Many studies indicate that teacher–student relationships and the quality of teaching make a difference. Based on findings from such studies, which of the following second-grade students is likely to benefit most from good teaching?

According to Robert Pianta’s research-based model of good teaching, three domains of teacher-student interactions in the classroom relate to development and learning. These domains include emotional support and instructional support. What is the other domain?

Which of the following questions is most likely addressed by knowledge of educational psychology?

In Austin Foley’s research, he is collecting data in high schools in 10 school districts. He is using surveys to learn the types of support APA physics students prefer from their teachers. What kind of study is this?

Austin surveys participants about their experiences with their teachers in physics lab. What type of research is Austin conducting?

A researcher follows the same group of preschool children from ages 3 to 10, collecting data every year on their language development. This type of research is called:

Bethany has taught language arts at Sanchez Middle School for two years. She notes that students struggled with the persuasive writing unit and wants to test two different ways to teach it to see which is more effective. What do you recommend?

Ms. Jordan believes using cooperative learning groups will lead to better peer relationships in her classroom. Before collecting data, she states this prediction clearly. In the research process, this statement is a(n):

Ayo’s parents are from Nigeria but emigrated to the U.S. before Ayo was born. Ayo’s dad is a medical doctor in a Houston suburb, and his mom has an art gallery in the city. Ayo attends an elite private high school and is one of the top players on his school’s basketball team. Based on this information and the textbook’s definition of culture, what is the best description of Ayo’s cultural affiliations?

Discrimination is one of the elements of prejudice. Discrimination is the element that deals with a person’s:

A societal designation of upper, middle, working, or lower class based on income, power, background, and prestige is called:

Tariq feels school is meaningless because most of his peers from higher-income families talk about college, while he doubts it will ever be an option for him. He avoids studying because he doesn’t want to “act like them.” This attitude best reflects:

Ms. Dominguez is the principal at a secondary school in an impoverished community. All students in her school come from low-income or poverty-level families. What advice should Ms. Dominguez give her teachers to improve the effectiveness of teaching these students?

Which of the following terms relates to shared cultural characteristics such as common history, religion, traditions, and language?

Dana is nervous about the upcoming physics exam. She is the only girl in the class and has achieved higher scores on the assignments than most of the boys in class. She knows the boys think they’re smarter and better at applying principles of physics. In this situation, Dana’s nervousness is an example of:

A history textbook highlights mostly European leaders and rarely mentions leaders from other parts of the world. This is an example of:

KT is a sixteen-year-old girl who describes herself as someone who loves sports, sees herself as less feminine than the other girls, and hangs out with the jocks at school. This self-description is directly associated with her:

During the fourth week of school, Mrs. Brown noticed that Garrett, a student in her second-year French class, was being ostracized by the other students. She continued to observe nonverbal behaviors, making sure that she treated all students equally. Two weeks later, Garrett met with Mrs. Brown after school and told her that he felt uncomfortable in class, suspected the other students recognized his attraction to another male student, and feared being discovered. Which of the following responses from Mrs. Brown is likely to help Garrett in this situation?

Each of the following children is undergoing change. Which of these changes fits the description of cognitive development?

Peyton’s language skills are developing rapidly, and he seems to add several new words to his vocabulary every day. What is responsible for this development in a two-year-old?

Sherita is just beginning to grasp the concept of conservation. She is most likely in what stage of development?

According to Piaget, social transmission—the learning of cultural values, language, and customs—plays an important role in:

After seeing a dolphin for the first time, Sam calls it a "big fish." Piaget would say Sam is demonstrating:

Which theorist or group of theorists promoted the idea that knowledge is co-constructed during social interactions?

Nick is doing his sixth-grade homework in history. The task requires him to make two maps of his state and compare the two maps. One map represents the state in 1850 and the other represents the state in current times. Nick is working at the task, following the instructions, and feeling that he can complete it successfully. He does need to ask the teacher one question before he finishes. Which of the following terms best describes the relationship of this assignment to Nick’s level of performance?

Sophia talks to herself while solving a difficult math problem. According to Piaget, this private speech:

Which example best illustrates a teacher scaffolding learning for students?

