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Midterm Review

Total questions: 99

Worksheet time: 50mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Which religious order became a leading force in Catholic missionary and educational efforts during the Reformation era?

a)

Franks

b)

Jesuits

c)

Huguenots

d)

Puritans

2.

During which dynasty did the Mongols directly rule China?

a)

Tang

b)

Yuan

c)

Ming

d)

Sui

3.

In medieval Russia, which group formed the elite hereditary nobility who often conflicted with the tsar over power?

a)

Samurai

b)

Boyars

c)

Janissaries

d)

Burghers

4.

Which European empire gained enormous wealth from conquests in the Americas, especially from gold and silver?

a)

Portugal

b)

France

c)

Spain

d)

England

5.

During the late Middle Ages, which social class expanded as towns grew and trade revived? Think Middle Class, Bourgeoise

a)

Serfs

b)

Burghers

c)

Lords

d)

Vikings

6.

Which European monarch exemplified absolutism through centralized authority, palace building, and control of nobles?

a)

Peter the Great

b)

Louis XIV

c)

Philip II

d)

Charles V

7.

Which empire in South Asia originated under the rule of Babur?

a)

Safavid

b)

Mughal

c)

Mauryan

d)

Ottoman

8.

The empire centered in Constantinople that preserved Roman, Greek, and Christian traditions was the

a)

Byzantine Empire

b)

Ottoman Empire

c)

Holy Roman Empire

d)

Hapsburg Empire

9.

Under the Tokugawa shogunate, which country adopted isolationist policies restricting most foreign influence?

a)

Korea

b)

Japan

c)

China

d)

Vietnam

10.

Which European nation developed limited monarchy early on by placing legal restraints on royal power?

a)

Spain

b)

England

c)

France

d)

Portugal

11.

The Hapsburg family governed large territories across Europe primarily through

a)

military recruitment

b)

arranged marriages

c)

religious conversion

d)

piracy and naval warfare

12.

Charlemagne ruled over which influential early medieval kingdom?

a)

Franks

b)

Goths

c)

Vikings

d)

Huns

13.

Which European nation dominated Indian Ocean and Southeast Asian trade routes during the 1600s?

a)

Spain

b)

Dutch Republic

c)

England

d)

Venice

14.

The empire ruled by Suleiman the Magnificent expanded across three continents and was known as the

a)

Mughal Empire

b)

Ottoman Empire

c)

Byzantine Empire

d)

Safavid Empire

15.

Which group conducted extensive maritime raids during the Middle Ages and established settlements from Russia to North America?

a)

Samurai

b)

Vikings

c)

Sui Dynasty officials

d)

Mamluks

16.

Which pre-Columbian civilization engineered extensive road networks through the Andes?

a)

Maya

b)

Inca

c)

Olmec

d)

Aztec

17.

Which Mesoamerican civilization built Tenochtitlan and controlled a tributary empire?

a)

Maya

b)

Inca

c)

Aztec

d)

Pueblo

18.

Which country pioneered European exploration of the African coast, eventually reaching the Indian Ocean?

a)

Spain

b)

France

c)

Portugal

d)

England

19.

Which Middle Eastern empire practiced Shi’a Islam and frequently clashed with its Sunni neighbors?

a)

Ottoman

b)

Mughal

c)

Safavid

d)

Abbasid

20.

Which Chinese dynasty reunited China after centuries of fragmentation?

a)

Qin

b)

Sui

c)

Yuan

d)

Song

21.

Which list shows major Chinese dynasties in correct chronological order?

a)

Sui → Tang → Song → Yuan

b)

Tang → Qin → Han → Yuan

c)

Song → Sui → Yuan → Tang

d)

Han → Song → Tang → Sui

22.

What system tied peasants to land owned by nobles in medieval Europe, providing labor in exchange for protection?

a)

Manorialism

b)

Tenant farming

c)

Serfdom

d)

Slavery

23.

A long-term source of tension between the Ottoman and Safavid Empires was

a)

disputes over European alliances

b)

religious differences between Sunni and Shi’a Islam

c)

competition for North American colonies

d)

Mongol invasions

24.

European demand for Chinese goods such as tea and porcelain in the 1700s resulted in

a)

China relying on European manufactured goods

b)

a trade imbalance favoring China

c)

Europeans avoiding Chinese imports

d)

China lowering tariffs

25.

How did the Mongols influence trade across Eurasia?

a)

They established strict closed borders

b)

They increased safety on the Silk Roads

c)

They destroyed most trade cities

d)

They restricted merchants by ethnicity

26.

