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Government Semester Exam Review

Total questions: 111

Worksheet time: 4hrs 42mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Match the term to its definition: Federalist

a)

group that supported ratification of the Constitution

b)

group opposed to Constitution

c)

branch of government that makes laws

d)

government power separated into three distinct branches

2.

Match the term to its definition: judicial branch

a)

branch of government that interprets the laws

b)

branch of government that enforces the laws

c)

branch of government that makes laws

d)

gives Congress additional implied powers

3.

Match the term to its definition: Necessary & Proper clause

a)

gives Congress additional implied powers

b)

Constitution stands above all other forms of law in the United States

c)

an addition or change to the Constitution

d)

rule or regulation issued by the President

4.

Match the term to its definition: impeachment

a)

2 step process, to bring formal charges against public officials

b)

group that makes the formal selection of the president

c)

a tax that each adult has to pay in order to vote in an election

d)

government can only exist with the consent of the governed

5.

Match the term to its definition: compromise

a)

an agreement between two sides

b)

government power separated into three distinct branches

c)

a formally drawn request, often bearing the names of those making the request

d)

first constitution of the United States

6.

Match the term to its definition: Anti-Federalist

a)

group opposed to Constitution

b)

group that supported ratification of the Constitution

c)

government power held by the states

d)

focused on the transformation of the Southern United States following Civil War

7.

Match the term to its definition: executive branch

a)

branch of government that enforces the laws

b)

branch of government that interprets the laws

c)

branch of government that makes laws

d)

Constitution stands above all other forms of law in the United States

8.

Match the term to its definition: public policy

a)

goals that the government pursues in the many areas of human affairs

b)

government can only exist with the consent of the governed

c)

an agreement between two sides

d)

a tax that each adult has to pay in order to vote in an election

9.

Match the term to its definition: executive order

a)

rule or regulation issued by the President

b)

branch of government that enforces the laws

c)

gives Congress additional implied powers

d)

an addition or change to the Constitution

10.

Match the term to its definition: poll tax

a)

a tax that each adult has to pay in order to vote in an election

b)

group that makes the formal selection of the president

c)

Constitution stands above all other forms of law in the United States

d)

government power held by the states

11.

Match the term to its definition: popular sovereignty

a)

government can only exist with the consent of the governed

b)

government power separated into three distinct branches

c)

gives Congress additional implied powers

d)

first constitution of the United States

12.

Match the term to its definition: petition

a)

a formally drawn request, often bearing the names of those making the request

b)

an agreement between two sides

c)

rule or regulation issued by the President

d)

focused on the transformation of the Southern United States following Civil War

13.

Match the term to its definition: separation of powers

a)

government power separated into three distinct branches

b)

branch of government that makes laws

c)

group opposed to Constitution

d)

group that supported ratification of the Constitution

14.

Match the term to its definition: Progressive

a)

believed industrialization and urbanization created many social problems

b)

a community coming together collectively to bring about change political or non-political

c)

group that makes the formal selection of the president

d)

government power held by the states

15.

Match the term to its definition: amendment

a)

an addition or change to the Constitution

b)

gives Congress additional implied powers

c)

Constitution stands above all other forms of law in the United States

d)

branch of government that interprets the laws

16.

Match the term to its definition: electoral college

a)

group that makes the formal selection of the president

b)

group that supported ratification of the Constitution

c)

a tax that each adult has to pay in order to vote in an election

d)

government can only exist with the consent of the governed

17.

Match the term to its definition: Articles of Confederation

a)

first constitution of the United States

b)

government power held by the states

c)

government that divides power between national and state government

d)

branch of government that enforces the laws

18.

Match the term to its definition: legislative branch

a)

branch of government that makes laws

b)

branch of government that interprets the laws

c)

branch of government that enforces the laws

d)

government power separated into three distinct branches

19.

Match the term to its definition: supremacy clause

a)

Constitution stands above all other forms of law in the United States

b)

gives Congress additional implied powers

c)

government can only exist with the consent of the governed

d)

rule or regulation issued by the President

20.

Match the term to its definition: Reconstruction

a)

focused on the transformation of the Southern United States following Civil War

b)

group opposed to Constitution

c)

a formally drawn request, often bearing the names of those making the request

d)

an agreement between two sides

21.

Match the term to its definition: presidential veto

a)

power that the President has to reject any act of Congress

b)

each branch can check the power of the other two branches

c)

the trial jury, used in both civil and criminal cases

d)

government in which the people elect representatives

22.

