Font size
S
M
L
XL
WorksheetsGEM Module 6 Mock
Total questions: 100
Worksheet time: 2hrs 40mins
Name
Class
Date
1.
A 45-year-old woman presents with fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, and dry skin. Her thyroid function tests show a markedly elevated TSH and a low Free T4. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a)
Graves' disease
b)
Subacute thyroiditis
c)
Secondary hypothyroidism
d)
Primary hypothyroidism
e)
Sick euthyroid syndrome
2.
A medical student is revising the different types of hormone signalling. She recalls that somatostatin released from pancreatic delta cells acts on nearby alpha and beta cells to inhibit glucagon and insulin secretion, respectively. What is this type of signalling best described as?
a)
Endocrine
b)
Paracrine
c)
Autocrine
d)
Intracrine
e)
Neurocrine
3.
A 60-year-old man with Type 2 diabetes is started on a new medication that works by inhibiting the SGLT2 transporter in the proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney. What is the primary mechanism of action of this drug?
a)
Stimulating insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells
b)
Increasing insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues
c)
Inhibiting glycogen breakdown in the liver
d)
Increasing urinary excretion of glucose
e)
Delaying carbohydrate absorption in the gut
4.
During a anatomy tutorial, a student is asked about the contents of the carotid sheath. Which of the following structures is found within the carotid sheath?
a)
The sympathetic trunk
b)
The phrenic nerve
c)
The external carotid artery
d)
The vagus nerve (CN X)
e)
The accessory nerve (CN XI)
5.
A 38-year-old woman presents with central obesity, a "moon face," and purple abdominal striae. A 1mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test is performed, and her cortisol level fails to suppress. What is the most appropriate next diagnostic step to differentiate the cause?
a)
CRH stimulation test
b)
High-dose (8mg) dexamethasone suppression test
c)
Insulin tolerance test
d)
Short Synacthen test
e)
Measure plasma ACTH level
6.
A researcher is studying a hormone that is synthesized from cholesterol, is not stored in vesicles, and acts by modulating gene transcription. Which class of hormone is this?
a)
Peptide hormone
b)
Catecholamine
c)
Steroid hormone
d)
Thyroid hormone
e)
Derivative of arachidonic acid
7.
A 25-year-old man is brought to A&E with confusion, dehydration, and Kussmaul respirations. His blood glucose is 35 mmol/L, and urinalysis is positive for ketones. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a)
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic State (HHS)
b)
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
c)
Hypoglycaemia
d)
Addisonian crisis
e)
Lactic acidosis
8.
Which of the following oral antidiabetic drugs works primarily by reducing hepatic gluconeogenesis?
a)
Gliclazide
b)
Metformin
c)
Pioglitazone
d)
Repaglinide
e)
Acarbose
9.
During thyroid surgery, a patient's recurrent laryngeal nerve is inadvertently damaged. What is the most likely clinical consequence?
a)
Difficulty swallowing solids
b)
Loss of sensation over the larynx
c)
Hoarseness of voice
d)
Deviation of the uvula
e)
Homer's syndrome
10.
A 55-year-old man with a BMI of 42 is reviewed for management of his severe obesity. He has tried multiple lifestyle interventions without success. Which of the following is a recognised criterion for considering bariatric surgery in the UK?
a)
BMI ≥ 30 with no comorbidities
b)
BMI ≥ 35 with obstructive sleep apnoea
c)
BMI ≥ 40 with no comorbidities
d)
BMI ≥ 25 with Type 2 diabetes
e)
BMI ≥ 30 with hypertension
11.
The "widowhood effect" describes an increased risk of death for a bereaved spouse. According to the Holmes-Rahe Life Stress Inventory, what is the primary explanation for this phenomenon?
a)
Shared genetic risk factors
b)
The stress of bereavement
c)
Loss of financial income
d)
A sudden change in diet
e)
Iatrogenic causes
12.
