Font size
Worksheetspsiho evo- quiz 1,2,3
Total questions: 136
Worksheet time: 1hrs 8mins
Which of the following questions is NOT a focus of evolutionary psychology?
Why is the mind designed the way that it is?
How do the components of the mind interact with the environment?
What is the relationship between the human mind and the Big Bang?
What are the functions of the components of the human mind?
Evolution refers to _________.
changes over time in organic structure
differences between species
changes over time in the shape of the human skull
differences between men and women
Change in life forms over time was postulated __________.
first by Darwin
well before Darwin’s time
well after Darwin’s time
first by George Williams
Which of the following arguments did Lamarck present?
Species originate from microscopic algae.
Species progress toward a lower form.
acquisition of inherited characteristics
inheritance of acquired characteristics
According to Cuvier’s theory of catastrophism, species are __________.
extinguished by sudden catastrophes and replaced by different species
irradiated by sudden catastrophes, thereafter replacing other species
extinguished by gradual elimination due to disease, leaving room for new species
irradiated and extinguished, and replaced by the same species
Which of the following clues to change in organic structure over time were not known or noted prior to Darwin?
cross-species structural similarities
cross-species embryological similarities
apparent function of traits
mechanism to explain change in organic structure over time
Which of the following is NOT an example of genetic drift?
natural selection
founder effect
genetic bottleneck
mutation
Which of the following is NOT one of the three essential processes identified by Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection?
variation
particulation
selection
inheritance
________ provides the “raw materials” for evolution.
Variation
Particulation
Selection
Inheritance
For evolution to work, successful variations must be __________, or passed down reliably from parent to offspring.
variated
particulated
selected
inherited
The process of __________ refers to the component of Darwin’s theory of evolution that states that organisms with some heritable attributes leave more offspring because those attributes help with the tasks of survival and reproduction.
variation
particulation
selection
inheritance
In contrast to the theory of natural selection, which focused on adaptations that have arisen as a consequence of successful survival, the theory of ____________ focused on adaptations that have arisen as a consequence of successful mating.
sexual selection
internal selection
external selection
social selection
The work of Gregor Mendel documented that __________.
evolution is unlikely to have occurred in pea plants
evolution is unlikely to have occurred in pea genes
inheritance is particulate, not blended
inheritance is blended, not particulate
A ________ is the smallest discrete unit that is inherited by offspring intact, without being broken up or blended.
genotype
phenotype
meme
gene
Ethologists are interested in four key issues, which became known as the four “whys” of behavior advanced by Niko Tinbergen, a founder of ethology. Which of the following is not one of the four “whys” of behavior?
imprinted influences of behavior
immediate influences of behavior
developmental influences of behavior
function of behavior
According to Hamilton (1954), ________ is the sum of classical fitness plus the effects the individual's actions have on the reproductive success of his or her genetic relatives, weighted by the degree of genetic relatedness.
direct fitness
indirect fitness
inclusive fitness
exclusive fitness
Which of the following relatives is least related to you, genetically?
grandmother
niece
half-brother
first cousin
Williams’s (1966) book clarified the concept of ________, an evolved solution to a specific problem that contributes directly or indirectly to successful reproduction.
genetic drift
byproduct
adaptation
exaptation
Which of the following theories was not presented by Trivers in the early 1970s?
theory of parental investment
theory of gene selection
theory of reciprocal altruism
theory of parent-offspring conflict
Edward O. Wilson’s 1975 book ignited controversy for the assertion that much of human behavior could be explained by __________.
socialization
evolutionary biology
inclusive fitness theory
ethology
The last chapter on humans in Edward O. Wilson’s 1975 book was __________.
based on research documenting the importance of cognition in human behavior
based on little empirical work
controversial because it portrayed humans as being subject to different evolutionary forces than other animals
controversial because it did not account for the role of culture in shaping behavior
Which of the following is NOT a misunderstanding of evolutionary theory?
genetic determinism
Behavior is impervious to change.
Adaptations are optimally designed.
Adaptations are designed to confront environmental problems.
Genetic determinism implies that __________.
genes determine behavior
behavior is caused by the interaction of genes and environment
culture determines all behavior
if a trait is natural, it is "good"
Human behavior cannot occur without which of the following sets of two ingredients?
culture and socialization
psychological machinery and natural selection
adaptations and environmental input
environmental input and developmental activation
Knowledge about evolved social psychological adaptations __________.
provides evidence that genes play the most important role in shaping behavior
suggests that humans are different from all other animals
suggests that behavior is not modifiable
gives us power to change targeted behaviors
Which of the following does not describe evolved psychological mechanisms?
Evolved psychological mechanisms are optimally designed.
Evolved psychological mechanisms are not optimally designed because of evolutionary time lags.
Evolved psychological mechanisms are associated with costs.
Adaptations work reasonably well at solving adaptive problems.
Which of the following is not a critical development in the evolutionary history of humans?
descent from mammals
bipedal locomotion
development of agriculture
brain expansion
The common ancestor of all modern humans can be traced back to __________ years ago.
35–40 thousand
120–150 thousand
27 million
30 million
William James was one of the first to posit that humans have ________ instincts than/from other animals.
fewer
equal but different
more
different
Behaviorism was a direct reaction to __________.
Darwin’s theory of natural selection
the cognitive revolution
classical conditioning
James’s psychology of instincts
Classical conditioning differed from operant conditioning in the role given to _________ in human behavior.
reinforcement
radical behaviorism
culture
instincts
Behaviorists believed that __________.
all behavior is instinctual, but can be modified by learning
reflexes are the only instincts
a general ability to learn is the only instinct
there are no instincts
Margaret Mead was famous for __________.
her fieldwork studying Antarctic cultures
claiming to have found cultures with reversed sex roles, and with no fighting, murder, or sexual jealousy
debunking findings of cultures with reversed sex roles
her writings on the thoughts, behaviors, and rituals on which learning could operate
Harry Harlow used the theory behind operant conditioning to predict incorrectly that __________.
monkeys would prefer a wire mesh mother that dispensed food
monkeys would prefer a wire mesh mother with a soft cloth cover that did not dispense food
monkeys would withdraw from, and be frightened by, both wire mesh mothers
monkeys would prefer both wire mesh mothers equally
The Garcia effect refers to __________.
the ability to condition humans to fear things such as snakes and electrical outlets
taking into account the role of learning in conditioning fears
the fact that humans are wired to learn all things equally well
the ability to learn some things more easily than others
Which of the following did not coalesce into the cognitive revolution?
violations of the fundamental laws of learning
underlying structures for language that are invariable across cultures
technology such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that allowed psychologists to "peer" into the minds of humans
the rise of computers
The cognitive revolution is synonymous with __________.
neurobiology
information processing
computers
domain-general learning
Combinatorial explosion refers to __________.
the number of behaviors possible in any one situation caused by combining two or more sequential possibilities
the explosion of life on the planet about 4 billion years ago
the problem of not having enough domain-specific programming to account for the entire range of possible human behavior
general-purpose learning mechanisms capable of an infinite range of behaviors
Scientists have brought three fundamental sources of evidence to bear on testing theories about origins of modern humans out of Africa. Which of the following is not one of these sources?
anatomical evidence
archeological evidence
anthropological evidence
genetic evidence
Which of the following is the theory of human origins which has received much support from archeological evidence, though recent genetic evidence has refuted its exclusivity as a full explanation?
out of Africa
multiregional continuity
North American bottleneck
creative explosion
All adaptations are selected for, and evolve, because they __________.
result in more muscular animals
promote the good of the species
increase the intelligence of the species
promote inclusive fitness
Which of the following theories is the only known scientific theory that can explain adaptations?
seeding theory
evolution by natural selection
inclusive fitness theory
creationism
Which of the following is not a product of evolution by natural selection?
adaptations
sexual selection
byproducts
random effects
Adaptations must have which of the following characteristics?
must be present at birth
must be associated with one particular gene
must develop reliably
must be easily identifiable
Five characteristics of an adaptation include __________.
function, efficiency, economy, precision, and reliability
mutation, byproducts, economy, genetic drift, and function
mutation, efficiency, reliability, function, and economy
function, efficiency, economy, inclusive fitness, and optimality
The environment of evolutionary adaptedness refers to __________.
a time when humans evolved toward a common ancestor with chimpanzees
a specific period of human evolution when all adaptations emerged
the statistical composite of selection pressures that occurred during an adaptation’s period of evolution responsible for producing the adaptation
the environment that is necessary for an adaptation to emerge
Adaptations initially start as __________.
other adaptations
genetic mutations
byproducts
noise
Time periods associated with environments of evolutionary adaptedness are __________.
invariable
specific to a time and place
not unique to each adaptation
unique to each adaptation
Byproducts __________.
do not solve adaptive problems and have no functional design
do not solve adaptive problems but do have functional design
do solve adaptive problems and have no functional design
do solve adaptive problems and do have functional design
Which of the following is an example of a byproduct?
light produced by a light bulb
yawning produced by being tired
bellybutton produced by umbilical cord
calluses produced by friction
What is the first level of analysis in evolutionary psychology and evolutionary biology?
theory of parental investment
theory of reciprocal altruism
inclusive fitness theory
theory of parent-offspring conflict
General evolutionary theory would be proven false if which of the following facts were uncovered?
Men and women do not differ in the affection they report towards their partners.
Adaptations emerged in time periods too short for natural selection to have operated.
Lamarck’s theory about acquired characteristics was found to be true.
Humans had group-level adaptations.
Which of the following theories predicts psychological differences between men and women?
theory of reciprocal altruism
theory of parent-offspring conflict
theory of parental investment
inclusive fitness theory
The __________ an organism invests in parenting, the __________ it has to lose by making a bad mate choice.
more; more
less; more
first time; less
more; less
In which of following species do males make greater investments in their offspring than females?
poison dart frog
kangaroo
zebra finch
pipefish seahorse
All of the following hypotheses can be generated based on women’s preference for men with high status except __________.
women will value qualities known to be linked with the acquisition of resources
women will gaze more at higher-status males
women will be interested in sexual intercourse earlier in the relationship when the male is of higher status
women will be less likely to divorce husbands who fail to provide resources
The first step in the top-down strategy of testing hypotheses is __________.
test predictions based on the hypothesis
develop a hypothesis about adaptive function based on a known observation
derive a hypothesis from existing theory
evaluate whether empirical results confirm predictions
The first step in the bottom-up strategy of testing hypotheses is __________.
test predictions based on the hypothesis
develop a hypothesis about adaptive function based on a known observation
derive a hypothesis from existing theory
evaluate whether empirical results confirm predictions
Men prefer a(n) __________ waist-to-hip ratio than women do.
equal
smaller
larger
more masculine
An evolved psychological mechanism that led to a successful solution in the evolutionary past __________ lead to a successful solution now.
must
will always
may or may not
cannot
Identifying an evolved psychological mechanism requires an identification of its __________.
function
physiological characteristics
component parts
current utility
Problem specificity of adaptive mechanisms tends to be favored over generality for the following reasons except __________.
general solutions fail to guide the organism to the correct adaptive solutions
general solutions lead to too many errors and are costly to the organism
general solutions are always anatomically more complex
a successful solution differs from problem to problem
The __________ mechanisms we have, the __________ the range of behaviors we can perform.
more, smaller
fewer, greater
fewer, larger
more, greater
Domain-general mechanisms can be characterized by all of the following statements except __________.
they are difficult to identify because there are no domain-general problems
the study of domain-generality has not been as fruitful an avenue of scientific pursuit as domainspecificity
they do not exist
several domain-specific mechanisms working together may appear to be domain-general
Are learning and evolved psychological mechanisms mutually exclusive explanations of human behavior, and why or why not?
Yes, because evolved psychological mechanisms are reflexes and do not require input from the environment, unlike learning.
Yes, because learning overrides our evolved psychological mechanisms.
No, because evolved psychological mechanisms are learned during development.
No, because learning requires the presence of evolved psychological mechanisms to occur.
Which of the following cues was shown to have the most influence on incest avoidance behaviors?
degree of genetic relatedness
duration of co-residence with a member of the opposite sex during childhood
parents passing on knowledge of which individuals are unsuitable for mating
amount of time spent playing together during adolescence
Psychological mechanisms are theorized to have access only to the information stored within them, and cannot access information contained in other psychological mechanisms except via information-sharing mechanisms. This phenomenon is referred to as __________.
compartmentalization
repression
subconscious
encapsulation
Male chimpanzees have relatively __________ testes than human males because of the greater selection pressure of female promiscuity in chimpanzees.
larger
smaller
equal
fewer
Sperm competition is generally present in all of the following species except _________
exclusively monogamous species
moderately monogamous species
polygamous species
promiscuous species
Which data source for testing evolutionary hypotheses can be clouded by social desirability motives?
human products
archeological evidence
self-report data
public records
Which of the following is not a class of adaptive problems?
problems of life
problems of mating
problems of parental investment
problems of survival and growth
Adaptive problems are challenges that must be overcome for _________.
survival of the fittest
continuation of the species
reproduction or aid in reproduction
self-actualization
Which of the following is not an adaptive problem caused by an evolutionary history of social hierarchies?
protection of one’s resources
preventing upstarts from usurping one’s status
preventing defection from reciprocally altruistic relationships
attracting a mate
A task analysis posits which of the following questions:
For this structure to occur, what cognitive and behavioral tasks must be solved?
What tasks must be present for an adaptation to operate?
Why do certain tasks elicit vastly different behaviors?
What is the general task that all psychological mechanisms serve?
The input to an evolved psychological mechanism __________.
can be cues in the external environment or output from other psychological mechanisms
is transformed through decision rules
is extremely narrow and limited in scope
all of the above
Which type of cross-cultural study comparison was necessary to distinguish between the social roles hypothesis and the hunting hypothesis explanations of the function of mental rotation skills?
comparing cultures that vary in average happiness
comparing cultures that vary in gender equality
comparing cultures that vary in parasite load
comparing cultures that vary in reproductive rate
Cross-cultural studies can be used to test evolutionary hypotheses in each of the following ways EXCEPT __________.
to determine whether a trait was created by culture or evolution
to test whether ecologically dependent adaptations produce predicted differences across cultures
to compare the explanatory efficacy of competing evolutionary theories for a given phenomenon
to determine whether an adaptation hypothesized to be universal is present in all humans
Using physiological measurement techniques, such as hormonal assays, evolutionary psychologists can __________.
determine whether a trait or behavior is evolved or not
measure proximal influences on an evolved trait or behavior
see ultimate causation in action
illustrate the phylogeny of a trait under investigation
As predicted from an evolutionary perspective, a study by Flinn and colleagues documented that children living with a stepparent have _______ levels of _________ than children living with biological parents.
lower; testosterone
higher; testosterone
lower; cortisol
higher; cortisol
Which of the following is a limitation of brain imaging techniques for measuring psychological variables?
They currently cannot be used to test predictions from an evolutionary perspective.
They cannot measure differences within participants, only between groups.
Participants must remain immobile when they are exposed to stimuli.
all of the above
Behavioral genetics methods can test the evolutionary hypothesis that girls growing up without an investing father shift to earlier onset of menarche and sexual behavior. Which of the following behavioral genetics findings would refute this hypothesis?
Identical twin sisters raised together enter menarche at the same age, but identical twin sisters raised apart show less similar onset ages for menarche.
The environmental component of menarche onset is larger than the genetic component.
The genetic component of menarche onset is larger than the environmental component.
Age of onset of menarche is not correlated between girls and their biological mothers.
Recent studies in molecular genetics have revealed that the 7R allele of the DRD4 gene has been linked to extraversion and novelty-seeking. Evolutionary psychologists hypothesized that such traits would have been adaptive in exploiting novel environments. Which of the following results was documented that supported this prediction?
The 7R allele is more common among nomadic populations than sedentary populations.
Easterners are more likely to possess the 7R allele than Westerners.
Women are more likely to possess the 7R allele than men.
The 7R allele is only expressed in childhood but not adulthood.
Modern molecular genetics methods have been used to increase our knowledge of recent human evolution in which of the following ways?
to show that selection in humans has been accelerating over the past 10,000 years
to identify the genes responsible for lactose intolerance
to compare competing theories for the timeline of human origins out of Africa
all of the above
Hostile forces of nature include all of the following except _________.
parasites
predators
kin
bad weather
Folk biology is a term used to describe _________.
the intuition that living things come in discrete packets that correspond to distinct species
the application of popular biological concepts to everyday living
the intuition that multiple biological concepts can be integrated into one unifying concept
cognitive adaptations that are interpretable from various theoretical frameworks
Humans begin to show an understanding of folk biology around the age of __________.
three
five
ten
fourteen
Folk biology is likely to be __________.
a byproduct
an adaptation
a highly variable phenomenon across cultures
a tendency to disbelieve in biological properties as having evolved
Plants produce toxins as a(n) __________.
byproduct of other nutrients being absorbed into the plant
method of storing nutrients that they may need
adaptation for reducing the likelihood of getting eaten
adaptation for chemical warfare against other plants
Which of the following is NOT an adaptation for sharing food?
a strategy of courtship
a sign of closeness in relationships
a method of unburdening oneself from food preparation
a means of reducing conflict with rivals
The probable function of psychological mechanisms designed to produce disgust is _________.
signaling to others dislike of something
expelling toxins
providing an emotional cue to damaging toxins
protecting the body against ingesting or coming into contact with toxins
Which of the following was presented as evidence that humans may have evolved the ability to suppress their disgust reaction?
Women were willing to eat chocolate when formed in the shape of dog feces.
Mothers rated the smell of their own infants’ feces as less disgusting than the feces of other infants, even when mislabeled.
Children tend to put novel items into their mouths, even those items which are considered disgusting by adults.
Humans have never resorted to cannibalism, no matter how dire the circumstances.
The antimicrobial hypothesis predicts that _________.
individuals will spice foods more in colder climates
individuals will spice foods more in hotter climates
individuals will be more averse to microbes in hotter climates
individuals will be more averse to microbes in colder climates
Rates of bacterial food poisoning are _______ in cultures with fewer spices.
higher
lower
equal
not present
The frugivory-product hypothesis predicts that __________.
drinking alcohol is an adaptation designed to reduce parasite loads
drinking alcohol is a byproduct of adaptive preferences for decreased inhibition
drinking alcohol is an adaptation designed to increase the likelihood of gaining access to attractive mates
drinking alcohol is a byproduct of adaptive preferences for ripe fruits
Pregnancy sickness is an adaptation for __________.
avoiding toxins that could harm the mother
avoiding toxins that could harm the developing baby
decreasing demands on fathers to test their willingness to invest in offspring
increasing the likelihood that a mother will spontaneously abort an unwanted fetus
Women who do not have pregnancy sickness during the first trimester of their pregnancy are __________ likely to experience a spontaneous abortion.
three times more
three times less
thirty times more
thirty times less
The embryo protection hypothesis predicts that women who failed to protect embryos in ancestral environments would have __________.
failed to survive long enough to reproduce
failed to become our ancestors
had a more difficult time attracting mates than women who could protect embryos
invested more in other relatives’ offspring
The __________ hypothesis predicts the greatest range of human behavior.
hunting
gathering
provisioning
scavenging
Which of the following hypotheses predicts that meat was not a key feature of ancestral diets?
gathering
provisioning
scavenging
none of the above
Which of the following lines of evidence does not suggest an evolutionary history of meat eating?
human fossil evidence
animal fossils evidence
the modern psychology of some animals to avoid humans
modern vitamin deficiencies
Selection acts more strongly on men than on women because __________.
women have greater variability in reproduction
men have greater variability in reproduction
men are larger than women
men die sooner than women
The provisioning hypothesis suggests that ___________.
humans have been designed by natural selection to provision their offspring
males are unique among primates in their relative parental investment in children
males supply food to competitors to gain social status among members of their group
females maintain closer proximity to males who share meat because they benefit from their hunting skills
Hunting can account for the emergence of all but which of the following patterns of human behavior?
maternal investment
sexual division of labor
male coalitions
social exchange
The showoff hypothesis and hunting hypothesis are competing explanations in that __________.
one argues that men provided for their families and the other that men provided food to nonfamily members to gain social benefits through increased status
one argues that men should spend less time hunting and the other, more
one argues that the majority of caloric intake is through meat and the other through vegetables
one argues that women should be impressed by a male’s hunting prowess and the other that women should not be impressed by a male’s hunting prowess
The gathering hypothesis suggests a greater role for__________ in the evolution of human behavior.
spatial skills
men
social exchange
women
Which of the following could be presented as evidence for evolved psychological mechanisms designed specifically for gathering that can be found in women today?
Children, when presented with both meat and plant products, tend to eat more plant products.
Women prefer the taste of plant products more than men.
Women locate specific plants within a large complex array more quickly and accurately than men.
Women take longer to memorize the scientific names of plants than men, but tend to remember them for an extended period of time.
key predictor of the amount of time a woman spends foraging is __________.
How much food her female kin have collected
The amount of food her husband brings back from a hunt
How well she scores on spatial tasks including location memory
Her interest and enjoyment of foraging for food
The !Kung practice of “the owner of the arrow is the owner of the meat” is the type of custom expected by the __________ hypothesis.
handicap
gathering
showoff
provisioning
Scavenging __________ hunting as a major source of food acquisition in ancestral environments.
rivaled
did not rival
replaced
was replaced by
The savanna hypothesis states that selection favored __________.
preferences to settle in environments with abundant resources
preferences to settle on islands
humans who did not prefer to settle in resource-rich environments
better spatial skills in resource-rich environments
Which of the following is not a stage in habitat selection?
location
evaluation
selection
settlement
Which of the following instances of fear and anxiety does NOT afford protection?
freezing or becoming immobile
aggressive defense
submission or appeasement
social contact
What is the adaptive function of fainting as a fear response?
signaling to an attacker that one is not a threat
becoming alert, watchful, and vigilant
remaining still to trick predators sensitive to motion cues
raising blood pressure and heart rate for a surprise escape attempt
Which of the following fear responses appears to be unique to humans?
freeze
appease
fright
faint
What is the most likely adaptive function that separation anxiety served in young children?
maintaining proximity to a caregiver
benefiting through the experience of a caregiver
increasing food consumption
avoiding ingestion of teratogens
Women show ________ fear of events that could lead to injury compared to men because __________.
less; women would have encountered such events less frequently throughout our evolutionary past
less; women have evolved more defenses against such attacks
greater; women have evolved a more cautious strategy whereas men have evolved to take greater risks
The adaptive conservatism hypothesis has been used to explain __________.
the human tendency to take few risks
the human tendency to overgeneralize dangers to unlikely triggers
the human tendency to overstate one’s social importance
the human tendency to overstate the political objectives of allies and foes
Fever is an adaptive response designed to __________.
deter closely related individuals from coming near you
increase aid from one’s kin
reduce the amount of iron in one’s blood
reduce the effects of various diseases
Senescence refers to __________.
the deterioration of all bodily mechanisms as an organism ages
humans’ fears related to adaptive problems in ancestral environments
an elevated amount of iron in one’s blood
the process whereby a gene can have two or more effects
Elevated testosterone early in life can __________ in later life.
have beneficial effects
have no effects
have detrimental effects
be higher
Selection is weaker later in life because __________.
most reproduction has already occurred
little empirical work has examined the effects selection had on older adults
selection operates more strongly on women than on men
there are fewer men alive later in life
Selection acts more strongly on men than on women because __________.
women have greater variability in reproduction
men have greater variability in reproduction
men are larger than women
men die sooner than women
De Catanzaro found that the frequency of sex is __________ correlated with suicidal ideation in young men.
positively
not
negatively
falsely
De Catanzaro argues that suicide will be most likely to occur when __________.
an individual is away from home
an individual is middle-aged
an individual has too many burdens posed by dependent children
an individual perceives an inability to contribute to his or her own inclusive fitness
________ are much more likely to commit suicide when they _______________.
Men; experience an unexpected status gain
Men; are of old age
Women; are of old age
Women; are menstruating
Which of the following is a piece of evidence indicating that food sharing is important to mating?
Stone tools have been consistently found in the same sites as bones from large game animals.
Divorcing men for a failure to provide food is not uncommon in tribal groups.
Humans’ diets generally consist of 20–40 percent meat.
Men generally engage in most or all of the hunting while women do most of the gathering.
How do human and rat infants solve the adaptive problem of food-seeking?
by getting all their calories from their mother’s milk
by growing a temporary set of "baby" teeth that are replaced with permanent teeth later in life
by delaying the development of specialized taste receptors
by exhibiting taste neophilia: the preference for novel tastes
Which of the following tastes is associated with the most calorically dense food?
salty
bitter
sour
sweet
The fact that children everywhere need to be coaxed into eating certain foods, such as broccoli and Brussels sprouts, is likely due to which of the following proposed adaptations?
the potlatch effect
the provisioning hypothesis
taste neophobia
taste neophilia
Why would women possess a lower threshold for disgust than men?
because men possess other adaptations that help them avoid disease: namely, lower sensation seeking
because their immune systems are less robust than men’s
because they have to take care of infants and children who have less developed immune systems
all of the above
Which of the following pieces of evidence illustrates that disgust is still adaptive in the current environment?
People who are most easily disgusted have fewer infections.
Babies show evidence of disgust from birth.
Women are more easily disgusted than men by disease-carrying objects.
People find more materials in the modern environment to be disgusting than materials found in ancestral environments.
When a rat eats a familiar food and a novel food at the same time and illness is induced, it subsequently ____________.
avoids the familiar food
avoids the novel food
avoids all food for about twenty-four hours
increases foraging behavior
Which of the following represents evidence for Profet’s pregnancy sickness hypothesis?
The foods that pregnant women find most disgusting are the ones most likely to contain toxins.
Pregnancy sickness peaks two to four weeks after conception.
Women who do not experience pregnancy sickness are more likely to experience a spontaneous abortion.
all of the above
Which of the following, if found, would not support Wrangham’s cooking hypothesis?
Cooking is universal among human societies.
Humans experience lower fitness on raw food diets.
Cooking decreases the net energy value of the food.
Digesting raw foods burns more calories because they are harder to digest.
Which of the following represents the relative degree to which pregnant women experience food
aversions, from most aversive to least aversive?
coffee,meat,bread
bread,vegetables,meat
vegetables,coffee,bread
coffe,bread,eggs
Evolved navigation theory predicts that ________.
vertical distances seem larger when at the bottom of a mountain than at the top of a cliff
vertical distances seem larger when at the top of a cliff than at the bottom of a mountain
horizontal distances seem smaller to men who have evolved to travel long distances during hunting
horizontal distances seem smaller to women because they are shorter and thus closer to the ground