Match the term to its definition: reverse discrimination

a)

unfair treatment of members of majority groups resulting from preferential policies intended to remedy earlier discrimination against minorities

b)

a law that separates people on the basis of race, aimed primarily at African Americans

c)

determines whether the evidence against a person charged with a crime is sufficient to justify a trial

d)

government must act fairly and in accord with established rules in all that it does

23.

Match the term to its definition: ratification

a)

pass by voting

b)

the civic duty to serve on a jury

c)

power of the courts to determine the constitutionality of government actions

d)

the act of not allowing something to be used or done

24.

Match the term to its definition: suffrage

a)

the right to vote

b)

duties or customs (taxes) imposed by a government on imported goods

c)

power of President to grant the legal forgiveness of a crime

d)

government in which the people elect representatives

25.

Match the term to its definition: jury duty

a)

the civic duty to serve on a jury

b)

the trial jury, used in both civil and criminal cases

c)

a system of government that divides power between national and state governments

d)

power that the President has to reject any act of Congress

26.

Match the term to its definition: Jim Crow

a)

a law that separates people on the basis of race, aimed primarily at African Americans

b)

the encouragement of increased representation of women and minority-group members, especially in employment

c)

unfair treatment of members of majority groups resulting from preferential policies

d)

government is not all powerful

27.

Match the term to its definition: civil disobedience

a)

the active, professed refusal to obey certain laws, demands, and commands of a government—nonviolent resistance

b)

power of the courts to determine the constitutionality of government actions

c)

each branch can check the power of the other two branches

d)

duties or customs (taxes) imposed on imported goods

28.

Match the term to its definition: grand jury

a)

determines whether the evidence against a person charged with a crime is sufficient to justify a trial

b)

the trial jury, used in both civil and criminal cases

c)

government must act fairly and in accord with established rules in all that it does

d)

pass by voting

29.

Match the term to its definition: tariffs

a)

duties or customs (taxes) imposed by a government on imported goods

b)

government in which the people elect representatives

c)

the right to vote

d)

a system that divides power between national and state governments

30.

Match the term to its definition: federalism

a)

a system of government that divides power between national and state governments

b)

government is not all powerful

c)

government in which the people elect representatives

d)

power of the President to grant legal forgiveness of a crime

31.

Match the term to the definition: judicial review

a)

power of the courts to determine the constitutionality of government actions

b)

each branch can check the power of the other two branches

c)

the active refusal to obey laws—nonviolent resistance

d)

government must act fairly in all it does

32.

Match the term to the definition: due process

a)

the government must act fairly and in accord with established rules in all that it does

b)

government is not all powerful

c)

power that the President has to reject any act of Congress

d)

the civic duty to serve on a jury

33.

Match the term to the definition: checks and balances

a)

each branch can check the power of the other two branches

b)

government in which the people elect representatives

c)

the trial jury, used in both civil and criminal cases

d)

power of the courts to determine constitutionality

34.

Match the term to the definition: quotas

a)

a rule requiring certain numbers of jobs or promotions for members of certain groups

b)

the encouragement of increased representation of women and minority-group members, especially in employment

c)

unfair treatment of members of majority groups due to preferential policies

d)

the act of not allowing something to be used or done

35.

Match the term to the definition: pardon

a)

power of President to grant the legal forgiveness of a crime

b)

power that the President has to reject any act of Congress

c)

government must act fairly in all it does

d)

pass by voting

36.

Match the term to the definition: unconstitutional

a)

goes against what is stated in the Constitution

b)

government is not all powerful

c)

a system dividing power between national and state governments

d)

the right to vote

37.

Match the term to the definition: prohibition

a)

the act of not allowing something to be used or done

b)

power of President to grant legal forgiveness of a crime

c)

duties or customs (taxes) on imported goods

d)

government in which the people elect representatives

38.

Match the term to the definition: petit jury

a)

the trial jury, used in both civil and criminal cases

b)

determines whether the evidence against a person charged with a crime is sufficient to justify a trial

c)

the civic duty to serve on a jury

d)

government must act fairly and in accord with established rules in all that it does

39.

Match the term to the definition: affirmative action

a)

the encouragement of increased representation of women and minority-group members, especially in employment

b)

a rule requiring certain numbers of jobs or promotions for members of certain groups

c)

government in which the people elect representatives

d)

unfair treatment of majority groups due to preferential policies

40.