A 30-year-old woman with a history of polycystic ovarian syndrome is found to have hirsutism and elevated testosterone. To localise the source, her doctor orders a test involving the injection of synthetic ACTH. Which adrenal zone is being assessed for its potential to produce excess androgens?
a)
Zona Glomerulosa
b)
Zona Fasciculata
c)
Zona Reticularis
d)
Adrenal Medulla
e)
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
13.
A patient with a pituitary macroadenoma presents with bitemporal hemianopia. What is the anatomical explanation for this visual field defect?
a)
Compression of the optic nerve (CN II) on one side
b)
Compression of the oculomotor nerve (CN III)
c)
Compression of the optic chiasm
d)
Compression of the optic tract
e)
Compression of the optic radiations
14.
According to the Health Belief Model, which of the following concepts refers to a person's belief in their ability to successfully perform a behaviour required to produce a desired outcome (e.g., quit smoking)?
a)
Self-esteem
b)
Self-image
c)
Self-efficacy
d)
Locus of control
e)
The looking-glass self
15.
A 7-year-old boy is brought to the GP due to concerns about his short stature. Investigations reveal low IGF-1 and a blunted GH response to an insulin tolerance test. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a)
Laron Dwarfism
b)
Achondroplasia
c)
Primary hypothyroidism
d)
GH deficiency
e)
Cushing's syndrome
16.
A 40-year-old man presents with episodic headaches, sweating, and palpitations. His blood pressure is 180/110 mmHg during an episode. Which of the following tumours is most likely?
a)
Pituitary adenoma
b)
Adrenocortical adenoma
c)
Pheochromocytoma
d)
Insulinoma
e)
Carcinoid tumour
17.
In the context of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid (HPT) axis, what is the primary mechanism by which circulating thyroid hormones regulate their own levels?
a)
Positive feedback on the anterior pituitary
b)
Negative feedback on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
c)
Stimulation of thyroglobulin synthesis
d)
Up-regulation of TSH receptors
e)
Inhibition of the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS)
18.
A patient with chronic kidney disease develops hypocalcaemia and hyperphosphataemia. Which of the following patterns of PTH and calcium would you expect?
a)
High PTH, High Calcium
b)
Low PTH, High Calcium
c)
High PTH, Low Calcium
d)
Low PTH, Low Calcium
e)
Normal PTH, Normal Calcium
19.
Which of the following hormones is synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary?
a)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
b)
Growth Hormone (GH)
c)
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
d)
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
e)
Prolactin (PRL)
20.
A 19-year-old woman with Type 1 diabetes is unwell with influenza. She follows her "sick day rules." Which of the following is a critical component of these rules?
a)
Stop all insulin to avoid hypoglycaemia
b)
Reduce fluid intake to prevent vomiting
c)
Monitor blood glucose and ketones frequently
d)
Only take long-acting insulin
e)
Avoid all food until blood glucose normalises
21.
The theory that drug use is a behaviour learned through intimate personal groups, where individuals learn both the techniques and the attitudes justifying use, is known as:
a)
Operant Conditioning
b)
Classical Conditioning
c)
Differential Association Theory
d)
Health Belief Model
e)
Tannahill Model
22.
A 50-year-old woman presents with proximal muscle weakness, osteoporosis, and easy bruising. On examination, she has truncal obesity and thin skin. The most likely underlying hormonal problem is excess secretion of:
a)
Aldosterone
b)
Thyroxine
c)
Cortisol
d)
Parathyroid Hormone
e)
Growth Hormone
23.
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Graves' disease, distinguishing it from other causes of hyperthyroidism?
a)
Thyroid bruit
b)
Pretibial myxoedema
c)
Elevated TSI antibodies
d)
Ophthalmopathy
e)
All of the above
24.
During a dissection, a medical student is identifying the branches of the external carotid artery. Which artery is the primary blood supply to the superior aspect of the thyroid gland?
a)
Inferior Thyroid Artery
b)
Superior Thyroid Artery
c)
Thyrocervical Trunk
d)
External Jugular Artery
e)
Common Carotid Artery
25.
A patient with a history of Addison's disease presents with profound fatigue, dehydration, and hypotension. This is most likely due to omission of which medication?
a)
Levothyroxine
b)
Fludrocortisone
c)
Metformin
d)
Prednisolone
e)
Hydrocortisone
26.
The pulsatile secretion of which hypothalamic hormone is crucial for the normal function of the HPG axis?
a)
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)
b)
Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
c)
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
d)
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
e)
Somatostatin
27.
A public health initiative provides free needle exchanges for people who inject drugs. According to the Tannahill Model, this intervention best fits into which overlapping sphere?
a)
Prevention only
b)
Health Education only
c)
Health Protection only
d)
Prevention and Health Protection
e)
All three spheres
28.
In the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, what is the rate-limiting step?
a)
Conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone
b)
Conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone
c)
21-beta hydroxylation of progesterone
d)
11-beta hydroxylation of corticosterone
e)
Aromatisation of androgens to oestrogens
29.
A 65-year-old man is diagnosed with acromegaly. This condition results from excess Growth Hormone (GH) in adulthood. What is the best initial diagnostic test?
a)
Random GH level
b)
IGF-1 level
c)
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) with GH measurement
d)
GHRH stimulation test
e)
Pituitary MRI scan
30.
Which of the following is a key difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary?
a)
The anterior pituitary is derived from neural tissue.
b)
The posterior pituitary is controlled by a portal system.
c)
The anterior pituitary stores hormones made in the hypothalamus.
d)
The posterior pituitary releases hormones in response of hypothalamic releasing factors.
e)
The posterior pituitary is a storage site for oxytocin and ADH.
31.
A patient with primary hyperparathyroidism would be expected to have which of the following biochemical profiles?
a)
High Calcium, High Phosphate, High PTH
b)
Low Calcium, High Phosphate, High PTH
c)
High Calcium, Low Phosphate, High PTH
d)
Low Calcium, Low Phosphate, Low PTH
e)
High Calcium, Low Phosphate, Low PTH
32.
The concept of the "Looking-Glass Self" was developed by:
a)
G.H. Mead
b)
Charles Horton Cooley
c)
John Bowlby
d)
Mary Ainsworth
e)
Sigmund Freud
33.
A 28-year-old woman with Graves' disease is started on a drug that inhibits the thyroid peroxidase (TPO) enzyme. Which medication has this mechanism of action?
a)
Levothyroxine
b)
Propranolol
c)
Radioactive Iodine
d)
Methimazole
e)
Potassium Iodide
34.
In the context of neck anatomy, which fascial layer forms the carotid sheath?
a)
Investing layer only
b)
Pretracheal layer only
c)
Prevertebral layer only
d)
A combination of all three deep fascial layers
e)
The superficial fascia
35.
Which of the following is a microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus?
a)
Coronary Artery Disease
b)
Stroke
c)
Peripheral Arterial Disease
d)
Retinopathy
e)
Heart Failure
36.
A patient with a pituitary tumour has lost the ability to shiver on the left side of their face. Which cranial nerve is most likely compressed?
a)
CN V (Trigeminal)
b)
CN VII (Facial)
c)
CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)
d)
CN X (Vagus)
e)
CN XI (Accessory)
37.
The hormone that is primarily under tonic inhibition by dopamine from the hypothalamus is:
a)
Growth Hormone (GH)
b)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
c)
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
d)
Prolactin (PRL)
e)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
38.
A 70-year-old man with osteoporosis is found to have a low serum calcium. His PTH is inappropriately low. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a)
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
b)
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
c)
Hypoparathyroidism
d)
Vitamin D deficiency
e)
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
39.
Which of the following hormones is secreted by the stomach and stimulates Growth Hormone secretion?
a)
Somatostatin
b)
Ghrelin
c)
GLP-1
d)
Leptin
e)
PYY
40.
In Worden's Tasks of Mourning model, which task involves the bereaved person finding a way to remember the deceased while moving forward with their own life?
a)
Accepting the reality of the loss.
b)
Processing the pain of grief.
c)
Adjusting to a world without the deceased.
d)
Finding an enduring connection with the deceased while embarking on a new life.
e)
Rebuilding personal relationships.
41.
