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WorksheetsPsychology EOY Exam Review
Total questions: 65
Worksheet time: 33mins
Describe the first stage in memory processing.
Retrieval, where stored information is accessed
Encoding, where information is transformed into a usable form
Consolidation, where memories become stable during sleep
Storage, where information is retained over time
What did Hermann Ebbinghaus’ research tell us about memory and forgetting?
Forgetting occurs rapidly at first and then levels off
Forgetting happens at a constant, linear rate
People remember lists better when items are unrelated
Memory improves steadily without practice
What is procedural memory? Choose the best example.
Recognizing a face in a crowd
Knowing how to ride a bicycle
Recalling the plot of a novel
Remembering the date of a friend’s birthday
How can a deeper level of processing (for example, learning a word’s meaning versus learning just a list of words) help you remember things better?
It increases the capacity of short-term memory only
It creates stronger, more elaborate semantic connections
It reduces interference by blocking new information
It shortens the time needed for retrieval cues
What is episodic memory? Choose the best example.
Recognizing a familiar melody
Recalling your first day of high school
Knowing the definition of a vocabulary word
Remembering how to type on a keyboard
What is the difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia?
Retrograde occurs only during sleep; anterograde occurs only when awake
Retrograde is the loss of memories formed before an injury; anterograde is difficulty forming new memories after an injury
Retrograde affects procedural memory only; anterograde affects semantic memory only
Retrograde is the loss of new memories; anterograde is the loss of old memories
What did Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation research attempt to test?
Children’s language acquisition
Attachment styles between infants and caregivers
Stages of moral reasoning
Memory span in toddlers
What is object permanence?
Recognizing objects by their names
Understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight
Remembering an object’s location only with cues
Sorting objects by size and shape
What are some criticisms of Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
It measures behavior instead of reasoning
It focuses too much on cultural diversity and not enough on universals
It shows bias by focusing only on the development of men
It overestimates the role of parents and underestimates peers
What did Harry Harlow study?
Language development in chimpanzees
Operant conditioning in pigeons
contact comfort
Moral reasoning in adolescents
What is contact comfort?
The tendency to imitate a caregiver’s expressions
The soothing tactile sensation that promotes attachment
Preference for familiar sounds during sleep
The need for consistent feeding schedules
What is the rooting reflex in a baby?
Grasping tightly when the palm is touched
Turning the head toward a touch on the cheek and opening the mouth
Kicking the legs when laid on the back
Startling and flinging the arms outward
What parenting style has been associated with children who are well-adjusted and socially competent?
Permissive
Authoritative
Uninvolved
Authoritarian
Describe Piaget’s concrete operational stage of development.
Children think intuitively and are egocentric without logical operations
Children use multidimensional thinking and simple logic
Children rely solely on reflexes and lack object permanence
Children begin abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking
What is Piaget’s concept of conservation.
Ability to use symbols to represent objects
Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or appearance
Recognizing that objects continue to exist when unseen
Mastery of deductive reasoning with abstract ideas
What is shaping in psychology?
Punishing incorrect responses to eliminate behavior
Gradually reinforcing successive approximations toward a desired behavior
Teaching by repeating the same stimulus without reinforcement
Pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
In classical conditioning, what is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
A naturally occurring stimulus that elicits a reflexive response
A learned trigger that elicits a response after conditioning
A signal that predicts reinforcement in operant conditioning
In classical conditioning, what is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?
A reflexive response present at birth
A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a response after being paired with a UCS
A voluntary behavior followed by reinforcement
A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response
In classical conditioning, what is an unconditioned response (UCR)?
A voluntary behavior strengthened by reward
An automatic, reflexive response to an unconditioned stimulus
A learned response to a conditioned stimulus
A decrease in response after repeated exposure
In classical conditioning, what is a conditioned response?
A response that fades without reinforcement
A learned response elicited by the conditioned stimulus
A reflexive response to an unconditioned stimulus
A behavior shaped by successive approximations
What does it mean when we say a conditioned stimulus has been extinguished?
The CS triggers a different, unrelated reflex
The CS now elicits a stronger response than before
The CS no longer elicits the conditioned response after repeated presentation without the UCS
The CS has become an unconditioned stimulus
What must happen to the CR, CS, and UCS for extinction to occur?