Which statement accurately describes the Mongol Empire?

a)

It was smaller than most earlier Asian empires

b)

It was the largest continuous land empire in world history

c)

It forced cultural uniformity

d)

It focused entirely on naval power

27.

Which sequence of major events is in correct order?

a)

Fall of Rome → Feudalism → Crusades → Black Death

b)

Crusades → Fall of Rome → Renaissance → Feudalism

c)

Black Death → Crusades → Feudalism → Renaissance

d)

Renaissance → Feudalism → Roman Empire → Crusades

28.

Newton’s law of universal gravitation helped explain

a)

how planets remain in orbit

b)

the cause of earthquakes

c)

how blood circulates

d)

why eclipses stop occurring

29.

Which characteristic is shared by both the Ottoman and Mughal Empires?

a)

Majority Christian population

b)

Expansion using gunpowder weapons

c)

No support for the arts

d)

Strong naval domination

30.

Which factor most contributed to the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire?

a)

Inca iron weaponry

b)

Spanish immunity to diseases

c)

European diseases and superior weapons

d)

Inca naval weakness

31.

Which trade network expanded dramatically under Mongol rule?

a)

Trans-Saharan trade

b)

Mediterranean trade

c)

Silk Roads

d)

Triangular Trade

32.

European overseas expansion was MOST directly motivated by

a)

fear of Mongol invasion

b)

desire for Asian luxury goods

c)

pressure from African kingdoms

d)

spread of English language

33.

Which region benefited most from the introduction of the horse, brought by Europeans during the Columbian Exchange?

a)

East Asia

b)

Sub-Saharan Africa

c)

North America

d)

Europe

34.

Which European nation established trading posts around Africa before reaching India by sea?

a)

Spain

b)

France

c)

Portugal

d)

England

35.

Which agricultural product became crucial to Mesoamerican civilizations?

a)

Wheat

b)

Corn (maize)

c)

Potatoes

d)

Rice

36.

The manorial system of medieval Europe can best be described as

a)

a self-sufficient agricultural estate

b)

a merchant guild system

c)

an early democracy

d)

a banking structure

37.

Which was a major result of increased global trade during the 1500s and 1600s?

a)

Decline of capitalism

b)

Rise of joint-stock companies

c)

End of Atlantic slavery

d)

Collapse of European monarchies

38.

Which belief stated that a king’s authority came directly from God?

a)

Social Contract

b)

Mercantilism

c)

Divine Right

d)

Predestination

39.

The Reconquista resulted in

a)

Muslim control of Iberia

b)

the removal of Muslim rule from Spain

c)

Mongol rule over Portugal

d)

the collapse of Catholicism in Iberia

40.

Filial piety in Confucianism emphasized

a)

loyalty to rulers over family

b)

respect for parents and ancestors

c)

rejecting authority

d)

worship of nature spirits

41.

Humanism during the Renaissance emphasized

a)

individual potential and classical learning

b)

loyalty to feudal lords

c)

rejection of classical writings

d)

monastic obedience

42.

Which factor best explains why the Renaissance began in Italian city-states?

a)

Strong monarchy

b)

Access to wealth from Mediterranean trade

c)

Isolation from Muslim scholars

d)

Absence of the Catholic Church

43.

Which Renaissance figure pioneered printing technology that increased literacy across Europe?

a)

Leonardo da Vinci

b)

Gutenberg

c)

Shakespeare

d)

Machiavelli

44.

Which statement best describes the impact of Martin Luther’s 95 Theses?

a)

They strengthened papal authority

b)

They triggered the Protestant Reformation

c)

They expanded Muslim influence in Europe

d)

They united all German princes

45.

The Catholic Counter-Reformation responded to Protestantism by

a)

eliminating the clergy

b)

ending the sale of indulgences

c)

creating new religious orders

d)

abandoning church councils

46.

Which scientist challenged the geocentric model by supporting heliocentrism?

a)

Descartes

b)

Galileo

c)

Newton

d)

Boyle

47.

Which statement reflects the major shift in thinking during the Scientific Revolution?

a)

Emphasis on traditional church authority

b)

Acceptance of superstition

c)

Use of reason and observation to discover natural laws

d)

Reliance solely on ancient Greek texts

48.

Which Enlightenment thinker argued for separation of powers within government?

a)

Locke

b)

Hobbes

c)

Montesquieu

d)

Rousseau

49.

Locke believed that all humans are entitled to

a)

absolute monarchy

b)

natural rights

c)

military service

d)

hereditary titles

50.