A patient with a neck infection has a swelling that seems to track behind the pharynx. Which fascial space is most likely involved?
a)
The anterior triangle
b)
The posterior triangle
c)
The retropharyngeal space
d)
The submandibular space
e)
The carotid sheath
42.
A 12-year-old girl is diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes. The destruction of her pancreatic beta cells is primarily mediated by which type of hypersensitivity reaction?
a)
Type I
b)
Type II
c)
Type III
d)
Type IV
e)
Type V
43.
Which of the following is a direct metabolic effect of Glucagon on the liver?
a)
Increased glycogenesis
b)
Increased lipogenesis
c)
Increased gluconeogenesis
d)
Increased glucose uptake
e)
Decreased ketogenesis
44.
The "Rule of 10s" is associated with which adrenal tumour?
a)
Adrenocortical adenoma
b)
Adrenal carcinoma
c)
Pheochromocytoma
d)
Neuroblastoma
e)
Ganglioneuroma
45.
According to Bowlby and Ainsworth, a child who shows little emotion when their caregiver leaves or returns, and avoids the caregiver, is displaying which attachment style?
a)
Secure
b)
Insecure-Avoidant
c)
Insecure-Resistant
d)
Disorganised
e)
Reactive
46.
A patient with polyuria and polydipsia is found to have a low urine osmolality that fails to concentrate after water deprivation, but does respond to exogenous ADH. The defect is most likely in the:
a)
Kidneys (Nephrogenic DI)
b)
Posterior Pituitary (Cranial DI)
c)
Hypothalamus (Cranial DI)
d)
Adrenal Glands
e)
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
47.
Which enzyme deficiency in the adrenal cortex would lead to a build-up of 17-hydroxyprogesterone and manifest as congenital adrenal hyperplasia with virilisation?
a)
21-beta hydroxylase
b)
11-beta hydroxylase
c)
17-alpha hydroxylase
d)
Aromatase
e)
5-alpha reductase
48.
In the context of hormone action, what is the role of G-proteins for water-soluble hormones?
a)
They act as intracellular receptors.
b)
They translocate to the nucleus to regulate transcription.
c)
They transduce the signal from the surface receptor to an intracellular enzyme.
d)
They transport the hormone across the cell membrane.
e)
They metabolise the hormone in the cytoplasm.
49.
A 45-year-old man with a history of peptic ulcer disease presents with weight gain, easy bruising, and hypertension. His medication list is most likely to reveal which drug as the cause?
a)
Metformin
b)
Levothyroxine
c)
Prednisolone
d)
Lisinopril
e)
Atorvastatin
50.
The jugulodigastric lymph node, which is commonly enlarged in tonsillitis, is part of which group of nodes?
a)
Superficial Cervical Nodes
b)
Submental Nodes
c)
Deep Cervical Nodes
d)
Supraclavicular Nodes
e)
Parotid Nodes
51.
A patient with acromegaly has a pituitary adenoma removed. Post-operatively, they develop polyuria exceeding 4L/day. Damage to which structure is the most likely cause?
a)
The anterior pituitary
b)
The pituitary stalk (infundibulum)
c)
The optic chiasm
d)
The cavernous sinus
e)
The sphenoid sinus
52.
Which of the following is a lipid-soluble hormone?
a)
Insulin
b)
Adrenaline
c)
Cortisol
d)
Growth Hormone
e)
Prolactin
53.
The hormone that is responsible for the milk let-down reflex during breastfeeding is:
a)
Prolactin
b)
Progesterone
c)
Oestrogen
d)
Oxytocin
e)
Growth Hormone
54.
In the fasting state, which organ becomes the primary source of glucose for the body?
a)
Skeletal Muscle
b)
Adipose Tissue
c)
Brain
d)
Liver
e)
Kidney
55.
A 30-year-old man with a BMI of 50 is considering bariatric surgery. He is concerned about the risks. Which procedure works primarily by restriction and hormonal changes, without causing malabsorption?
a)
Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass
b)
Biliopancreatic Diversion
c)
Sleeve Gastrectomy
d)
Adjustable Gastric Banding
e)
Jejunoileal Bypass
56.