Remove the CS and present only the UCS repeatedly
Present the CS repeatedly without the UCS so the CR diminishes
Reward the CR intermittently while presenting the CS
Pair the CS and UCS more frequently to strengthen the CR
What happened in Ivan Pavlov’s experiments with dogs, and what did he call the process?
Dogs barked at strangers after punishment; he called it operant conditioning
Dogs learned to press levers for food; Pavlov called it shaping
Dogs salivated to a bell after pairing it with food; he called it classical conditioning
Dogs stopped salivating to food after many trials; he called it extinction burst
Who is John B. Watson and what type of psychology did he develop?
A psychoanalyst who focused on unconscious conflicts
A behaviorist who promoted the idea of operant conditioning
A humanistic psychologist who emphasized self-actualization
A cognitive psychologist who studied memory models
What is a learning predisposition?
A learned reluctance to respond to overused stimuli
A preference for reinforcement over punishment
A natural or innate ability to learn something
A tendency to forget new information faster than old information
What is stimulus generalization?
Responding only to the original conditioned stimulus and not to similar stimuli
Responding similarly to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus
Learning that a behavior will not be reinforced
Pairing the conditioned stimulus with a new unconditioned stimulus
With what theory of learning are modeling and imitation associated?
Operant conditioning
Observational (social) learning
Cognitive dissonance theory
Classical conditioning
Getting a reward after doing something is a form of what kind of conditioning?
Latent learning
Operant conditioning
Habituation
Classical conditioning
What type of reinforcement schedule is most resistant to extinction?
Variable interval
Fixed interval
Variable ratio
Fixed ratio
What is habituation in psychology?
A learned fear response to a neutral cue
A decrease in response after repeated exposure to a stimulus
An increase in response to a repeated stimulus
A sudden recovery of a conditioned response after rest
What is the availability heuristic?
Classifying objects by how well they match a prototype
Judging likelihood based on how easily examples come to mind
Using a step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution
Relying on the first piece of information encountered
What is "metacognition?"
Thinking about one’s own thinking processes
The ability to solve problems without language
A test of general intelligence
Memory for personal life events
What are algorithms? How are they different from heuristics?
Algorithms are guesses based on intuition; heuristics are formal rules that always work
Algorithms are step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution; heuristics are quick strategies that do not guarantee one
Algorithms are used only in math; heuristics are used only in language
Algorithms are mental shortcuts; heuristics are slow and exhaustive searches
What is "external locus of control?"
Confidence in one’s ability to control events through effort
Relying on external memory aids for recall
The belief that outcomes are determined by outside forces such as luck or fate
Attributing others’ behavior to internal traits
What is the difference between convergent and divergent thinking?
Convergent explores multiple possibilities; divergent demands one correct answer
Convergent narrows to a single best answer; divergent generates many possible ideas
Convergent occurs only in groups; divergent occurs only alone
Convergent is creative and flexible; divergent is rule-bound and rigid
What is "learned helplessness?"
A sudden insight that solves a problem
A passive resignation that develops after repeated uncontrollable events
A tendency to imitate models who are rewarded
An improvement in performance after practice
A motivation to avoid failure rather than seek success
According to Alfred Bandura, what is self-efficacy?
The discrepancy between real and ideal self
Belief in one’s capability to organize and execute actions to reach goals
The tendency to attribute success to internal causes
A person’s overall self-worth and esteem
What are the id, ego, and superego?
Learning styles that predict academic achievement
Stages of psychosocial development across the lifespan
Personality structures: id (primitive drives), ego (reality-oriented mediator), superego (internalized morals)
Types of defense mechanisms used to cope with anxiety
What is projection?
Redirecting anger toward a safer target
Attributing one’s own unacceptable impulses or feelings to others
Justifying actions with socially acceptable reasons
Retreating to an earlier stage of development under stress
What is the purpose of a Rorschach test?
To assess intelligence through pattern analysis
To reveal personality based on responses to vague stimuli
To diagnose neurological disorders using images
To measure brain activity during problem solving
What is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory used to provide information about?
Vocational interests and career preferences
Brain structure and neural connectivity
clinical psychological disorders
Current levels of academic aptitude and achievement
Rational Emotive Therapists believe that abnormal functioning is caused by:
Conditioned responses learned through reinforcement
Societal expectations that limit free will
Irrational beliefs and self-defeating thoughts
Unconscious conflicts formed in early childhood
What is the goal of Rational Emotive Therapy?
To reinforce desired behaviors through rewards
To replace irrational beliefs with rational ones to reduce emotional distress
To train relaxation for physiological calm
To promote free association without guidance
What do behavior therapists emphasize in their treatment of clients?
Changing faulty cognitions through dialogue
Exploring past relationships and dreams
replacing bad behaviors with better ones
Promoting self-actualization and empathy
What type of behavior therapy can be used to reduce the effects of phobias?
Aversion therapy using unpleasant stimuli for punishment
Systematic desensitization involving gradual exposure and relaxation
Electroconvulsive therapy to reset mood circuits
Client-centered therapy emphasizing reflection
The conflict between self-concept and reality is a belief of what type of psychologist?
Psychoanalytic psychologist
Humanistic psychologist
Cultural psychologist
Behaviorist psychologist
What do cognitive psychologists believe is the root cause of depression?
Excessive dopamine activity in reward centers
Negative thought patterns and cognitive distortions
A viral infection that alters mood
Repressed anger from early childhood
What are common traits of people with narcissistic personality disorder?
Instability of mood with cycles of mania and depression
Grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy
Compulsions to perform rituals and fear of contamination
Perfectionism and excessive orderliness
What are some criticisms of Freud’s work?
Many concepts are difficult to test scientifically and are based on limited, biased samples
He focused primarily on cultural and social learning factors
Methods emphasize objective measurement with strong reliability
His theories accurately predict behavior across large controlled experiments
Paranoia is:
An intense fear of specific objects or situations
A persistent, irrational suspicion or belief that others intend to harm you
A sudden loss of memory for personal information
A mood state marked by elevated energy and euphoria
Hallucinations are a characteristic of what type of disorders?
Schizophrenia
Anxiety disorders
Personality disorders
Dissociative disorders
Helping patients to change the way they interpret events is a method used by what type of therapists?
Cognitive therapists
Psychoanalytic therapists
Behavior therapists
Biological therapists
What disorders have been treated with electroconvulsive therapy (Hint: choose all but ONE.)
phobias
schizophrenia
multiple personality disorder
major depression
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
Humanistic psychologists believe in the importance of:
Personal growth, subjective experience, and self-actualization
Interpreting unconscious conflicts through dream analysis
Reinforcing adaptive behaviors through rewards
Correcting chemical imbalances with medication
What is introspection?
The examination of one’s own thoughts and feelings
The measurement of reaction times to stimuli
The observation of others’ behavior in natural settings
The analysis of brain structure using imaging
Delusions and hallucinations are symptoms of what types of disorders?
Psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia
Anxiety disorders such as phobias
Personality disorders such as OCD
Neurodevelopmental learning disorders
What is one of the most successful treatments for schizophrenia? (HINT: pick TWO)
Antipsychotic medication that reduces positive symptoms
Benzodiazepines for long-term daily use
Psychoanalysis without medication
Electroconvulsive therapy as first-line care
What do cognitive psychologists do to help their clients?
Identify and restructure maladaptive thoughts and beliefs
Interpret dreams to uncover unconscious wishes
Focus solely on observable behavior changes
Encourage free association without guidance
Phobic and panic disorders are what type of disorder?
Anxiety disorders
Mood disorders
Psychotic disorders
Somatic disorders
What are the two core areas of concern with autism spectrum disorder? (pick TWO)
Social communication difficulties and
restricted/ repetitive behaviors
Mood swings and sleep disturbances
Hallucinations and delusions
People who are in repeated trouble and have no remorse or sense of guilt may suffer from:
Antisocial personality disorder
Borderline personality disorder
Avoidant personality disorder
Narcissistic personality disorder
What are some physiological effects of stress, especially in Type A people?
Elevated heart rate and blood pressure with increased cortisol
Improved immune function and reduced inflammation
Chronic drowsiness and slowed reflexes
Reduced alertness and decreased adrenaline release
What is an “approach approach” conflict?
A choice between two attractive options
A decision between two equally undesirable options
Being drawn to and repelled by the same goal
Avoiding action due to fear of punishment
Who criticized Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?
Carol Gilligan
B.F. Skinner
Sigmund Freud
Mr. Grant
What is "learned helplessness?"
A sudden insight that solves a problem
A passive resignation that develops after repeated uncontrollable events
An improvement in performance after practice
A motivation to avoid failure rather than seek success
