries, child may show signs/symptoms of sore throat, fever, and heart murmur on auscultation.

Jugular vein distention, ascites, hepatomegaly, and swelling in the lower extremities

Tachycardia, hypotension, restlessness and rapid respiration are signs and symptoms of:

This occurs when a coronary artery is totally obstructed, leading to prolonged ischemia and cell death of the heart wall. The most common cause is atherosclerosis, usually with thrombus attached.

A disease of the lungs due to inhalation of dust, characterized by inflammation, cough, and fibrosis.

The nurse should encourage the patient to avoid strenuous activity or high altitudes, encourage dehydration, and manage pain for this disorder:

Afternoon low-grade fever and night sweats, prolonged cough that becomes increasingly severe and, as cavitation develops, more productive purulent sputum often contains blood.

This bacterial infection affects the valves, which become edematous wart like vegetation along the outer edge of the valve cusp. The mitral calve is affected most frequently.

Pain occurs while resting and comes as a surprise to the patient. The pain is typically worse and lasts longer, rest and medication do not help relieve the pain. This typically means that an artery has become completely blocked and a heart attack is imminent. It is treated by finding the blockage and then removing it or bypassing it with surgery.

Anemia due to lack of dietary intake or absorption of B12. The body’s inability to absorb vitamin B12 is due to the lack of intrinsic factor, a protein made in the stomach.

Tracheal deviation to unaffected side, absent breath sounds to affected side, severe hypoxia, may proceed to shock and death.

Barking cough, stridor, restlessness and anxiety are clinical manifestations of:

This blood type has antigen A and antibodies B, cannot have B or AB, can have A or O type blood.

This specific anemia results from excessive destruction of RBC’s, causes include: genetic defects, immune reactions or infections such as malaria.

Morning stiffness is often an early sigh of this MS disorder. Stiffness that lasts for about 30 minutes and get better with activity.

Obstruction of lymphatic vessels, extremities swell because of lymph accumulation.

Rupture of this occasionally leads to moderate bleeding but most often causes severe hemorrhage and death. Signs includes severe pain and indications of shock.

Besides the general signs and symptoms of anemia such as pallor, weakness, tachycardia, dyspnea, this patient will have severe pain because ischemia of tissues and infarction and hyperbilirubinemia- jaundice

Chronic blood loss, impaired duodenal absorption will cause this anemia

This is a chronic autoimmune disease targeting multiple joints. The synovium is the primary site of the inflammatory process.

Petechiae and purpura are clinical manifestations of this disorder:

Lymphedema caused by blockage because of the parasitic infection

Increased production of erythrocytes and other cells in the bone marrow, neoplastic disorder.

Basic problem is lack of absorption of vitamin B12 because of lack of intrinsic factor.

Degenerative- wear and tear joint disease. May be the result of increased weight-bearing or lifting or obesity.

A patient with multiple fractures is at risk for this:

This lymphoma is distinguished by multiple node involvement scattered through the body and a non-organized pattern of widespread metastases, often present at diagnosis.

Neoplastic disease that involves increased production of plasma (B cells) in the bone marrow, occurs in older adults, production of other blood cells is impaired, hypercalcemia, renal failure, bone lesions.

Frequent purpura, petechiae and ecchymosis are clinical manifestations of:

Impairment or failure of bone marrow due to factors such as chemotherapy or radiation will cause this anemia.

The “5 Ps” are often times associated with pain, pallor, paresthesia, pulselessness and paralysis during this condition:

Risk factors for this disorder are surgery, immobility and injury:

T lymphocytes seem to be defective; lymphocyte count decreased, presence of Reed-Sternberg cells

Excessive clotting in circulation, thrombi and infarcts occur. Clotting factors are reduced to a dangerous level in this disorder:

Anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia is specific to this anemia.

After an injury, blood or edema may accumulate in the compartment. The tough walls of fascia cannot easily expand, and compartment pressure rises, preventing adequate blood flow to tissues inside the compartment. Severe tissues damage can result, with loss of body function or even death.

Uric acid crystals in the joint fluid; usually in the big toe

Excessive fluid that accumulates in the pleural cavity. This excess fluid can impair breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs

A piece of thrombus breaks off, usually because of some activity, and flows in the venous blood returning to the heart. The first smaller blood vessels along the route are those of the lungs, where the clot lodges, obstructing the pulmonary circulation and causing both respiratory and cardiovascular complications. Sudden chest pains and shock are indicator of:

When the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body.

Degeneration changes in the small arteries and arterioles, commonly occurring in individuals over age 50 and those with diabetes. Elasticity is lost, the walls become thick and hard, and the lumen gradually narrows and may become obstructed. This leads to diffuse ischemia and necrosis in the various tissues, such as the kidneys, brain, or heart.

When the pharyngeal tissue collapses during sleep leading to repeated and momentary cessation of breathing.

Inspiratory stridor is hear. The child appears anxious and pale and assumes a sitting position (tripod position) with the mouth open, struggling to breathe.

The basic changes in the lungs result from injury to the alveolar wall and capillary membrane, leading to release of chemical mediators, increased permeability of alveolar capillary membranes. Also known as shock lung, wet lung or stiff lung.

With liquids the effects are somewhat different. Irritating liquids, particularly acids (vomitus), alcohol, or oils (milk), tend to disperse in several bronchi. These materials cause severe inflammation and predisposes to the development of infection later

A localized dilation and weakening of an atrial wall. The most common location is either the abdominal or thoracic aorta. May lead to rupture, massive bleeding and death.

As congestion increases, hemoptysis often occurs. Sputum is frothy owing to air mixed with secretions, and blood-tinged owing to ruptured capillaries in the lungs. Breathing becomes labored as it becomes more difficult to expand the lungs. The individual feels as if he or she is drowning.

Destruction of alveolar walls, loss of elasticity, impaired expiration, barrel chest, hyperinflation due to air trapping:

Thick, sticky mucus builds up in the lungs, allowing germs to thrive and multiply. The buildup of mucus is in the pancreas can also stop the absorption of food.

Air in the pleural cavity with signs and symptoms of dyspnea, tracheal deviation. Chest pain and absent breath sounds.

When the valve damage has occurred, precautionary measures such as prophylactic penicillin prior to invasive procedures or dental treatments marked by significant bleeding are recommended to prevent this.

Prolonged pain at rest and of recent onset, perhaps the result of a break in the atheroma. This may precede a myocardial infarction.

Occupational lung disease, such as silicosis, asbestosis, and farmer’s lung are classified as restrictive lung diseases. These irritant causes interstitial inflammation and fibrosis, resulting in loss of compliance, or “stiff lung.”

Hemoptysis is common as blood vessels are eroded. With cavitation, spread of the organism into other parts of the lungs is promoted. Bacilli are present in the sputum, where they may be passed to others.

The broken section of ribs moves inward rather than outward as intra thoracic pressure is decreased. The inward movement of the ribs prevents expansion of the affected lung.

The inflammation involves the heart and other parts such as joints and skin. It usually occurs in children 5-15 years of age. A history prior to streptococcal infection.

This differentiated by the presence of atheroma’s, plaque consisting of lipids, cells, fibrin, and cell debris, often with attached thrombi, which form inside the walls of the large arteries.

The bronchi and bronchioles respond to the stimuli with three changes. Inflammation of the mucosa with edema, contraction of smooth muscles. Increased secretion of thick mucus in the passages.

Anxiety, tachycardia, pallor, light-headedness, syncope, sweating.

Patients with advanced lung disease (in this case COPD) will often assume this position: leaning forward, hands on knees.

This usually develops during sleep, when the increased blood volume in the lungs leads to the increased fluid in the alveoli and interferes with oxygen diffusion and lung expansion. The individual awakes in a panic, struggling for air and coughing.