There were separate schools for African Americans and whites, separate restaurants, separate hotels, separate drinking fountains, and even ______________________—that is, until Jackie Robinson began playing for the Brooklyn Dodgers.

Robinson played the game passionately and, despite colossal obstacles, changed the face of ______________________.

His experience shows the impact that believing in one’s own abilities can have on ______________________.

The idea that ______________________ can become their reality is part of the humanistic and cognitive theories of personality.

______________________ may be viewed as a rebellion against the rather negative, pessimistic view of human nature that dominated personality theory in the early 1900s.

______________________ emphasized the struggle to control primitive, instinctual urges on the one hand and to come to terms with the demands of the superego, or conscience, on the other.

The behaviorists, too, saw ______________________ in mechanistic terms: our actions are shaped by rewards and punishments.

Humanistic psychologists object to both approaches on the grounds that ______________________—Freud by emphasizing irrational and destructive instincts, Skinner by emphasizing only external causes of behavior.

In contrast, the humanists stress our ability to create and live by ______________________.

Humanistic psychology is founded on the belief that all human beings strive for ______________________—that is, the realization of our potentialities as unique human beings.

Self-actualization involves an openness to a wide range of experiences, an awareness of and respect for one’s own and other people’s uniqueness, accepting the responsibilities of freedom and commitment, a desire to become more and more authentic or true to oneself, and ______________________.

Abraham Maslow (1908–1970) became one of the ______________________ of the humanistic movement in psychology.

He deliberately set out to create what he called “a third force in psychology” as an alternative to ______________________.

Maslow tried to base his theory of personality on studies of healthy, creative, self-actualizing people who fully utilize their talents and potential rather than on studies of ______________________.

When Maslow decided to study the most productive individuals he could find—in history as well as in his social and professional circles—______________________.

Psychotherapists developed the theories of personality discussed earlier after years of working with ______________________ with everyday frustrations and conflicts.

In contrast, Maslow was curious about people who not only coped with everyday problems effectively but who also created exceptional lives for themselves, people like ______________________.

Maslow found that although these people sometimes had great emotional difficulties, they adjusted in ways that allowed them to become ______________________.

Maslow also found that ______________________ share a number of traits (see Figure 14.12).

First, they perceive reality accurately, unlike most people who, because of prejudices and wishful thinking, perceive it ______________________.

Self-actualized people also accept themselves, ______________________, and their environments more readily than most people do.

Without realizing it, most of us project ______________________ onto the world around us.

We deny our own shortcomings and try to rationalize or change things we do not like about ______________________.

Self-actualizing individuals accept ______________________ as they are.

Because they are secure in themselves, self-actualized individuals are more ______________________ than self-centered.

They are able to focus on tasks in a way that ______________________ cannot.

They are more likely to base decisions on ______________________ rather than on calculations of the possible costs or benefits to themselves.

They have a strong sense of identity with other human beings, and they have a strong sense of humor but ______________________.

Maslow also found that ______________________ are exceptionally spontaneous.

They do not try to be anything other than themselves, and they know themselves well enough to maintain their ______________________ in the face of opposition, unpopularity, and rejection.

They are ______________________.

They value privacy and frequently seek out ______________________.

This is not to say that they are detached or aloof; rather than trying to be popular, they focus on ______________________ with the few people to whom they are truly close.

Finally, the people Maslow studied had a rare ability to appreciate ______________________.

They approached their lives with a sense of discovery that made each day a ______________________.

They rarely felt ______________________.

Given to moments of intense joy and satisfaction, or ______________________, they enjoyed life itself.

Maslow believed this to be both a cause and an effect of their ______________________ (Maslow, 1970).

Maslow believed that to become self-actualized, a person must first satisfy his or her ______________________—for food and shelter, physical safety, love and belonging, and self-esteem.

Of course, to some extent the ability to satisfy these needs is often beyond ______________________.

Still, no amount of wealth, talent, or beauty can totally shield someone from ______________________.

All people have to adjust to maintain ______________________.

Many psychologists have criticized Maslow’s work. His claim that ______________________, for example, has been called an intrusion of subjective values into what should be a neutral science.

The levels of specific needs, such as physical contact comfort, discussed in Chapter 12, have not been ______________________ (Feist, 1985).

His study of self-actualizing people has been criticized because the ______________________ was chosen on the basis of Maslow’s own subjective criteria.

How can one identify self-actualized people without knowing the ______________________?

But then, if one knows these characteristics to begin with, what sense does it make to list them as if they were the results of ______________________?

Carl Rogers (1902–1987) called the people he counseled ______________________, not “patients.”

The word patient implies illness, a ______________________ that Rogers rejected.

As a therapist, Rogers was primarily concerned with the path to ______________________, or “full functioning,” as he called it.

Rogers believed that many people suffer from a conflict between what they value in themselves and ______________________.

There are ______________________ to every person.

Rogers believed that each person is constantly struggling to become more and more ______________________.

Anything that furthers this end is good—the person wants to become everything ______________________.

Different people have different potentialities, but every person wants to realize these potentialities, to make them real, ______________________.

Whatever you can do, you want to do—and ______________________.

This ______________________ about human nature is the essence of humanism.

Each individual also has what Rogers called a ______________________.

The self is essentially your image of who you are and what you value—in yourself, in other people, in ______________________.

The self is something you acquire gradually over the years by observing how ______________________ react to you.

You want approval or ______________________.

If the answer is “She loves me. She likes what I am and what I do,” then you begin to develop positive regard for ______________________.

Yet often this does not happen. In other words, she places ______________________ on her love: If you do what she wants, she likes you.

Young and impressionable, you accept these verdicts and incorporate ______________________ into yourself.

You begin to see yourself as good and worthy only if ______________________.

You have learned from your parents and from other people who are significant to you that unless you meet certain conditions, ______________________.

Rogers’s work as a therapist convinced him that people cope with conditions of worth by rejecting or denying parts of their ______________________ that do not fit their self-concept.

For example, if your mother grew cold and distant whenever you became angry, you learned to deny yourself the right to express or perhaps even feel ______________________.

In effect, you are cutting off a part of your whole being; you are allowing yourself to experience and express ______________________ of what you are.

The greater the gap between the self and the person, the more limited and ______________________ a person becomes.

Rogers believed the cure for this situation—and the way to prevent it from ever developing—is ______________________.

If significant others (parents, friends, a mate) convey the feeling that they value you for what you are in your entirety, you will gradually learn to grant yourself the same ______________________.

The need to ______________________ declines or never develops in the first place.

You will be able to accept your person and become open to all your feelings, thoughts, and experiences—and hence to ______________________.

This is what Rogers meant by ______________________.

The person and the ______________________ are one.

The individual is free to develop all of ______________________.

Like Maslow and other humanistic psychologists, Rogers believed that self-regard and regard for others go together and that the human potential for good and ______________________ outweighs the potential for evil and despair (Rogers, 1951, 1961, 1980).

Humanistic approaches to personality emphasize that life is a ______________________—that is, we freely choose how we spend our lives.

Our conscious experience, though, is private and ______________________.

Critics argue that ______________________ cannot be tested.

These theories describe behavior rather than ______________________.

Humanists themselves argue that each individual is unique, and therefore their theories cannot ______________________.

______________________ is based on analysis of our own perceptions, thoughts, and feelings.

______________________ (1905–1967) based his theory simply on an analysis of our perception of ourselves and our environment.

In Kelly’s view, our personality consists of our ______________________ about ourselves.

The fundamental idea of Kelly’s ______________________ theory of personality is that our “processes are psychologically channelized by the ways in which (each of us) anticipates events” (Kelly, 1958).

He was concerned with individual people and their ______________________.

He emphasized psychological processes within each of us, noting that these processes are ______________________.

By that he meant that there is organization to how we behave, governed by a network of ______________________.

The emphasis is on the individual and his or her plans—including ______________________.

The primary feature of these personally constructed ideas about the world and how to behave in it is the individual’s ______________________—or predictions—about his or her world.

All of this is focused on governing the individual’s behavior in ______________________.

In effect, our ideas of ourselves, of others, and of our world shape our ______________________.

Kelly went on to develop ideas involving our ______________________ in how we develop our personal constructs.

Our personal constructs are basically our ______________________—our mental representations of people, events, and concepts.

These constructs, or schemas, influence what we pay attention to, how we interpret events and people, and ______________________.

Our constructs may bias our thoughts or ______________________.

Kelly took an ______________________ view of humans.

In his theory, ______________________ rather than victims of our destiny.

Our personal constructs tend to be stable, but we are able to change them in light of ______________________.

All in all, Kelly’s is a very ______________________ model of human behavior.

In ______________________ life in America was one of segregation.

There were separate schools for ______________________ and whites, separate restaurants, separate hotels, separate drinking fountains, and even separate baseball leagues—that is, until Jackie Robinson began playing for the Brooklyn Dodgers.