The concept that an illness can become a "master status," overriding all other aspects of a person's identity, is most closely associated with:
a)
The Sick Role
b)
Stigma
c)
Self-Efficacy
d)
The Health Belief Model
e)
Moos and Schaefer's Crisis Model
57.
A patient with hyperthyroidism is prescribed propranolol. What is the primary purpose of this medication in this context?
a)
To reduce thyroid hormone synthesis
b)
To block the conversion of T4 to T3
c)
To manage symptomatic tachycardia and tremor
d)
To replace beta-blockers depleted by the hypermetabolic state
e)
To prevent thyroid storm
58.
Which of the following is a function of the hormone Leptin?
a)
Stimulates appetite in the short term.
b)
Is released from the stomach when empty.
c)
Signals long-term energy stores from adipose tissue to the brain.
d)
Stimulates gastric emptying.
e)
Inhibits insulin secretion.
59.
During a central line insertion into the Internal Jugular Vein (IJV), the needle is inserted into the anterior triangle of the neck. Which muscle is a key anatomical landmark for this procedure?
a)
Trapezius
b)
Platysma
c)
Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
d)
Scalenus Anterior
e)
Digastric
60.
A 55-year-old woman with a history of breast cancer presents with lethargy, nausea, and confusion. Blood tests show a corrected calcium of 3.5 mmol/L. What is the most likely underlying mechanism?
a)
Primary hyperparathyroidism
b)
Bone metastasis causing hypercalcaemia of malignancy
c)
Vitamin D intoxication
d)
Milk-alkali syndrome
e)
Sarcoidosis
61.
Which of the following is a recognised cause of Cushing's syndrome?
a)
Addison's disease
b)
Ectopic ACTH production from a small cell lung cancer
c)
Primary hypothyroidism
d)
Graves' disease
e)
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
62.
The hormone that directly stimulates the release of Cortisol from the adrenal cortex is:
a)
CRH (Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone)
b)
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)
c)
Cortisol
d)
Aldosterone
e)
ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
63.
A patient presents with a thyroid nodule. A fine needle aspiration (FNA) is performed. Which of the following cytological findings would be most suggestive of papillary thyroid carcinoma?
a)
Psammoma bodies
b)
Hurthle cells
c)
Amyloid deposits
d)
Mitotic figures
e)
Signet ring cells
64.
In the context of the HPA axis, what is the effect of chronic stress on cortisol levels?
a)
Cortisol levels decrease due to negative feedback.
b)
Cortisol levels remain unchanged.
c)
Cortisol levels increase and can lead to immune suppression.
d)
Cortisol levels increase and stimulate the immune system.
e)
Cortisol levels become completely unregulated.
65.
A 40-year-old woman presents with galactorrhoea and infertility. Her serum prolactin is elevated. An MRI shows a 3mm microadenoma in the pituitary. What is the first-line treatment?
a)
Transsphenoidal surgery
b)
External beam radiotherapy
c)
Bromocriptine or Cabergoline
d)
Observation only
e)
Tamoxifen
66.
The "Stages of Change" model is also known as:
a)
The Health Action Process Approach
b)
The Theory of Planned Behaviour
c)
The Transtheoretical Model
d)
The Health Belief Model
e)
The Tannahill Model
67.
Which of the following is a classic sign of hypothyroidism?
a)
Tremor
b)
Heat intolerance
c)
Bradycardia
d)
Weight loss
e)
Sweating
68.
A patient with a pituitary tumour develops a dilated pupil and ptosis on the right side. Compression of which structure is the most likely cause?
a)
Optic Nerve (CN II)
b)
Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)
c)
Trochlear Nerve (CN IV)
d)
Abducens Nerve (CN VI)
e)
Ophthalmic Nerve (V1)
69.
The primary site of insulin degradation is the:
a)
Kidney
b)
Liver
c)
Spleen
d)
Pancreas
e)
Adipose Tissue
70.
A 25-year-old woman with Type 1 Diabetes is planning a pregnancy. What is the single most important piece of pre-conception advice?
a)
To stop all insulin
b)
To achieve optimal glycaemic control (HbA1c < 48 mmol/mol)
c)
To switch to a gluten-free diet
d)
To avoid all exercise
e)
To take high-dose folic acid (5mg)
71.
The hormone that is the most important regulator of serum phosphate levels is:
a)
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
b)
Calcitonin
c)
Vitamin D
d)
Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 (FGF-23)
e)
Aldosterone
72.
A patient presents with a hoarse voice following a total thyroidectomy. This is most likely due to damage to which nerve?
a)
The superior laryngeal nerve
b)
The recurrent laryngeal nerve
c)
The glossopharyngeal nerve
d)
The hypoglossal nerve
e)
The phrenic nerve
73.
Which of the following is a feature of a simple goitre?
a)
It is always associated with hyperthyroidism.
b)
It is caused by an autoimmune process.
c)
It can be euthyroid, hypothyroid, or hyperthyroid.
d)
It is always malignant.
e)
It is characterised by painful enlargement of the thyroid.
74.
In the context of bereavement, what is the term for the phenomenon where a bereaved person experiences vivid sensory perceptions of the deceased, such as seeing or hearing them?
a)
Hallucinations
b)
Illusions
c)
Pseudohallucinations
d)
Delusions
e)
Grief psychosis
75.
A 60-year-old man presents with refractory hypertension and hypokalaemia. His plasma aldosterone is high and renin is low. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a)
Renal artery stenosis
b)
Conn's syndrome (Primary Hyperaldosteronism)
c)
Cushing's syndrome
d)
Liddle's syndrome
e)
Addison's disease
76.
The hormone that stimulates the secretion of hydrochloric acid from the parietal cells of the stomach is:
a)
Secretin
b)
Gastrin
c)
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
d)
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)
e)
Somatostatin
77.
A patient with a large pituitary tumour is found to have a bitemporal hemianopia. This results from compression of the optic chiasm. Which visual field defect would result from compression of the right optic tract?
a)
Bitemporal hemianopia
b)
Right homonymous hemianopia
c)
Left homonymous hemianopia
d)
Right nasal hemianopia
e)
Left nasal hemianopia
78.
Which of the following is a recognised side effect of Metformin?
a)
Hypoglycaemia
b)
Lactic Acidosis
c)
Weight Gain
d)
Hepatotoxicity
e)
Pancreatitis
79.
The hormone that is responsible for the development of the Wolffian ducts in a male foetus is:
a)
Oestrogen
b)
Progesterone
c)
Testosterone
d)
Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH)
e)
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
80.
A 35-year-old woman is diagnosed with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Which autoantibodies are most commonly associated with this condition?
a)
Anti-TSH Receptor antibodies
b)
Anti-Thyroglobulin and Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase (TPO) antibodies
c)
Anti-Insulin antibodies
d)
Anti-Nuclear Antibodies (ANA)
e)
Anti-Acetylcholine Receptor antibodies
81.
In the context of neck anatomy, the thyroid gland develops from an embryological outpouching of the:
a)
First pharyngeal pouch
b)
Second pharyngeal pouch
c)
Third pharyngeal pouch
d)
Foramen caecum at the base of the tongue
e)
Ultimobranchial body
82.
A patient with a history of head injury presents with polyuria and polydipsia. A water deprivation test confirms Diabetes Insipidus. The lesion is most likely in the:
a)
Anterior pituitary
b)
Posterior pituitary
c)
Hypothalamus
d)
Kidneys
e)
Adrenal glands
83.
Which of the following is a function of the hormone Cholecystokinin (CCK)?
a)
Inhibits gallbladder contraction
b)
Stimulates gastric acid secretion
c)
Stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion and gallbladder contraction
d)
Inhibits insulin secretion
e)
Stimulates glucagon secretion
84.
A 50-year-old man with a history of alcohol excess presents with gynaecomastia and testicular atrophy. This is most likely due to impaired oestrogen metabolism in which organ?
a)
Kidney
b)
Liver
c)
Lung
d)
Spleen
e)
Pancreas
85.
The primary stimulus for the release of Aldosterone is:
a)
ACTH
b)
Hyperkalaemia
c)
The Renin-Angiotensin System (Angiotensin II)
d)
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
e)
Hypokalaemia
86.
A patient with a thyroid nodule undergoes a radionuclide scan. The nodule appears "hot," meaning it takes up more isotope than the surrounding tissue. This finding is most consistent with:
a)
A papillary carcinoma
b)
A follicular adenoma
c)
A toxic adenoma
d)
A colloid cyst
e)
Thyroiditis
87.
The hormone that is secreted by the kidney in response to hypoxia and stimulates erythropoiesis is:
a)
Renin
b)
Erythropoietin (EPO)
c)
Calcitonin
d)
Aldosterone
e)
Vitamin D
88.
In the context of health promotion, the "upstream" approach refers to:
a)
Treating established disease
b)
Tertiary prevention of complications
c)
Addressing the fundamental social and economic determinants of health
d)
Providing health education to individuals
e)
Screening for early disease
89.
A 70-year-old woman with osteoporosis is prescribed a drug that is a monoclonal antibody against RANK-Ligand. What is the mechanism of action of this drug?
a)
It stimulates bone formation.
b)
It inhibits osteoclast activity and bone resorption.
c)
It inhibits osteoblast activity.
d)
It increases calcium absorption from the gut.
e)
It blocks PTH receptors.
90.
Which of the following is a feature of a phaeochromocytoma?
a)
Sustained hypertension only
b)
Paroxysmal symptoms only
c)
Sustained or paroxysmal hypertension with associated symptoms
d)
Always benign
e)
Always located in the adrenal medulla
91.
The primary function of the hormone Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) is to:
a)
Stimulate glucagon secretion
b)
Inhibit insulin secretion
c)
Enhance glucose-dependent insulin secretion and inhibit glucagon
d)
Delay gastric emptying
e)
Both C and D
92.
A patient with a pituitary tumour has a deficiency of all anterior pituitary hormones. This condition is known as:
a)
Acromegaly
b)
Panhypopituitarism
c)
Diabetes Insipidus
d)
Sheehan's syndrome
e)
Cushing's disease
93.
The hormone that is primarily responsible for the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle is:
a)
Cortisol
b)
Melatonin
c)
Growth Hormone
d)
Prolactin
e)
Adrenaline
94.
A 20-year-old woman presents with palpitations, anxiety, and heat intolerance. Her TSH is low and Free T4 is high. What is the most likely cause?
a)
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
b)
Graves' disease
c)
Subacute thyroiditis
d)
Pituitary adenoma
e)
Thyroid hormone resistance
95.
In the context of the stress response, the "General Adaptation Syndrome" was described by:
a)
Walter Cannon
b)
Hans Selye
c)
John Bowlby
d)
Holmes and Rahe
e)
Aaron Beck
96.
A patient with chronic hypercalcaemia is found to have a low PTH level. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a)
Primary hyperparathyroidism
b)
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
c)
Humoral hypercalcaemia of malignancy (PTHrP)
d)
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia (FHH)
e)
Vitamin D deficiency
97.
The hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells is:
a)
Thrombopoietin
b)
Erythropoietin
c)
Colony-Stimulating Factor
d)
Interleukin-6
e)
Renin
98.
A patient with Cushing's syndrome has a high-dose (8mg) dexamethasone suppression test. Their cortisol suppresses by more than 50%. This suggests the cause is most likely:
a)
An adrenal adenoma
b)
An ectopic ACTH-producing tumour
c)
A pituitary adenoma (Cushing's disease)
d)
Iatrogenic steroid use
e)
Adrenal carcinoma
99.
The primary function of the hormone Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) is to:
a)
Increase blood pressure
b)
Promote sodium and water excretion
c)
Stimulate the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
d)
Cause vasoconstriction
e)
Stimulate thirst
100.
A 45-year-old man presents with a painful, enlarged thyroid and a recent history of a viral illness. His ESR is elevated. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a)
Graves' disease
b)
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
c)
De Quervain's (subacute) thyroiditis
d)
Riedel's thyroiditis
e)
Simple goitre
Reset