Match the term to the definition: lame duck

a)

an elected official whose time in an office or position will soon end

b)

government is not all powerful

c)

power that the President has to reject any act of Congress

d)

the right to vote

41.

The two-party system in America goes back to the

a)

American Revolution

b)

ratification of the Constitution

c)

Civil War

d)

Great Depression

42.

Which of the following principles holds that the government may do only those things that the people have given it power to do?

a)

limited government

b)

separation of powers

c)

checks and balances

d)

judicial review

43.

The shape of American government is based on the English political idea of

a)

ordered government

b)

representative government

c)

limited government

d)

all of the above

44.

Which quotation from the United States Constitution provides for a federal system of government?

a)

“He shall have power ... with the advice and consent of the Senate, ... and ... shall appoint ...”

b)

“Every bill ... shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President of the United States; ...”

c)

“The powers not delegated to the United States ... are reserved to the states ...”

d)

“Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state.”

45.

Which of the following defines the principle of popular sovereignty?

a)

the power of government is restricted

b)

all people have rights that cannot be taken away

c)

government exists and functions only with the consent of the governed; people hold political power

d)

political power is divided among various branches of government

46.

One way in which the authors of the Constitution tried to create “limited government” was by providing for

a)

a loyal opposition through a two-party system

b)

a division of power between the national and state governments

c)

the establishment of naturalization laws

d)

the popular election of Federal judges

47.

The system of checks and balances is best illustrated by the power of

a)

the President to veto a bill passed by Congress

b)

Congress to censure one of its members

c)

a governor to send the National Guard to stop a riot

d)

state and Federal governments to levy and collect taxes

48.

Which executive action best demonstrates a check on the legislative branch's power?

a)

the Senate rejects a Supreme Court nominee

b)

the Supreme Court overturns a presidential pardon

c)

the president vetoes a bill passed by Congress

d)

the Speaker of the House consults with the vice president

49.

The United States Government is considered a federal system because

a)

the people elect national officials

b)

both national and state governments exist within the nation

c)

foreign policy is handled by state governments

d)

each state has equal representation in the United States Senate

50.

Two presidents in U.S. History, Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton, have been impeached. The impeachment of a U.S. president shows the check and balance process use in which manner?

a)

executive check on the legislative

b)

judicial check on the executive

c)

legislative check on the executive

d)

executive check on the judiciary

51.

Read the excerpt below: "And, whenever any of the said States shall have sixty thousand free inhabitants therein, such State shall be admitted, by its delegates, into Congress of the United States, on an equal footing with the original States in all respects whatever, and shall be at liberty to form a permanent constitution and State government..." Which governmental document is the above statement contained within?

a)

Declaration of Independence

b)

Articles of Confederation

c)

Northwest Ordinance

d)

United States Constitution

52.

The ratification of the 26th Amendment, which lowered the voting age to 18, was a result of the

a)

participation of the United States in the Vietnam War

b)

fear of McCarthyism

c)

reaction to the launching of Sputnik by the Soviet Union

d)

reporting of the Watergate scandal

53.

Since the 1950s, no United States president has run for a third term as president because

a)

Vice Presidents are usually eager to succeed presidents

b)

the public has not wanted a president to serve more than two terms

c)

opposition within each president's political party has discouraged long tenure in office

d)

a constitutional amendment was passed denying a president a third term in office

54.

"No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges... of citizens... nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law..." The major purpose of these provisions of the 14th Amendment was to

a)

limit the power of the federal government

b)

expand the civil rights of women

c)

maintain competition in business

d)

protect the rights of African Americans

55.

The change to the direct election of senators, the lowering of the voting age to eighteen, and the establishment of a two-term limit for presidents are examples of the use of

a)

judicial review

b)

checks and balances

c)

executive privilege

d)

the amendment process

56.

According to the "Supremacy" clause, which of the following is the correct order of the "ladder of laws" in the United States, from top to bottom?

a)

the U.S. Constitution, state constitutions, acts of Congress and treaties

b)

the U.S. Constitution, acts of Congress and treaties, state constitutions, state statutes, local laws

c)

state constitutions, acts of Congress and treaties, U.S. Constitutions, state statutes, local laws

d)

none of the above

57.

Discrimination occurs when the civil rights of an individual are denied or interfered with because of his or her membership in a particular group or class. Which of these demonstrated an action that would fight discrimination?

a)

eliminating the national income tax

b)

discouraging women's voting rights

c)

supporting immigration restrictions

d)

increasing opportunities for the disabled

58.