Robinson played the game passionately and, despite colossal obstacles, changed the face of ______________________.

His experience shows the impact that believing in one’s own ______________________ can have on personal success.

The idea that individuals’ perceptions of themselves can become their reality is part of the ______________________ theories of personality.

Humanistic psychology may be viewed as a rebellion against the rather negative, pessimistic view of human nature that dominated ______________________ in the early 1900s.

Psychoanalysts emphasized the struggle to control primitive, instinctual urges on the one hand and to come to terms with the demands of the ______________________, or conscience, on the other.

The ______________________, too, saw human behavior in mechanistic terms: our actions are shaped by rewards and punishments.

Humanistic psychologists object to both approaches on the grounds that they demean human beings—Freud by emphasizing irrational and ______________________, Skinner by emphasizing only external causes of behavior.

In contrast, the humanists stress our ability to ______________________ and perceptions.

Humanistic psychology is founded on the belief that all human beings strive for ______________________—that is, the realization of our potentialities as unique human beings.

Self-actualization involves an openness to a wide range of experiences, an awareness of and respect for one’s own and other people’s uniqueness, accepting the ______________________ of freedom and commitment, a desire to become more and more authentic or true to oneself, and an ability to grow.

______________________ (1908–1970) became one of the guiding spirits of the humanistic movement in psychology.

He deliberately set out to create what he called “a third force in psychology” as an alternative to ______________________.

Maslow tried to base his theory of personality on studies of healthy, creative, ______________________ people who fully utilize their talents and potential rather than on studies of disturbed individuals.

When ______________________ decided to study the most productive individuals he could find—in history as well as in his social and professional circles—he broke new ground.

______________________ developed the theories of personality discussed earlier after years of working with people who could not cope with everyday frustrations and conflicts.

In contrast, Maslow was curious about people who not only ______________________ effectively but who also created exceptional lives for themselves, people like Abraham Lincoln, Albert Einstein, and Eleanor Roosevelt.

Maslow found that although these people sometimes had great ______________________, they adjusted in ways that allowed them to become highly productive.

Maslow also found that self-actualized individuals share a number of ______________________ (see Figure 14.12).

First, they perceive reality accurately, unlike most people who, because of ______________________, perceive it rather inaccurately.

Self-actualized people also ______________________ themselves, other people, and their environments more readily than most people do.

Without realizing it, most of us project our hopes and fears onto the ______________________.

We deny our own ______________________ and try to rationalize or change things we do not like about ourselves.

______________________ accept themselves as they are.

Because they are secure in themselves, self-actualized individuals are more ______________________ than self-centered.

They are able to focus on ______________________ in a way that people concerned about maintaining and protecting their self-image cannot.

They are more likely to base decisions on ethical principles rather than on ______________________ to themselves.

They have a strong sense of identity with other ______________________, and they have a strong sense of humor but laugh with people, not at them.

Maslow also found that self-actualized people are ______________________.

They do not try to be anything other than ______________________, and they know themselves well enough to maintain their integrity in the face of opposition, unpopularity, and rejection.

They are autonomous. They value ______________________ and frequently seek out solitude.

They value privacy and frequently seek out ______________________.

This is not to say that they are detached or aloof; rather than trying to be popular, they focus on deep, loving relationships with the ______________________ to whom they are truly close.

Finally, the people Maslow studied had a rare ability to ______________________ even the simplest things.

They approached their lives with a ______________________ that made each day a new day.

They rarely felt bored or ______________________.

Given to moments of intense joy and satisfaction, or peak experiences, they ______________________.

Maslow believed this to be both a cause and an effect of their creativity and ______________________ (Maslow, 1970).

Maslow believed that to become ______________________, a person must first satisfy his or her basic, primary needs—for food and shelter, physical safety, love and belonging, and self-esteem.

Of course, to some extent the ability to satisfy these needs is often beyond our ______________________.

Still, no amount of wealth, talent, or beauty can totally shield someone from frustration and ______________________.

All people have to ______________________ to maintain themselves and to grow.

Many ______________________ have criticized Maslow’s work. His claim that human nature is good, for example, has been called an intrusion of subjective values into what should be a neutral science.

The levels of specific needs, such as ______________________, discussed in Chapter 12, have not been defined (Feist, 1985).

His study of self-actualizing people has been criticized because the sample was chosen on the basis of Maslow’s own ______________________.

How can one identify ______________________ without knowing the characteristics of such people?

But then, if one knows these ______________________ to begin with, what sense does it make to list them as if they were the results of an empirical study?