Nine-year-old Connor is curious about technology and wants to become an engineer. Due to changes in federal legislation, his school received a large grant that funds a special technology program. Connor is particularly excited to be one of the participants in the program. According to Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model, the legislative changes took place in which social/cultural ecosystem?

Mr. Lytle called Brenna’s mother to discuss Brenna’s classroom behavior and get parental support to help Brenna learn self-control. Brenna uses aggressive behavior to get her way, and today she pushed Liam and caused him to fall. Mr. Lytle instructed Brenna to take time out from the group, and he talked to her privately. Brenna’s mother responded to Mr. Lytle by saying, “Brenna’s that way. She doesn’t realize how strong she is. She’s really a sweet girl. She’ll grow out of it.” The parenting style in Brenna’s microsystem is most likely:

When Ava wants to go to a late-night party, her parents refuse but explain their reasons and suggest a compromise for a daytime event. Their parenting style is:

Levi is like most other children in elementary school, learning new skills and coming to some understanding of his abilities in comparison to the abilities of peers. Based on Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development, which developmental crisis is Levi learning to resolve?

Which of the following quotes is a statement of self-concept?

Which adolescent shows identity foreclosure?

Quin makes sure everyone follows the rules of the game exactly as they are written on the box and refuses to alter them, saying no one can win if they don’t follow the rules. According to Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning, what level of moral development is Quin demonstrating?

Which of the following students is LEAST likely to cheat on the upcoming calculus test?

Which child demonstrates the most advanced theory of mind?

Fluid intelligence increases until late adolescence and then declines gradually with age. What brain functions are associated with fluid intelligence?

Ms. Anderson wants to encourage creative thinking in her students. She uses all of the following strategies and responses. Which one promotes the LEAST creativity?

What is the value of helping students think about how they learn or how they prefer to learn?

Deion, who was diagnosed with a learning disability in math, continues to struggle as a third grader. His teacher wants to work effectively with him and help him experience some level of success with every lesson. Which of the following strategies is LEAST effective?

Jazmine is a gifted student in Mrs. Warner’s class. Mrs. Warner uses the following approaches in her teaching. For Jazmine, which approach is most likely INEFFECTIVE?

In her research, Dr. Benton examines change in children’s performance of skills with and without the external support of the teacher. Her research seems to be based on:

Ms. Cardot wants her students to enjoy math. In order to help students associate math with pleasant thoughts, she introduces new manipulatives at the math center each week for students to use in solving math problems. Often the manipulatives involve edible snacks the children like. Ms. Cardot’s approach is an example of:

Michael often gets out of his seat in the classroom. His buddy has noticed a pattern. Any time the teacher leaves the room, Michael gets out of his seat. When the teacher returns, she reprimands Michael. What is the antecedent of Michael’s behavior?

Ms. Castello has tried several configurations for students to practice the Spanish conversations they memorize from their textbook. Students seem to enjoy the task most when they work in pairs scattered around the classroom, and they dread the task when they are required to perform in front of the class. How might Ms. Castello use this information to provide negative reinforcement?

Estefan has problems with penmanship. His fine motor skills are not well developed, and Mrs. Finch believes that he will never perform well enough to gain reinforcement. Mrs. Finch breaks the task of forming letters with long stems into smaller steps. This is an example of

A first grader was able to arrange names of group members alphabetically by watching the strategy used by her teacher and imitating the teacher’s actions. This example supports which of the following theories about learning?

There are different kinds of knowledge in the cognitive perspective. For example, Marcelo is using knowledge that reminds him to focus his attention, block out distractions, and think about what he is reading in order to understand his high school subjects. What kind of knowledge is Marcelo using?

Based on guidelines for gaining and maintaining students’ attention, which of the following teachers is using an effective strategy?

Kele has a history assignment that requires her to recall key events of World War II taking place in the Pacific and in Europe over a specified period of time. She plans to sketch a timeline showing the timing of major battles on both fronts, their duration, and their overlapping time frames. Which kind of cognitive load is unavoidable if she is to complete the learning task?

A teacher asks students to compare two leaders, identifying similarities and differences in their leadership styles. What type of memory do the students need to use to complete this task?