The President of the United States has the power to appoint federal court judges. Who can prevent the President of the United States from controlling the Supreme Court by blocking appointments to the court?

a)

state legislatures

b)

the Joint Chiefs of Staff

c)

governors

d)

the Senate

59.

Which amendment prohibits poll taxes?

a)

15th

b)

14th

c)

29th

d)

24th

60.

The "Necessary and Proper" clause is called the "Elastic" clause because

a)

like elastic, if stretched too far it doesn't work

b)

over time, it has stretched to cover so many implied powers

c)

it has been used to stretch the law to benefit a few people

d)

it gives states as much power as they need

61.

"The enumeration [listing] in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed [interpreted] to deny or disparage [weaken] others retained by the people." — 9th Amendment to the United States Constitution The most likely reason this amendment was included in the Bill of Rights was to

a)

increase federal power over the people

b)

expand state control over individual citizens

c)

protect rights beyond those listed in the Constitution

d)

prevent Congress from granting additional rights to individuals

62.

The basic purpose of the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution is to

a)

describe the powers of the three branches of government

b)

limit the powers of state governments

c)

guarantee the rights of individuals

d)

establish a system of checks and balances

63.

What do the 15th, 19th, and 26th Amendments all have in common?

a)

they define rights of all citizens

b)

they each undo previous amendments

c)

they each give voting rights to a group that did not previously have them

d)

they were each adopted in the 1800s

64.

The part of the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteeing that persons cannot be deprived of life, liberty, or property by the United States or state governments without due process of law is called the

a)

necessary and proper clause

b)

due process clause

c)

self-incrimination clause

d)

elastic clause

65.

Jim Crow laws, which were passed by Southern states following Reconstruction, were intended to

a)

support the goals of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments

b)

encourage African Americans to buy their own farms

c)

provide basic education to former slaves

d)

institute racial segregation

66.

According to the United States Constitution, which of the following is a power of the states?

a)

coining money

b)

establishing post offices

c)

conducting elections

d)

raising an army

67.

The United States has a governmental system in which the power is divided between the national government and each state. Based on this information, what type of government system does the United States have?

a)

capitalism

b)

communism

c)

federalism

d)

totalitarianism

68.

In Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court's decision supporting integration of schools reversed

a)

Scott v. Sanford

b)

Plessy v. Ferguson

c)

Regents of the University of California v. Blake

d)

Baker v. Carr

69.

The authors of the United States Constitution believed that the voice of the people should be heard frequently. Which part of the government was instituted to respond most directly to the will of the people?

a)

Senate

b)

House of Representatives

c)

Supreme Court

d)

Presidency

70.

One way in which the United States Constitution differed from the Articles of Confederation was that the Constitution

a)

created a national government having three branches

b)

provided for the direct election of the president by the voters

c)

made the amendment process more difficult

d)

increased the power of the states

71.

The United States Constitution corrected a weakness of the Articles of Confederation by

a)

establishing a national legislature

b)

allowing state governments to have power

c)

requiring that amendments be ratified by the states

d)

giving the national government the power to collect taxes

72.

Which argument did the authors of the United States Constitution use when they insisted that revenue bills originate in the House of Representatives?

a)

frequent elections would make members of the House more responsive to the wishes of the voters

b)

members of the House would have a superior understanding of economics

c)

the national budget should be determined solely by the House of Representatives

d)

political parties would have less influence on members of the House than senators

73.

According to the Declaration of Independence, the people have the right to alter or abolish a government if that government

a)

is a limited monarchy

b)

violates natural rights

c)

becomes involved in entangling alliances

d)

favors one religion over another

74.

The United States Constitution grants certain powers only to the Federal Government. For example, only Congress can declare war. These powers are called

a)

police powers

b)

reserved powers

c)

delegated powers

d)

concurrent powers

75.

Which historical event best demonstrates the operation of checks and balances?

a)

President George Washington used the Army to suppress a tax rebellion by Pennsylvania farmers

b)

South Carolina seceded from the Union over the issues of slavery and States rights

c)

President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent Federal troops to enforce the integration of public schools in Little Rock, Arkansas

d)

The Senate approved the appointment of Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court

76.

One accomplishment of the national government under the Articles of Confederation was the passage of legislation establishing

a)

a central banking system

b)

a process for admitting new states to the Union

c)

the president's right to put down rebellions

d)

the ability of Congress to tax the states effectively

77.

Which United States governmental principle includes the concepts of reserved powers, delegated powers, and concurrent powers?

a)

the amending process

b)

judicial review

c)

federalism

d)

the unwritten constitution

78.

The significance of the Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison is that the decision

a)

advanced civil rights for minorities

b)

upheld the constitutionality of a national bank

c)

limited Presidential control of foreign policy

d)

established the power of judicial review

79.

In the United States Congress, differences between Senate and House of Representatives versions of a bill are usually resolved by accepting the version that is

a)

preferred by a majority of the State legislatures

b)

supported by the Supreme Court

c)

preferred by the House in which the bill originated

d)

agreed to by a joint conference committee of both Houses

80.

A system of checks and balances was included in the United States Constitution because the authors were concerned about

a)

one branch of government becoming too strong

b)

the states having too much power

c)

the people having a voice in government

d)

the military gaining control of the United States

81.

The implied powers suggested by the United States Constitution show that the writers recognized the

a)

powers of government needed to be able to adapt to change

b)

rights of the states had to be protected

c)

powers of the Supreme Court needed to be checked

d)

rights of the citizens were the first concern of government

82.

The “establishment clause”

a)

prohibits the establishment of a state religion

b)

provides a wall of separation between church and state

c)

was furthered by the Lemon v. Kurtzman decision

d)

all of the above

83.

The writers of the United States Constitution created a federal form of government primarily to

a)

limit the powers of the Senate

b)

develop a criminal justice system

c)

provide for civilian control over the military

d)

divide power between levels of government

84.

The arguments that the due process clause of the 14th Amendment makes the Bill of Rights binding on the state governments is known as

a)

the Nullification Doctrine

b)

the Liberties in Government Doctrine

c)

The Incorporation Doctrine

d)

none of the above

85.

When the State Department issues a warning about travel in a foreign country, which level of government is most involved in that action?

a)

a city government

b)

the State of Ohio

c)

an international organization

d)

the federal government

86.

The Supreme Court’s practice of incorporating the Bill of Rights selectively, by identifying federal rights that are “implicit in the concept of ordered liberty” and applying them to states through the Fourteenth Amendment’s due process clause is called

a)

one at a time

b)

due process of law

c)

the Living Constitution

d)

selective incorporation

87.

Soon after the Constitution of the United States was ratified, the first ten amendments were added because many citizens felt the need for

a)

strengthening the power of the federal courts

b)

ensuring the division of powers between the state and federal governments

c)

establishing a national bank

d)

protecting their liberties from abuses by the federal government

88.

The amendment that is increasingly used to nationalize the Bill of Rights is the

a)

Eleventh

b)

Twenty-First

c)

Twentieth

d)

Fourteenth

89.

In the case of _________, the Supreme Court ruled that the Bill of Rights restrained only the national government, not states and cities.

a)

Miranda v. Arizona

b)

Gitlow v. New York

c)

New York v. the United States

d)

Barron v. Baltimore

90.

Reformers of the Progressive Era sought to reduce corruption in government by adopting a constitutional amendment that provided for

a)

a maximum of two terms for presidents

b)

term limits on members of Congress

c)

voting rights for African Americans

d)

direct election of U.S. senators

91.

Which Document: Outlines many basic civil rights that all citizens should enjoy

a)

Bill of Rights

b)

U.S. Constitution

c)

Articles of Confederation

92.

Which Document: Provides for three branches of government that have separate powers and checks and balances over each other

a)

U.S. Constitution

b)

Articles of Confederation

c)

Bill of Rights

93.

Which Document: Failed because it gave too much power to the states and did not have the power to tax

a)

Articles of Confederation

b)

Bill of Rights

c)

U.S. Constitution

94.

Which Document: 85 essays which provide arguments and reasons for our federal structure of government

a)

Federalist Papers

b)

U.S. Constitution

c)

Bill of Rights

95.

Which Document: Contract between the people and the government stating what the government can and cannot do

a)

U.S. Constitution

b)

Bill of Rights

c)

Articles of Confederation

96.

Match the correct order of steps legislation must go through in order to become a law. Start the bill in the House of Representatives. Which step number corresponds to: Bill is introduced by House member on the House floor.

a)

1

b)

3

c)

6

d)

10

97.

Match the correct order of steps legislation must go through in order to become a law. Start the bill in the House of Representatives. Which step number corresponds to: Bill is assigned to a committee and subcommittee by Speaker of the House, assigned a number.

a)

2

b)

4

c)

7

d)

11

98.

Match the correct order of steps legislation must go through in order to become a law. Start the bill in the House of Representatives. Which step number corresponds to: Subcommittee studies the bill, may make changes — reports bill to full committee (House).

a)

1

b)

3

c)

5

d)

8

99.

Match the correct order of steps legislation must go through in order to become a law. Start the bill in the House of Representatives. Which step number corresponds to: Full committee studies bill and may decide to make changes — most bills are stopped at this point (House).

a)

2

b)

4

c)

9

d)

12

100.

Match the correct order of steps legislation must go through in order to become a law. Start the bill in the House of Representatives. Which step number corresponds to: Bill moves on to the Rules Committee — writes rules for consideration on House floor (435) — going to the floor.

a)

3

b)

5

c)

6

d)

10

101.

Match the correct order of steps legislation must go through in order to become a law. Start the bill in the House of Representatives. Which step number corresponds to: House votes to pass or defeat the bill.

a)

4

b)

6

c)

9

d)

13

102.

Match the correct order of steps legislation must go through in order to become a law. Start the bill in the House of Representatives. Which step number corresponds to: Bill is sent to other house (Senate).

a)

5

b)

7

c)

8

d)

12

103.

Match the correct order of steps legislation must go through in order to become a law. Start the bill in the House of Representatives. Which step number corresponds to: Bill is referred to a committee, subcommittee, and number (Senate).

a)

6

b)

8

c)

11

d)

14

104.

Match the correct order of steps legislation must go through in order to become a law. Start the bill in the House of Representatives. Which step number corresponds to: Subcommittee studies the bill, may make changes — reports bill to full committee (Senate).

a)

7

b)

9

c)

10

d)

13

105.

Match the correct order of steps legislation must go through in order to become a law. Start the bill in the House of Representatives. Which step number corresponds to: Full committee studies bill and may decide to make changes — most bills are stopped at this point — Bill is recommended to Senate floor (100).

a)

8

b)

10

c)

12

d)

14

106.

Match the correct order of steps legislation must go through in order to become a law. Start the bill in the House of Representatives. Which step number corresponds to: Senate majority leader crafts unanimous consent agreement — bill is placed on calendar for consideration and vote.

a)

9

b)

11

c)

12

d)

13

107.

Match the correct order of steps legislation must go through in order to become a law. Start the bill in the House of Representatives. Which step number corresponds to: Senate votes to pass or defeat bill.

a)

10

b)

12

c)

13

d)

14

108.

Match the correct order of steps legislation must go through in order to become a law. Start the bill in the House of Representatives. Which step number corresponds to: House and Senate bills are reconciled in a conference committee to produce one bill which is sent to the president.

a)

11

b)

13

c)

14

d)

12

109.

Match the correct order of steps legislation must go through in order to become a law. Start the bill in the House of Representatives. Which step number corresponds to: President signs the bill into law.

a)

12

b)

13

c)

14

d)

11

110.

Identify the opposing sides in the fight for ratification of the Constitution and describe the major arguments for and against the document. Choose the option that best captures the sides and their core arguments.

a)

Federalists supported ratification and a stronger national government; Anti-Federalists opposed ratification, fearing centralized power and the lack of a Bill of Rights.

b)

Federalists opposed ratification and favored stronger state sovereignty; Anti-Federalists supported ratification and a stronger national government.

c)

Patriots supported ratification while Loyalists opposed it due to taxation and trade restrictions.

d)

Democratic-Republicans supported ratification while Federalists opposed it over foreign policy concerns.

111.

Explain how the constitutional amendments demonstrate the shift in the mindset of Americans from the time of ratification of the Bill of Rights in 1791 to later amendments concerning citizens' rights. Also address the importance of the 14th Amendment, the incorporation doctrine, and the role the government played in protecting/extending those rights to marginalized groups in the United States. Select all statements that accurately complete the explanation.

a)

Later amendments expanded individual rights and political participation, reflecting a broader commitment to civil rights and equality.

b)

The 14th Amendment’s Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses enabled incorporation, applying most provisions of the Bill of Rights to the states.

c)

Government actors extended and protected rights through subsequent amendments, civil rights legislation, and Supreme Court decisions that enforced equality for marginalized groups.

d)

The incorporation doctrine limits the Bill of Rights to the federal government only, leaving states free from its requirements.