Carl Rogers (1902–1987) called the people he ______________________ “clients,” not “patients.”

The word ______________________ implies illness, a negative label that Rogers rejected.

As a therapist, ______________________ was primarily concerned with the path to self-actualization, or “full functioning,” as he called it.

Rogers believed that many people suffer from a ______________________ between what they value in themselves and what they believe other people value in them.

There are two ______________________ to every person.

Rogers believed that each person is constantly ______________________ to become more and more complete and perfect.

Anything that ______________________ this end is good—the person wants to become everything he or she can possibly be.

Different people have different ______________________, but every person wants to realize these potentialities, to make them real, whatever they are.

Whatever you can do, you want to do—and ______________________.

This ______________________ about human nature is the essence of humanism.

Each individual also has what ______________________ called a self.

The self is essentially your ______________________ of who you are and what you value—in yourself, in other people, in life in general.

The self is something you ______________________ gradually over the years by observing how other people react to you.

You want approval or positive ______________________.

If the answer is “She loves me. She likes what I am and what I do,” then you begin to develop positive regard for ______________________.

Yet often this does not happen. In other words, she places conditions on her ______________________: If you do what she wants, she likes you.

Young and impressionable, you accept these verdicts and ______________________ conditions of worth into yourself.

You begin to see yourself as ______________________ only if you act in certain ways.

You have learned from your ______________________ and from other people who are significant to you that unless you meet certain conditions, you will not be loved.

Rogers’s work as a therapist convinced him that people cope with conditions of worth by rejecting or ______________________ parts of their person that do not fit their self-concept.

For example, if your mother grew ______________________ whenever you became angry, you learned to deny yourself the right to express or perhaps even feel anger.

In effect, you are cutting off a part of your ______________________; you are allowing yourself to experience and express only part of what you are.

The greater the ______________________ between the self and the person, the more limited and defensive a person becomes.

Rogers believed the cure for this situation—and the way to prevent it from ever developing—is unconditional ______________________.

If ______________________ (parents, friends, a mate) convey the feeling that they value you for what you are in your entirety, you will gradually learn to grant yourself the same unconditional positive regard.

The need to limit yourself declines or never ______________________ in the first place.

You will be able to accept your person and become ______________________ to all your feelings, thoughts, and experiences—and hence to other people.

This is what Rogers meant by fully ______________________.

The ______________________ and the self are one.

The individual is free to develop all of his or her ______________________.

Like Maslow and other humanistic psychologists, Rogers believed that ______________________ go together and that the human potential for good and self-fulfillment outweighs the potential for evil and despair (Rogers, 1951, 1961, 1980).

Humanistic approaches to personality emphasize that life is a conscious experience—that is, we ______________________ how we spend our lives.

Our conscious experience, though, is ______________________ and subjective.

______________________ argue that the humanistic theories cannot be tested.

These theories describe ______________________ rather than explain it.

Humanists themselves argue that each ______________________ is unique, and therefore their theories cannot predict behavior.

Cognitive theory is based on analysis of our own ______________________, thoughts, and feelings.

George Kelly (1905–1967) based his theory simply on an analysis of our perception of ourselves and our ______________________.

In Kelly’s view, our ______________________ consists of our thoughts about ourselves.

The fundamental idea of Kelly’s personal construct theory of personality is that our “______________________ are psychologically channelized by the ways in which (each of us) anticipates events” (Kelly, 1958).

He was concerned with ______________________ and their cognitive behavior.

He emphasized ______________________ within each of us, noting that these processes are channeled.

By that he meant that there is ______________________ to how we behave, governed by a network of potential but limited responses.

The emphasis is on the individual and his or her ______________________—including biases, errors, mistakes, and false conclusions.

The primary feature of these personally constructed ideas about the world and how to behave in it is the individual’s anticipations—or ______________________—about his or her world.

All of this is focused on governing the individual’s ______________________ in real events.

In effect, our ______________________, of others, and of our world shape our behavior and our personalities.

Kelly went on to develop ideas involving our individuality in how we develop our ______________________.

Our personal constructs are basically our schemas—our mental representations of ______________________.

These constructs, or ______________________, influence what we pay attention to, how we interpret events and people, and how we respond to events and people.

Our constructs may ______________________ our thoughts or distort our perceptions.

Kelly took an optimistic view of ______________________.

In his theory, we are masters rather than ______________________ of our destiny.

Our personal constructs tend to be ______________________, but we are able to change them in light of new evidence.

All in all, Kelly’s is a very flexible ______________________ model of human behavior.