Mr. Anthony has set up the lab many times for the experiment with acids and bases using litmus paper. In fact, he says he can practically do it with his eyes closed. He follows the same steps in the same order every time. What kind of memory is Mr. Anthony using to set up the lab for this experiment?

Griffin has been cast as the lead character in the school play. He has a lot of lines to memorize and about three weeks before rehearsals begin. He plans to memorize about five pages per night, making sure he has memorized Act I by the end of the first week. What method of memorization is Griffin using?

Which teacher is helping third-grade students to develop metacognitive skills in writing?

Mr. Soria wants to teach his students new strategies that will improve their metacognitive knowledge and skills. Based on guidelines for teaching such strategies to students, which of the following approaches should Mr. Soria use?

Carrie is preparing her school lunch and sees leftovers in the refrigerator. She doesn’t remember when her mom cooked the meal, so it may not have been very recently. She’s running late and needs to make a quick decision. She says to herself, “When in doubt, throw it out” and chooses something else. What problem-solving method is she using?

In the geography unit about the continents, Mr. Reyna asked students several discussion questions. Which of his questions requires students to think critically?

Students in Mr. Lester’s class are practicing the strategy of organizing lecture information by using Cornell notes. Mr. Lester is circulating the classroom and giving students feedback about their notes. Some of the students have used the strategy effectively, and the feedback from Mr. Lester is positive. Others are struggling, and the feedback provides additional instruction. Mr. Lester’s class is at what stage of transfer of this strategy?

Ms. Penya wants students to use their textbook and Internet sources in writing term papers on a given topic. Which student uses an approach that is most likely to demonstrate the development of robust knowledge on the topic?

Constructivist theories of learning usually agree on two central ideas. One central idea states that social interactions are important in the process of constructing knowledge. What is the other central idea?

Which of the following teachers incorporates one or more of the common elements of constructivist student-centered teaching?

Mr. Reese conducted a concept lesson in math and assigned a challenging task. He expected some of his students to grasp the concept and complete the task with moderate effort, but he knew other students would not. He monitored their progress, stopping to prompt with questions or drop hints to help students connect prior learning with this new concept. Mr. Reese was providing:

Tye got behind in physics after his basketball injury. He talked to his physics teacher and worked out a plan to get tutoring from the lab assistant. The tutor helped Tye catch up on understanding of concepts and also guided him through the experiments in the lab. Tye’s approach to learning in this situation is an example of:

You are teaching a unit that includes a large amount of information the students need to understand. The material is not complex, but students should have working knowledge and be able to apply it in future lessons. Rather than lecturing to present the information, you want to use some form of cooperative learning for students to encounter the information. Which of the following strategies fits your goal in this situation?

Six-year-old Ana saw her big brother take cookies from the cookie jar without permission. He didn’t get caught or scolded. Ana decided she wanted cookies too and copied her brother’s behavior. The children’s mother has told them to ask before getting cookies, but they took cookies without asking. Based on triadic reciprocal causality, what three kinds of influences are working together to explain Ana’s behavior?

Ms. Moreno uses observation learning effectively in her fifth-grade classroom. She most likely does which of the following?

Nadia has high self-efficacy for completing her assignments and making good grades in German class. Which of the following is likely to contribute LEAST to her self-efficacy in German class?

Which of the following views of learning mirrors the social cognitive view in its perception of the role of the student?

Braden is worried about the grade he’ll receive on his essay. Mr. Tompkins encourages him not to worry about his grade. He tells Braden to focus on learning from his past mistakes and improving his writing on the essay. Mr. Tompkins is encouraging which type of motivation?

Ms. Zabek encourages her first graders to complete their reading assignment before lunch in order to receive a sticker. Which view of motivation influences her approach to the assignment?

Eight-year-old Miguel moved to a new school around Thanksgiving. He is shy in class and has not made any friends by Valentine’s Day. What unmet need is likely interfering with his learning?

Which of the following students appears to demonstrate performance-avoidance goals?

Jana practiced her lines for the play and watched movies in which gifted actors portrayed characters similar to her character in the high school play. After her performance, her teacher and other adults and students told her she gave a stellar performance. She said she worked really hard to develop the character’s wacky disposition. She attributed her success to: