Dysfunction of the sebaceous glands, in which increased secretion of defective sebum is observed, is typical for:

Disruption of the processes of proliferation and keratinization in the epidermis is characteristic of:

Patient S., 40, has three painful, pear-shaped masses in his left armpit, raised above the skin. One of the masses has two openings in the center, through which thick pus is discharged. Characteristics of this condition include:

Hyperpigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes in primary chronic adrenal insufficiency is caused by:

Patient O., 58, has cherry-red skin, blood pressure of 200/110 mmHg, and splenomegaly. Blood tests reveal erythrocytosis, absolute neutrophilia with a hyporegenerative left nuclear shift, thrombocytosis, a slow ESR, and a sharply decreased erythropoietin level. Skin manifestations of this blood disorder include:

After a manicure, a woman developed a purulent infection on the distal phalanx of her left index finger, which spread from under the nail fold to the nail plate. A complete blood count may reveal the following changes:

Diffuse fibrosis, pathological changes in the blood vessels of the skin, joints and internal organs, and pronounced thickening of the skin are characteristic of:

Patient A., 32, complains of pain in the right axillary region. Examination and palpation reveal small, tender, firm, pear-shaped nodules located in the dermis. The skin is hyperemic and has a bluish tint. A necrotic core is absent. The underlying cause of this condition is:

Dystrophic changes in the nail plate, accompanied by its thinning and concave spoon-shaped deformation, are called:

A 28-year-old woman has had hypochromic microcytic anemia for 10 years. Her skin is pale and dry, with flaking. Her hair is dry, thin, and grayish, with increased hair loss. Her nails are spoon-shaped, with pronounced longitudinal striations. These skin derivative changes are caused by a deficiency of:

Patient F., 35, complains of joint pain and swelling, along with fever. She has a red, butterfly-shaped erythema on her face, affecting the bridge of her nose and both cheeks. Antinuclear antibodies and LE cells were detected, and she tested positive for lupus anticoagulant. The following factors are important in the pathogenesis of skin lesions in this disease:

Patient S. complains of itching and dandruff on the scalp. Objectively: the hair is greasy and sticky. The scalp is hyperemic, oily, and flaky. Increased sebum secretion is noted on the face. These symptoms are characteristic of:

Patient R., 54, with type 2 diabetes mellitus, developed a dense, bright red infiltrate up to 3 cm in diameter on the skin of his thigh, accompanied by a tingling sensation and pain. At the center of the infiltrate is a purulent-necrotic core with a pustule on the surface. The skin lesion develops as a result of a typical pathological process:

Patient F., 17, exhibits increased joint mobility, including dislocations, hyperextensible skin, decreased bone mineral density, and a tendency toward bone fractures. Similar symptoms have been noted in relatives. The underlying cause of connective tissue pathology in the patient is:

Patient A., 25, complains of a blistering rash on the skin of her trunk and extremities. The rash is accompanied by itching, sweating, and bronchospasm. She believes the rash is caused by penicillin antibiotics. The key mediators of this disease are:

The leading mechanism for the development of acute urticaria is:

Patient S., 20, complains of itchy skin and a rash on the popliteal and elbow folds. The rash is noted after eating chocolate and oranges. The skin is papular and vesicular. Total immunoglobulin E levels are elevated in the serum. The following factors play a significant role in the pathogenesis of this disease:

Hereditary predisposition plays a role in the development of the following skin lesions:

In atopic dermatitis, disruption of the skin's hydrolipidic layer leads to:

An important role in the pathogenesis of allergic contact dermatitis is played by:

Local regulators of bone tissue remodeling that enhance osteoblast replication include:

Systemic factors regulating bone tissue remodeling that stimulate bone formation include:

The participation of osteoblasts in bone remodeling consists of:

A three-year-old child exhibits frequent rib fractures with minor injuries, increased joint mobility, dental changes, and blue sclera. Osteogenesis imperfecta is caused by a defect in the synthesis of:

In patient N., 68, an X-ray examination of the musculoskeletal system revealed multifocal areas of bone destruction. These changes are associated with increased activity of the following cells:

With a constant increase in the concentration of parathyroid hormone in the blood, in contrast to its intermittent increase, the following is observed:

The most characteristic signs of osteoporosis are:

Primary involutional osteoporosis includes:

A marker fracture in senile osteoporosis is:

In the pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis, an important role is played by:

Senile osteoporosis is characterized by:

Patient K., 58, has suffered from chronic kidney disease for 12 years and has been menopausal for nine years. Examination revealed decreased bone mineral density. This may be primarily due to:

The most important exogenous factors that predispose to the development of osteoporosis and are associated with lifestyle and nutritional disorders include:

In Itsenko-Cushing's disease, the development of osteoporosis is due to the fact that glucocorticosteroids:

Postmenopausal osteoporosis, according to the classification of osteoporosis by origin, belongs to the group:

Iatrogenic osteoporosis develops when:

A minor injury. She had a history of spinal pain, which worsened with physical activity and walking. Densitometry showed a T-score of -3.0. The following factors play a significant role in the pathogenesis of this disease:

Overexpression of the gene encoding osteoprotegerin (OPG) results in:

Patient D., 65, has lesions of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine, including osteolytic destruction and osteoporosis. Blood tests revealed moderate anemia, a significantly elevated ESR, hyperproteinemia due to paraproteins, and a high level of M-protein. Urine analysis revealed Bence Jones protein. A myelogram revealed an increase in plasma cells to 48%. Patient D.'s bone damage is associated with the development of:

A 60-year-old woman. Menopause occurred at age 38. She has been taking glucocorticosteroids for the past year. Her body mass index is 17.5 kg/m². Her medical history includes fractures of the distal radius and a thoracic vertebral body, which occurred with minimal trauma. This musculoskeletal disorder is characterized by:

In type 2 diabetes mellitus, deterioration of bone tissue quality with subsequent development of osteoporosis is associated with:

In conditions of absolute estrogen deficiency, the imbalance between bone formation and bone resorption leads to:

Patient N., 50, has primary hyperparathyroidism. Examination revealed fibrocystic bone changes and generalized mixed-origin osteoporosis with compression fractures. A blood biochemistry analysis revealed:

Patient E., 29, has been taking glucocorticoids for five years for an autoimmune disease. He has a history of recurrent spinal and rib fractures. X-ray examination revealed a significant decrease in bone density in the thoracic and lumbar spine. The mechanism of bone loss in this patient may be related to:

Degenerative-dystrophic lesions of articular cartilage with secondary damage to the subchondral bone, synovial membrane, ligaments, capsule and periarticular muscles include:

In osteoarthritis, decreased resistance of articular cartilage occurs due to:

BolNuyu Sh., 68, an overweight woman, presents with pain in her right hip joint and difficulty walking. An X-ray revealed a deformed femoral head, a narrowing of the joint space, severe subchondral osteosclerosis, and osteophytes on the edges of the acetabular articular surfaces. The following factors play a significant role in the pathogenesis of this disease:

In elderly and senile individuals with type 2 diabetes, the development of osteoarthritis is associated primarily with:

In osteoarthritis, the loss of elasticity and strength of articular cartilage is associated with:

A disease of the musculoskeletal system characterized by slow progression, the presence of mechanical-type joint pain, periodic joint blockade, and predominantly affecting the joints of the legs and distal interphalangeal joints of the hands:

In case of joint defiguration, in contrast to joint deformation, the following is observed:

Reactive arthritis is:

In patient V., 37 years old, with signs of articular syndrome, an immunological examination revealed increased concentrations of IgM and IgG in the blood to the altered Fc region of IgG. This is characteristic of:

In the early stages of rheumatoid arthritis, the synovial membrane is infiltrated by mononuclear cells, among which the following predominate:

In rheumatoid arthritis, the following are most often affected:

In rheumatoid arthritis, the proliferation of active fibroblasts and uncontrolled proliferating synoviocytes leads to the formation of:

Patient G., 45, presents with severe symmetrical pain, swelling, deformities, and limited motion in the proximal interphalangeal joints of the fingers, wrists, and elbows, as well as morning joint stiffness before lunch. Blood tests reveal an elevated ESR of 56 mm/h, an elevated C-reactive protein of 96 mg/ml, and an elevated rheumatoid factor concentration of 120 IU/ml. The following factors are important in the pathogenesis of this disease:

In rheumatoid arthritis, pannus formation leads to:

A significant role in the pathogenesis of synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis belongs to:

Patient V., 42, complains of pain and swelling in the metacarpophalangeal, wrist, and knee joints. She also reports morning stiffness lasting two hours. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies and elevated rheumatoid factor titers were detected. The following factors play a significant role in the pathogenesis of this disease:

A systemic disease from the group of metabolic osteopathies with excessive accumulation of unmineralized osteoid and a decrease in its mineralization:

With an increase in the amount of osteoid, the following is observed:

Manifestations of osteomalacia in childhood are:

An 8-month-old formula-fed child presents with general restlessness, profuse sweating, and poor sleep. The head is square with prominent frontal and parietal ridges. The occiput is flattened and bald, teeth are missing, the chest is compressed at the sides, the ribs are 'rosary beads,' there is kyphosis, generalized muscle hypotonia, and increased joint mobility. The following factors are important in the pathogenesis of this disease:

Decreased bone mineralization in rickets is observed due to:

Convulsions in children and laryngeal spasm in severe cases of rickets are caused by:

A 6-month-old child who is formula-fed presents with sweating, restless sleep, and irritability. Tissue turgor and muscle tone are decreased. The head is hydrocephalic. The occiput is flattened. The frontal bossing is prominent. Costal 'rosary' patterns are palpable. Laboratory examination and blood tests may reveal the following changes:

In the pathogenesis of rachitic "rosary" and "square" head shape in rickets, the following is important:

Development in Vitamin D-resistant rickets is caused by:

For osteomalacia, in contrast to osteoporosis, the most characteristic feature is:

Patient D., 42, experienced severe pain in the metatarsophalangeal joint of the big toe of his right foot, along with hyperemia of the skin over the joint. His blood showed elevated uric acid levels, which are formed as a result of the following process:

Tophi are:

In gout, the most characteristic kidney damage is:

To stabilize uric acid levels in the blood, patients with gout are advised to include the following in their diet: