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WorksheetsPathophysiology Chapter 2
Total questions: 55
Worksheet time: 28mins
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Choose the correct proportion of water to body weight expected in a healthy adult male:
30%
45%
60%
70%
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Choose the correct proportion of blood (to body weight) in an adult male's body:
30%
20%
10%
4%
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Which of the following is NOT part of the extracellular fluid compartment (ECF)?
Blood
Cytoplasm
Cerebrospinal fluid
Transcellular fluid
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Insensible fluid loss refers to water lost through:
perspiration only
feces only
perspiration and expiration
urine and feces
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. The osmoreceptor cells that control the thirst mechanism are located in the
medulla oblongata
thalamus
epithalamus
hypothalamus
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. When the osmotic pressure of the blood is elevated above normal, water will shift from the
blood into the cells
interstitial compartment into the cells
interstitial compartment into the blood
cells into the interstitial compartment
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question: Which of the following would result from a deficit of plasma proteins?
Increased osmotic pressure
Decreased osmotic pressure
Increased hydrostatic pressure
Decreased hydrostatic pressure
Which of the following can cause edema?
Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Increased capillary osmotic pressure
Decreased capillary permeability
Increased capillary permeability
Which of the following is likely to be associated with an elevated hematocrit reading?
Fluid excess
Fluid deficit
Increased sodium level
Decreased erythrocytes
Which of the following is a typical sign of dehydration?
Rapid, strong pulse
Low hematocrit
Increased urine output
Rough oral mucosa
Which of the following terms refers to a combination of decreased circulating blood volume and excess fluid in a body cavity?
Dehydration
Third-spacing
Hypovolemia
Water retention
Which of the following is the primary cation in extracellular fluid?
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Iron
Which of the following is a common cause of hyponatremia?
Loss of the thirst mechanism
Excessive sweating
Excessive aldosterone secretion
Prolonged periods of rapid, deep respirations
Which of the following is a common effect of both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia?
Skeletal muscle twitching and cramps
Oliguria
Elevated serum pH
Cardiac arrhythmias
Choose the correct effect of increased parathyroid hormone.
Increased movement of calcium ions into the bones
Increased activation of vitamin D
Increased absorption of calcium from the digestive tract
Decreased reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys
Which of the following results from hypocalcemia?
1. Low serum phosphate levels
2. Nausea and constipation
3. Skeletal muscle twitching and spasms
4. Weak cardiac contractions
1, 2
1, 4
2, 3
3, 4
Which of the following causes tetany?
Increased permeability of nerve membranes due to low serum calcium
Excess calcium ions in skeletal muscle due to excess parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Excess calcium ions inside somatic nerves as a result of neoplasms
Increased stimulation of nerves in the cerebral cortex
Paresthesia is an effect of:
hyperkalemia
hypokalemia
hyponatremia
hypernatremia
In which of the following processes is the phosphate ion NOT a major component?
Bone metabolism
Metabolic processes involving adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Blood clotting
Acid-base balance
Which of the following is considered a normal serum pH?
4.5-8
7.0
7.4
8
When excess hydrogen ions accumulate in the blood, what happens to the serum pH?
decreases
increases
remains constant
varies based on metabolism
Which is the slowest but most effective control mechanism for acid-base balance?
Respiratory system
Buffer systems in the blood
Kidneys
Brain
Which of the following is essential to maintain serum pH within the normal range?
Carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion must be present in equal quantities.
All excess carbonic acid must be excreted by the kidneys.
The concentration of bicarbonate ion must remain constant.
The ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate ion must be 1:20.
What is the correct effect on the body of abnormally slow respirations?
Increased carbonic acid
Decreased carbonic acid
Increased bicarbonate ion
Decreased bicarbonate ion
Which condition is most likely to cause metabolic acidosis?
Slow, shallow respirations
Prolonged diarrhea
Mild vomiting
Excessive fluid in the body
What does a serum pH of 7.33 indicate in a patient with kidney disease?
Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
Which serum value indicates decompensated metabolic acidosis?
pH is below the normal range.
pH is above the normal range.
Bicarbonate level decreases.
Bicarbonate level increases.
What is the effect on blood serum when excessive lactic acid accumulates in the body?
Bicarbonate ion levels decrease.
Bicarbonate ion levels increase.
Carbonic acid levels increase.
pH increases.
The direct effects of acidosis are manifested primarily in the functioning of the:
digestive system
urinary system
nervous system
respiratory system
Compensation mechanisms in the body for dehydration include:
increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
decreased aldosterone
slow, strong heart contraction
peripheral vasodilation
Which acid-base imbalance results from impaired expiration caused by emphysema?
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
In patients with impaired expiration due to emphysema, effective compensation for the acid-base imbalance would be:
increased rate and depth of respiration
decreased rate and depth of respiration
increased urine pH and decreased serum bicarbonate
decreased urine pH and increased serum bicarbonate
An anxiety attack often causes hyperventilation, leading to:
increased PCO2
decreased PCO2
respiratory acidosis
metabolic acidosis
One factor involved in the increased need for water in infants is:
proportionally smaller body surface area
higher metabolic rate
smaller respiratory capacity
greater surface area of exposed mucous membranes
Compensation for respiratory system depression caused by anesthesia and sedation would be
decreased reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the kidneys
increased secretion of hydrogen ions into the filtrate
increased respiratory rate and depth
increased renin secretion
A prolonged state of metabolic acidosis often leads to:
hypokalemia
hyperkalemia
hyponatremia
hypercalcemia
Strenuous physical exercise on a hot day is likely to result in:
hypokalemia.
hypernatremia.
hyperchloremia.
hypovolemia.
Place the following events in the correct sequence when ketoacids increase in the blood of a diabetic patient. Not all options are used in the answers.
1. Serum pH decreases
2. Serum bicarbonate decreases
3. PCO₂ decreases
4. Respiration decreases
5. Respiration increases
6. Serum pH increases
7. Urine pH decreases
1, 3, 7, 4, 2, 6
5, 2, 7, 3, 4, 1
2, 1, 5, 3, 7, 6
3, 1, 2, 5, 7, 6
Which of the following is a manifestation of respiratory alkalosis?
Bradycardia and deep, rapid breathing
Drowsiness and general lethargy
Increased nervous system irritability
Decreased urine pH
Prolonged diarrhea results in:
loss of fluid and bicarbonate ions, leading to metabolic acidosis.
increased fluid and serum bicarbonate ions, leading to metabolic acidosis.
loss of chloride ions only, leading to metabolic alkalosis.
surplus bicarbonate ions, leading to respiratory alkalosis.
In the initial stage, vomiting results in:
metabolic acidosis.
metabolic alkalosis.
respiratory alkalosis.
none of these.
Which two ions are most important for acid-base balance in the body?
K⁺, Na⁺
Cl⁻, HCO₃⁻
Ca²⁺, Na⁺
Na⁺, Cl⁻
The bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system helps maintain serum pH. The balance between carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion levels is controlled by the
liver and pancreas.
lungs and kidneys.
lungs and plasma proteins.
kidneys and bone marrow.
Alkalosis increases the irritability and spontaneous stimulation of nerves by
blocking normal nerve conduction.
increasing the permeability of nerve membranes.
blocking the movement of calcium ions.
decreasing phosphate ion levels.
Hypocalcemia causes weak cardiac contractions because:
The permeability of nerve membranes increases.
Insufficient calcium ions are available for muscle contraction.
Low phosphate ion levels prevent muscle contraction.
Excessive amounts of calcium are stored in cardiac muscle.
Serum potassium levels are affected by:
1. ADH
2. Aldosterone
3. Serum H⁺ levels
4. Insulin levels
2 only
1, 2
1, 3
2, 3, 4
1, 2, 3
Which of the following is the primary controller of serum Na⁺ levels?
ADH
Aldosterone
Serum H⁺ levels
Serum K⁺ levels
The control center for thirst is located in the:
kidneys.
thalamus.
medulla.
hypothalamus.
Which statements apply to atrial natriuretic peptide?
1. It is secreted by heart muscle cells.
2. It is a hormone secreted by the kidneys.
3. It helps to control water and sodium balance.
4. It is released in response to low blood pressure.
1, 3
1, 4
2, 3
2, 4
What are the three mechanisms that control or compensate for serum pH?
Hypothalamus, metabolic changes by the digestive system, lymphatic system filtration
Buffer pairs in the blood, change in kidney excretion rate, change in respiration rate
Neural feedback, increase in heart rate, decrease in calcium intake
Modification of water intake, increased capillary permeability, decrease in blood volume
Hypokalemia refers to a condition in which the serum has a very low level of which ion?
Sodium
Phosphate
Calcium
Potassium
In the blood and extracellular fluids, hypernatremia refers to
a deficient sodium level.
an excess phosphate level.
an excess sodium level.
an excessively low phosphate level.
Increased milk and/or antacid intake can contribute to development of “milk-alkali syndrome,” which can cause which of the following?
Hyponatremia
Hyperkalemia
Hypercalcemia
Hypovolemia
Ingested vitamin D must be activated in the
liver.
kidney.
pancreas.
lung.
Neuromuscular hyperirritability may be a cause of
hypomagnesemia.
hypermagnesemia.
hypophosphatemia.
hyperphosphatemia.
