This legal principle holds that the heads of executive departments in a presidential system of government are considered to be the alter egos of the president. It recognizes the establishment of a single executive

(a)  

Where a remedy before an administrative body is provided by statute, relief must be sought by exhausting this remedy prior to bringing an action in court in order to give the administrative body every opportunity to decide a matter that comes within its jurisdiction.

(a)  

• Under the Doctrine of Qualified Political Agency, the presumption is that the action of the Secretary bears the (a)   of the President unless the same is disapproved by the latter. 

• The President is granted administrative power over bureaus and offices under his control to enable him to discharge his duties effectively. To this end, he can issue administrative orders, rules, and regulations.

• In Ordinance-making Power, the purpose of the administrative issuance is to provide internal rules or instructions for the executive branch; In (a)   , the purpose of the administrative issuance is to fill in the details of the law.

• The President of the Philippines shall exercise (a)   over local governments.

The President’s power of general supervision means the power of superior officer to see to it that subordinates (a)   according to law.

The power of general supervision is consistent with the basic policy of (a)   prescribed in Section 25, Article II and Article X. 

The President’s power to appoint is a (a)   power vested by the Constitution itself and thus not subject to legislative limitations or conditions.

The appointing power of the President is (a)   .

The selection itself of the appointee—taking into account the totality of his qualifications, including those abstract qualities that define his personality—is the (a)   of the President.

• A (a)   appointment is one made by the President while Congress is in session, takes effect only after confirmation by the Commission on Appointments, and once approved, continues until the end of the term of the appointee. 

• An (a)   appointment is one made by the President while Congress is not in session, takes effect immediately, but ceases to be valid if disapproved by the Commission on Appointments or upon the next adjournment of Congress.

An ad interim appointment can be terminated for two causes specified in the Constitution: disapproval of the appointment by the (a)   , or adjournment by Congress without the Commission on Appointments acting on the appointment.

(a)   immediately before the next presidential elections and up to the end of his term, a President or acting President shall not make appointments except temporary appointments to executive positions when continued vacancies therein will prejudice public service or endanger public safety.

The power of (a)   maybe implied from the power of appointment. 

The President shall be the (a)   of all armed forces of the Philippines.

Under the (a)   , superiors or commanders are responsible fo crimes committed by subordinate members of the armed forces or other persons subject to their control in international wars or domestic conflict.

• The Constitution grants the President, as Commander-in-Chief, a sequence of (a)   . These are: the calling-out power, the power to suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, and the power to declare Martial Law.

• Under the (a)   , the President may summon the armed forces to aid her in suppressing lawless violence, invasion or rebellion; this involves ordinary police action.

The President’s authority to declare a (a)   springs in the main from her powers as chief executive and, at the same time, draws strength from her Commander-in-Chief powers. 

• The full discretionary power to determine the factual basis for the exercise of the calling-out power rests on the (a)   and the Supreme Court has no power to review such determination.

It is a legal procedure that allows a person who is being detained to challenge the legality of their detention. The writ is directed to the person who is holding the detainee, and it orders them to bring the detainee before a court so that the court can determine whether the detention is lawful.

(a)  

In case of (a)   , when public safety requires it, the President may, for a period not exceeding sixty days, suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus.

• The President may suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus only when there is an invasion or rebellion and (a)   requires such suspension.

• The Supreme Court may review the sufficiency of the (a)   of the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus, or the extension thereof, in an appropriate proceeding filed by any citizen.

In case of invasion or rebellion, when (a)   , the President may, for a period not exceeding sixty days, place the Philippines or any part thereof under martial law.

A (a)   is a specific geographical area where military forces are engaged in armed conflict. A theater of war encompasses all branches of the armed forces, including land, sea, and air forces, operating in a particular region. 

• The President’s declaration of martial law shall be for a period not exceeding (a)   .

• The Congress, voting (a)   and by a vote of at least a majority of all its members, can revoke the proclamation of martial law.

• Upon such initiative or request from the President, Congress, voting jointly and by a vote of at least a (a)   of all its members, can extend the proclamation for such period as it may determine.

• The (a)   may review the sufficiency of the factual basis of the proclamation of martial law, or the extension thereof, in an appropriate proceeding filed by any citizen.

In times of war or other national emergency, the Congress may, by law, authorize the President, for a limited period and subject to such restrictions as it may prescribe, to exercise powers necessary and proper to carry out a declared national policy. This is known as the President's (a)   .

Only the (a)   is authorized to be delegated with and to exercise emergency powers.

One limitation of the President's emergency powers is that it must be exercised to carry out a (a)   declared by Congress.

Another limitation of the President's exercise of emergency powers is that there must be a war or other (a)   .

• This is the power of the President to pardon or commute a criminal sentence.

The President shall have the power to grant (a)   with the concurrence of a majority of all the Members of the Congress.

• An act of grace, proceeding from the power entrusted with the execution of the laws, i.e., the President, which exempts the individual on whom it is bestowed, from the punishment the law inflicts for a crime he has committed.

• Any act of Congress by way of statute cannot operate to delimit the pardoning power of the President beyond the instances enumerated by the Constitution in which the President may not extend pardon.

• A grant of general pardon extended by the government to a group or class of persons, usually for a political offense.

The President is vested with the power to grant amnesty with the concurrence of a (a)   the members of the Congress.

The President, being the head of state, is regarded as the (a)   and authority in external relations and is the country’s sole representative with foreign nations.

As the (a)   of foreign policy, the President acts as the country’s mouthpiece with respect to international affairs.

The constitutional role of the President who, as Commander-in-Chief of our armed forces, is the (a)   of the nation and, as such, duty-bound to defend our national sovereignty and territorial integrity.

In the realm of treaty-making, the President has the sole authority to (a)   with other states.

No treaty or international agreement shall be valid and effective unless concurred in by at least two-thirds of all the Members of the (a)   .

• While the President has the sole authority to negotiate and ratify treaties, for their validity and effectivity in Philippines domestic jurisdiction, treaty-making is a power (a)   by the President with the Senate.

The President may contract or guarantee foreign loans on behalf of the Republic of the Philippines with the prior concurrence of the (a)   , and subject to such limitations as may be provided by law.

The President shall submit to the Congress, within thirty days from the opening of every regular session as the basis of the (a)   , a budget of expenditures and sources of financing, including receipts from existing and proposed revenue measures.

The President shall address the Congress at the opening of its regular session. This is known as the (a)   .