Which Enlightenment thinker believed government should reflect the general will of the people?

a)

Hobbes

b)

Locke

c)

Rousseau

d)

Voltaire

51.

Which idea most challenged the authority of the Catholic Church during the Scientific Revolution?

a)

Feudalism

b)

Heliocentrism

c)

Divine Right

d)

Mercantilism

52.

Why did the heliocentric theory anger many religious authorities?

a)

It supported circular orbits

b)

It contradicted scripture

c)

It required advanced mathematics

d)

It ignored ancient maps

53.

Newton’s discoveries contributed to which long-term development?

a)

Decline of mathematics

b)

Growth of modern science

c)

Abandonment of astronomy

d)

Revival of feudalism

54.

Which Renaissance writer argued that rulers should use any means necessary to maintain power?

a)

Shakespeare

b)

Machiavelli

c)

Petrarch

d)

Moore

55.

Which artistic technique allowed Renaissance artists to create depth in paintings?

a)

Fresco

b)

Mosaic

c)

Perspective

d)

Tempera

56.

The Protestant Reformation ultimately led to

a)

political unity in Europe

b)

religious fragmentation and war

c)

the end of monarchy

d)

the collapse of Catholicism

57.

Which invention most helped spread new ideas during the Reformation and Scientific Revolution?

a)

Astrolabe

b)

Printing press

c)

Compass

d)

Telescope

58.

Which explorer’s voyage connected the Eastern and Western Hemispheres in 1492?

a)

Vasco da Gama

b)

Columbus

c)

Zheng He

d)

Magellan

59.

Which empire expanded significantly under Akbar due to religious tolerance and administrative reform?

a)

Ottoman

b)

Mughal

c)

Aztec

d)

Spanish

60.

Which Ottoman practice recruited Christian boys to be trained as elite soldiers and administrators?

a)

Caste system

b)

Samurai code

c)

Devshirme

d)

Reconquista

61.

Which characteristic best defines absolute monarchy?

a)

Power is shared among elected officials

b)

Monarch’s authority is limited by law

c)

Monarch has centralized, unchecked power

d)

Citizens elect their rulers

62.

The Glorious Revolution resulted in

a)

absolute monarchy

b)

constitutional monarchy

c)

removal of Parliament

d)

dictatorship

63.

Peter the Great modernized Russia primarily by

a)

banning Western influence

b)

adopting Western technology

c)

reducing the army

d)

closing seaports

64.

Louis XIV used the Palace of Versailles mainly to

a)

house foreign ambassadors

b)

centralize nobles and control them

c)

train soldiers

d)

negotiate with the Pope

65.

The Columbian Exchange refers to

a)

Atlantic slave trade only

b)

transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between hemispheres

c)

exchange of Asian spices

d)

trade between Europe and Africa only

66.

Which was a major effect of the Atlantic slave trade on West Africa?

a)

Rapid population growth

b)

Political destabilization

c)

Increased industrialization

d)

Decline of European influence

67.

What enabled Europeans to conquer large American empires?

a)

Larger populations

b)

Superior weapons and disease resistance

c)

Stronger navies

d)

Shared culture with natives

68.

Which empire reached its height under Suleiman, expanding into Europe, Africa, and the Middle East?

a)

Mughal

b)

Ottoman

c)

Safavid

d)

Byzantine

69.

Joint-stock companies helped finance exploration by

a)

taxing peasants

b)

pooling investors’ money to reduce risk

c)

requiring royal approval

d)

limiting trade

70.

Mercantilism encouraged nations to

a)

import more than they exported

b)

export more than they imported

c)

eliminate colonies

d)

discourage manufacturing

71.

Which document placed limits on English royal power in 1689?

a)

English Bill of Rights

b)

Magna Carta

c)

Petition of Right

d)

Act of Settlement

72.

Which absolute ruler attempted to westernize Russia’s military, dress, and technology?

a)

Catherine the Great

b)

Ivan the Terrible

c)

Peter the Great

d)

Philip II

73.

Which Enlightenment thinker promoted religious tolerance and free speech?

a)

Voltaire

b)

Hobbes

c)

Rousseau

d)

Machiavelli

74.

What common goal did the Ottomans, Mughals, and Safavids share?

a)

Desire to end trade

b)

Expansion through gunpowder technology

c)

Conversion to Christianity

d)

Opposition to Islam

75.

Which major conflict weakened Europe's Church authority and shifted political power to monarchs?

a)

Protestant Reformation

b)

100 Years War

c)

Reconquista

d)

Crusades

76.

In feudal Europe, the primary role of knights was to

a)

farm land

b)

serve as military protectors

c)

collect taxes

d)

enforce church law

77.

What caused the decline of the Byzantine Empire?

a)

Mongol conquest

b)

Fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans

c)

Black Death

d)

Viking raids

78.

Which Mesoamerican crop became essential for European diets after 1500?

a)

Rice

b)

Potatoes

c)

Corn

d)

Tomatoes

79.

Why did many absolute monarchs create large standing armies?

a)

To improve trade networks

b)

To enforce centralized control

c)

To stop scientific discovery

d)

To expand public voting

80.

Which long-term consequence resulted from Mongol rule in Russia?

a)

End of Orthodox Christianity

b)

Isolation from Western Europe

c)

Spread of democracy

d)

Loss of Slavic culture

81.

How did the Crusades indirectly contribute to the rise of the Renaissance?

a)

They weakened trade routes

b)

They exposed Europeans to new ideas and goods

c)

They increased feudal loyalty

d)

They unified Christian churches

82.

Which statement best explains why serfdom declined in Western Europe after the Black Death?

a)

Nobles gained more power

b)

Labor shortages gave peasants bargaining power

c)

Monarchs abolished taxes

d)

The Church outlawed serfdom

83.

Which reform did Akbar implement to strengthen the Mughal Empire?

a)

Forced conversion to Islam

b)

Religious tolerance policies

c)

Abolishing trade routes

d)

Enforcing European laws

84.

Which major effect did the printing press have on Europe?

a)

Increased power of nobles

b)

Faster spread of new ideas

c)

Decline in literacy

d)

Return to feudal wars

85.

Which economic system relied on colonies supplying raw materials to the mother country?

a)

Mercantilism

b)

Capitalism

c)

Socialism

d)

Feudalism

86.

Why did European rulers support ocean exploration during the Age of Discovery?

a)

To avoid Renaissance ideas

b)

To find direct trade routes to Asia

c)

To spread feudalism

d)

To convert Europeans to Islam

87.

Which factor most contributed to the success of the Ottoman military?

a)

chariots

b)

janissaries trained from youth

c)

Viking technology

d)

naval-free strategy

88.

Which empire sent Admiral Zheng He on large-scale voyages across the Indian Ocean?

a)

Ming China

b)

Mughal India

c)

Ottoman Empire

d)

Portugal

89.

What was a major similarity between Peter the Great and Louis XIV?

a)

Both limited taxes

b)

Both weakened nobles to centralize power

c)

Both expanded the rights of commoners

d)

Both adopted democratic reforms

90.

Why did the Treaty of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?

a)

It ended the Crusades

b)

It weakened the Catholic Church’s political influence

c)

It began the Scientific Revolution

d)

It unified Germany under one ruler

91.

Which empire’s decline created a power vacuum that allowed the Ottoman Empire to expand?

a)

Roman Empire

b)

Byzantine Empire

c)

Ming Dynasty

d)

Mongol Empire

92.

Which Enlightenment idea most threatened absolute monarchs?

a)

Divine right

b)

Social contract

c)

Predestination

d)

Mercantilism

93.

What was the primary purpose of European-built palaces like Versailles?

a)

Promote agricultural reform

b)

Demonstrate royal power

c)

Provide public housing

d)

Train merchants

94.

Which aspect of Maya, Aztec, and Inca civilizations shows their agricultural innovation?

a)

irrigation canals and terrace farming

b)

reliance on European tools

c)

complete nomadism

d)

use of horse-drawn plows

95.

Which best explains why Portugal and Spain led early exploration?

a)

They had strong papal armies

b)

Their access to the Atlantic encouraged maritime innovation

c)

They already controlled most of Asia

d)

They had the world’s largest navies

96.

Which development most weakened feudal lords during the High Middle Ages?

a)

Rise of towns and trade

b)

Decline of church influence

c)

Spread of plague immunity

d)

Invention of concrete

97.

What major impact did the Columbian Exchange have on Europe?

a)

Massive population decline

b)

Introduction of high-calorie foods

c)

Loss of political stability

d)

Destruction of cities

98.

Which factor allowed Islam to spread rapidly across the Middle East in the 600s–700s?

a)

Weakening of Byzantine and Persian empires

b)

Isolationist trade policies

c)

Mongol alliances

d)

Chinese invasions

99.

Which accomplishment is associated with Suleiman the Magnificent?

a)

Rejecting all legal reform

b)

Expanding the Ottoman Empire and supporting the arts

c)

Ending Islam in the Middle East

d)

Conquering Ming China

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