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Worksheets2025 Biology Midterm
Total questions: 84
Worksheet time: 51mins
Which pairing correctly matches each macromolecule with its monomer?
Carbohydrates–amino acids; proteins–monosaccharides
Carbohydrates–monosaccharides; proteins–amino acids
Lipids–monosaccharides; nucleic acids–fatty acids
A student models quick energy release during a sprint. Which macromolecule is most directly used?
Carbohydrates for rapid energy in cells
Proteins for long-term energy reserves
Nucleic acids for structural cell support
Which function is primarily carried out by lipids in organisms?
Rapid energy and structural support
Enzymatic catalysis and communication
Long-term energy storage and insulation
Select the element found in all macromolecules listed in the unit.
Phosphorus present in all proteins
Nitrogen present in carbohydrates only
Carbon present in each macromolecule
Which statement best distinguishes prokaryotic from eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotes have nucleus; eukaryotes lack organelles
Prokaryotes lack nucleus and membrane bound organelles; eukaryotes have both
Both have membrane-bound organelles and nuclei
Which structure is common to all cells listed in the study guide?
Centrioles found in every cell type
Chloroplasts required for all cells
Cell membrane present in every cell
A sudden rise in body temperature triggers sweating that lowers temperature. What feedback type is this?
Negative feedback stabilizes body temperature
Positive feedback amplifies cooling rate
Neutral feedback maintains current state
During childbirth, uterine contractions intensify due to oxytocin release. Which loop explains this?
Positive feedback amplifying contractions
Negative feedback reducing uterine tension
Homeostatic set point stabilization
Which of the following best describes the difference between a negative feedback loop and a positive feedback loop in the human body?
Negative feedback maintains homeostasis by reversing changes, while positive feedback amplifies changes to complete a specific process.
Positive feedback maintains stability, while negative feedback causes rapid changes in body systems.
Both negative and positive feedback loops always work to maintain homeostasis by reducing changes.
Which scenario best illustrates homeostasis?
Maintaining a stable internal environment
Rapidly changing internal temperature
Constantly increasing energy consumption
Which list accurately states the seven characteristics of living things?
Cells, reproduce, grow, energy use, respond, homeostasis, evolve
Cells, photosynthesize, migrate, hibernate, excrete, molt, age
Reproduce, move fast, think, sleep, dream, feed, rest
A stem cell becoming a red blood cell primarily involves which cellular process?
Genes turned on or off to differentiate
Carbohydrate breakdown for quick energy
Lipid storage and membrane insulation
Which component is directly responsible for protein synthesis in all cells?
Cell membrane producing nucleotides
Nucleus storing fatty acids
Ribosomes assembling amino acids
Sensory neurons primarily perform which function?
Receive signals from environment causing responses
Control stem cell gene expression in blood
Store genetic information within axons
Which of the following correctly describes the difference between a motor neuron and a sensory neuron?
Motor neurons carry signals from the sense organs to the brain, while sensory neurons carry signals from the brain to muscles.
Motor neurons are only found in the brain, while sensory neurons are only found in the spinal cord.
Sensory neurons carry information to the central nervous system, while motor neurons carry commands to muscles and glands.
A researcher removes the nucleus from a cell. Which cell type could still be viable after removal?
Prokaryotic cell
Animal cell
Eukaryotic cell that functions without organelles
Which neuron type primarily carries information from sensory receptors toward the central nervous system to trigger a response?
Motor neurons send commands from muscles to brain
Sensory neurons carry signals from receptors to CNS
Glial cells transmit impulses along myelin sheaths
Which statement best describes the role of interneurons in larger animals?
Interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons
Interneurons secrete hormones into the bloodstream
Interneurons directly contract skeletal muscles
Damage specifically to interneurons would most likely cause which outcome?
Receives a sensory signal but movement response cannot be sent
No signals will be received from the environment
Muscles receive stronger signals than normal
Which neuron part primarily receives incoming signals from other cells?
Cell body
Axon
Dendrites
What is the primary function of dendrites in a neuron?
To carry nerve impulses away from the cell body to other neurons or muscles
To store genetic information for the neuron
To receive signals from other neurons and transmit them toward the cell body
Which function is associated with axon terminals at the end of a neuron?
Maintains overall homeostatic balance
Detects stimuli from environment
Releases neurotransmitters to next cell
Arrange the hierarchy for a nerve cell from its origin to the broadest system level.
Stem cell → neuron → nervous tissue → brain → nervous system
Neuron → stem cell → organ system → brain → nervous tissue
Stem cell → nervous tissue → neuron → brain → nervous system
Which list correctly orders the general hierarchy of life from smallest to largest?
Cell, organ system, tissue, organ, organism
Tissue, cell, organ system, organ, organism
Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
What is the primary process that produces specialized cell types from unspecialized cells?
Cell differentiation: controlled by gene expression
Mitosis: controlled by external temperature shifts
Photosynthesis: regulated by chlorophyll levels
Cell differentiation is most directly regulated by —
DNA
Neurons
Glands
Why is cell specialization advantageous for complex organisms?
Increases efficiency and enables complex functions
Eliminates need for energy and ATP production
Reduces diversity and simplifies organ systems
A student claims motor neurons carry signals from muscles to the CNS. Select the best evaluation of this claim.
Incorrect: motor neurons send signals from CNS to muscles
Correct: motor neurons transmit sensory receptor inputs
Partially correct: motor neurons relay within spinal cord
Which sequence most accurately traces signal flow through a typical neuron?
Dendrites → cell body → axon → axon terminals
Dendrites → axon → cell body → axon terminals
Axon terminals → dendrites → axon → cell body
Cell body → axon terminals → dendrites → axon
Which statement about gene expression in differentiation is most accurate?
Turning genes on or off directs cell type
Removing the nucleus determines muscle fate
Which statement best describes the main purpose of cellular respiration in organisms?
Captures light to make organic sugars
Stores ATP as glucose molecules
Converts glucose into ATP energy
Which molecule is essential to obtain the MOST energy possible from a molecule of glucose?
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Potassium
Where does glycolysis occur within the cell?
Cytoplasm of the cell
Mitochondrial matrix
Chloroplast stroma
Which stage of cellular respiration is correctly matched with its location?
Krebs Cycle — mitochondrial matrix
Glycolysis — inner membrane
Electron Transport — cytoplasm
How do aerobic and anaerobic respiration differ most directly in energy output?
Aerobic produces far more ATP
Anaerobic produces most ATP
Both produce the same ATP
A sprinter will typically enter anaerobic respiration to produce ATP within 30 seconds. What is the name of that process? (hint: it produces soreness in muscles)
aerobic fermentation
Alcoholic fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation
Which product of photosynthesis is directly used as a reactant in cellular respiration?
ATP energy
Glucose molecules
Carbon dioxide
Which product of respiration is a key reactant for photosynthesis?
Pyruvate compound
Glucose sugar
ATP molecules
Carbon dioxide gas
Which statement best explains the interdependence of photosynthesis and respiration?
Both only occur in animal cells
Both only happen with no oxygen
Each supplies inputs for the other
Which condition most likely triggers anaerobic respiration in muscle cells?
Short bursts of intense activity
Long periods of resting
High oxygen availability
Which statement best compares lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation?
Lactic occurs in muscle; alcoholic in yeast
Both require mitochondrial oxygen
Both occur in chloroplasts
Alcoholic occurs in muscle; lactic in yeast
Which balanced equation represents photosynthesis?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
CO2 + O2 → glucose + ATP
6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Which cellular structure is the site of photosynthesis, specifically for light reactions?
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Mitochondrial matrix
Chloroplast thylakoids
Cytoplasm fluid
Where does glycolysis take place within the cell?
Mitochondria
cytoplasm
nucleus
Which statement about aerobic respiration is accurate?
Requires no oxygen and yields less ATP
Uses oxygen to generate most ATP
Only happens during fermentation
Which sequence lists the major stages of cellular respiration in order?
Electron Transport, Krebs, Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle, Glycolysis, Electron Transport
Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport
What would most likely happen if a cell's mitochondria were not functioning properly?
More ATP would be produced
Less ATP would be produced
More glucose would be produced
Which of the following best describes the energy relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Photosynthesis releases energy by breaking down glucose, while cellular respiration stores energy in glucose molecules.
Photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide and releases oxygen, while cellular respiration requires oxygen and releases carbon dioxide,
Which stage of interphase is when DNA is replicated before mitosis begins?
G1 phase with general growth
S phase with DNA synthesis
G2 phase with checkpoint
M phase with nuclear division
During which mitosis phase do sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles?
Telophase with nuclei forming
Anaphase with separation
Metaphase with alignment
Prophase with spindle forming
What is the main purpose of cytokinesis in the cell cycle?
Duplicate chromosomes evenly
Divide the cytoplasm fully
Check DNA for errors
Condense chromatin densely
Which statement best describes semiconservative DNA replication?
New DNA is composed of RNA pieces
Old strands are degraded entirely
Each new DNA has one old strand
Two new strands pair together only
Which enzyme primarily adds new nucleotides during DNA replication?
Ligase
Helicase
DNA Polymerase
Which base pairs are correct in DNA according to base pairing rules?
Adenine pairs with thymine
Cytosine pairs with adenine
Thymine pairs with cytosine
Adenine pairs with guanine
In transcription, which RNA base pairs with adenine in DNA?
Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil
Which process follows transcription in protein synthesis?
Mitosis
Glycolysis
Translation
What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?
Brings amino acids to ribosome
Carries genetic code to cytoplasm
Forms ribosomal structure directly
Cuts introns from DNA strands
Which type of mutation involves removal of a base from DNA?
Substitution
Insertion
Deletion removes a base
Which sequence correctly traces information flow in protein synthesis?
Protein to DNA to RNA
Protein to RNA to DNA
DNA to RNA to protein
RNA to DNA to protein
Which phase of mitosis features chromosomes aligning at the cell equator?
Prophase
Metaphase
Telophase
Before DNA polymerase adds nucleotides, what happens first in replication?
DNA unwinds initially
Spindle fibers assemble
Ligase seals gaps
tRNA brings codons
What is the immediate product of transcription?
DNA duplicated in S phase
mRNA strand
Which RNA type brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation?
rRNA making ribosomes
mRNA moving the code
tRNA delivering amino acids
snRNA editing messenger RNA
What happens to chromosome number in somatic cells after mitosis?
Variable depending on tissue
Doubled then reduced
Halved in daughter cells
Unchanged from the parent
Which event marks telophase of mitosis?
New nuclei begin to form
Sister chromatids separate
Chromosomes line up in the middle
What is the primary function of enzymes in reactions related to protein synthesis?
Stop codon recognition only
Lowers activation energy needed
Attach amino acids to tRNA
During translation, what signals the end of the polypeptide chain?
Origin of replication forms
Promoter region is read
Stop codon is reached
Which description best matches the G2 phase of interphase?
Nuclear division happens
DNA replication occurs
Additional growth and DNA check
GAT-TAC-AGA-TTA-CAT?
What are the inputs of cellular respiration?
Glucose and Oxygen
Sun, water and carbon dioxide
Glucose and Water
Sunlight and Water
What are the outputs of cellular respiration?
carbon dioxide, water and ATP
ATP and Glucose
Oxygen and Glucose
Sunlight, Glucose and Water
Nuclear membrane disappears
Chromosomes can now be seen
Centrioles move to opposite sides
Metaphase
Interphase
Telophase
Prophase
Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell
Spindle fibers extend from the centrioles to the middle of the chromosomes
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Interphase
Chromatids separate
Anaphase
Metaphase
Prophase
Telophase
Nuclear membrane reforms around the new daughter cells.
Cytoplasm begins to "pinch" in.
Anaphase
Metaphase
Telophase
Interphase
Two replicated cells split from each other and are able to move on their own.
Metaphase
Prophase
Cytokinesis
Telophase
